Adjustable Bed Development for a Micro-Turbine Electric Power Generator Plant | Chapter 11 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

The primary objective of this study was the performance assessment of micro-steam turbine-alternator mounted on developed adjustable steel-framed bed when their shafts were either axially connected together with flexible flange coupling or transversely with sets of belt and pulley power transmission. An adjustable bed is a supporting structure designed to provide a seating base or platform, for a 5.0 KW micro steam turbine generator plant prior to its mounting on a block-type concrete foundation. Development of an adjustable bed for a micro-turbine electric power generator plant is crucial for optimizing performance and efficiency in diverse operational conditions. This advancement contributes valuable insights to the scientific community, fostering advancements in micro-turbine technology for sustainable and reliable power generation. Design of bed frame and flanges was carried out by considering the predetermined weights of turbine and generator (alternator). On this basis steel materials of U-channels and angle irons were used in the fabrication of the generator bed. We considered flexible flange coupling and sets of belt and pulley system for effective and efficient power transmission between the main components of the micro-steam thermal power plant (steam generator and alternator) and engagement/ disengagement of these components to facilitate their orientation with reference to their supporting steel-framed structure which serves as the bed. During assembly the bed was made to accommodate damping materials in order to reduce the vibration of the plant. The performance of the unit with or without vibration isolator when they are axially connected with flexible flange coupling or transversely connected with sets of belt and pulley, in succession respectively. The results showed that reduction in the force transmitted to the supporting structure occurred when the vibration produced by the unit is isolated from its base by the use of vibration isolator, maximum reduction of 99.95 % achieved when axially coupled and 99.91% when transversely connected with belt and pulley system.

Author(s) Details:

Aina Rasheed,
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Buliaminu Kareem,
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13344

Elements for the Modelling of the Thermal Process in Heating Furnaces for Steel Forming | Chapter 10 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

In the present paper, by “modelling of thermal process” will be understood the thermal techniques modelling, applied to the heating of steel billets in a large scale, in view of processing by forming. These technologies are correlated with the particularities of the thermal aggregates, having as main objective the reducing of energy consumptions and the optimizing of the aggregate design. When heating the steel billets in view of processing by forming, the duration and the quality of heating are influenced by the modality that the billets are receiving the thermal flow. The reception of the thermal flow depends on the heated surface exposed to the thermal radiation in compliance with their position on the hearth of the heating aggregate. The present paper intends to establish some parameters in view of optimizing the heating process. A basic point of the work is also the determination of some components of a mathematical model for the proposed heating technology. The authors have in view the complexity of the technical evolutions of the furnaces.

Author(s) Details:

Constantinescu D.,
SNSIM – National Society for Environmental Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, EU, Romania.

Carlan (Serban) A. B.,
IMNR - National Research and Development Institute for Non - Ferrous and Rare Metals, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13343

Energy Savings through Retrofitting Waste Heat Recovery System on Bulk Milk Cooler | Chapter 9 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

This study highlights about energy savings through retrofitting waste heat recovery system on bulk milk cooler. Various types of heat exchangers are being used for recovering waste heat in which tube in tube type are the most common. Bulk milk coolers are used to chill the milk from its harvest temperature of 350C to 40C to arrest the bacterial growth and maintain the quality of harvested milk. Milk chilling practices are energy intensive with low coefficient of performance (COP) of about 3.0. Increased energy cost concern encouraged an investigation of heat recovery from bulk milk cooler as one conservation alternative for reducing water heating cost in dairy industry. Heat dissipated to atmosphere through condenser is recovered to improve the energy efficiency of plant. The waste heat is utilized to heat the water which is used to clean the milk processing equipment’s thus saving thermal or electrical energy used to heat the water separately. Shell and coil type heat exchanger is designed and used to recover the waste heat during condensation process. Heat rejected in condensation process consists of superheat and latent heat of the refrigerant. In this work, attempt has been made to recover complete superheat along with part of latent heat which is a present research issue. Various types of heat exchangers are being used for recovering waste heat in which tube in tube type are the most common. The results show that complete superheat and 35% of latent heat is recovered. Heat recovery rate is measured for various mass flow rates. Water is flowing on shell side and refrigerant through tubes. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is determined and the results achieved are presented in this paper. Significant improvements have been achieved and COP of the system is increased from 3 to 4.8.

After conducting trials on the experimental setup developed in the lab, it is found that there is significant energy saving & performance enhancement as a whole system. This is implemented as a pilot project in field on one of the bulk milk cooler of a dairy plant in Maharashtra, India which is satisfactorily working with good results and less ROI.

Author(s) Details:

S. M. Pise,
Kolhapur Institute of Technology’s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

D. V. Ghewade,
Dr. A. D. Shinde College of Engineering, Gadhinglaj, Maharashtra, India.

S. N. Sapali,
Department of Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

P. S. Pise,
D. Y. Patil College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kasba Bawada, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13342

Leveraging Leaderboards in Gamified Pedagogy: A Catalyst for Enhancing Engagement, Interpersonal, and Communication Skills in Engineering Learners | Chapter 8 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

Many engineering students struggle to grasp content in traditional classroom lectures. Research indicates that student attention spans in such settings often wane after just 15 minutes. Consequently, innovative pedagogical methods are essential to foster active engagement in the classroom. One promising approach is the integration of educational games, which offer a dynamic environment conducive to experiential learning. Our research primarily focuses on adapting and implementing custom-designed games tailored to enhance participation, and engagement among undergraduate engineering students. These games are meticulously crafted to align with specific subject matter requirements. Empirical evidence from our interventions spanning 2021 to 2023 demonstrates a notable increase in student engagement, interpersonal and communication skills, as corroborated by statistical analyses, including P-tests. The consistency of these findings over a three-year period underscores the efficacy of our gamified pedagogical approach in undergraduate engineering education.

Author(s) Details:

B. Hema Kumar,
Department of EIE, Puducherry Technological University, India.

M. Florance Mary,
Department of EIE, Puducherry Technological University, India.

S. Snehalathaa,
Department of Management Studies, Puducherry Technological University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13299

An Investigation of Galvanised Iron and Iron Alloy Anodic Electrodes Performance Used for Corrosion Protection of Crude Oil Storage Tanks | Chapter 7 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

Crude oil can carry various high–impurity products which are inherently corrosive. Such highly corrosive media are Sulfur (S) and free water (H2O).These materials  degradation in the mechanical properties of the crude oil storage tanks walls leads to reduction in thickness.

There are two basic methods used to provide cathodic protection (C.P) to steel tanks. By far the most common and simplest method of protection is a “sacrificial anode system” and “impressed current system”. Aluminum (Al), Zinc (Zn) and Magnesium (Mg) anodes are commonly used in the sacrificial anode system method.

In this work, two laboratory experiments are conducted by using two samples: (A)- anode electrode of Galvanized iron and (B)- anode electrode of iron alloy metal while the cathode electrode of carbon steel are used for both experiments. The electrodes are immersed in an electrochemical corrosion cell containing crude oil taken from the West Qurna oil field in Basra Governorate, southern of Iraq, for the purpose of measuring the corrosion rates of the anode electrodes and then compare the result with the corrosion rate of Zinc electrode, which is mainly used for cathodic protection of oil storage tanks.

Results showed that the corrosion rate of the iron anodic electrode is (0.56 mm/y) which is higher than the corrosion rate of Zinc electrode  is  (0.365 mm/y),  while the corrosion rate for Galvanized iron electrode is (0.01 mm/y).

Conclusion confirmed that the anode electrode of iron alloy metal can be used in the manufacture for the cathodic protection (C.P) of oil storage tanks, which is much cheaper than the Zinc electrode is currently used.

Author(s) Details:

Saad M. Potrous,
Department of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Basra, Iraq

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13298

Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Evaluate the Carbon and Water Footprints of a Wind Farm in Villonaco, Loja, Ecuador | Chapter 6 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

The development of cleaner and efficient energy technologies and the use of new renewable energy sources will play an important role in the sustainable development of a future energy strategy. Wind technology is considered to be among the most promising types of renewable energy sources, and due to high oil prices and growing concerns about climate change and energy security, it has been the subject of extensive considerations in recent years, including questions related to the relative sustainability of electricity production when the manufacturing, assembly, transportation and dismantling processes of these facilities are taken into account. The capacity of new wind power installations worldwide increased by a value of 93 GW, representing a growth of 53% compared to 2019. The present article evaluates the environmental impacts, carbon emissions and water consumption, derived from the production of electric energy from the Villonaco wind farm, located in Loja, Ecuador, during its entire life cycle, using the Life Cycle Analysis for this purpose. Finally, it is concluded that wind energy has greater environmental advantages since it has lower values of carbon and water footprints than other energy sources. Additionally, with the techniques of Cumulative Energy Demand and Energy Return on Investment, sustainability in the production of electricity from wind power in Ecuador is demonstrated; and, that due to issues of vulnerability to climate change, the diversification of its energy mix is essential considering the inclusion of non-conventional renewable sources such as solar or wind, this being the only way to reduce both the carbon footprint and the water from the energy supply.

Author(s) Details:

Alberto Tama,
UCMA, Universitat Carlemany, Sant Julià de Lòria, Andorra.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13297

Design of Experiments for Milling Al2024-T4 under Optimum Lubricant Use Using Taguchi Method | Chapter 4 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

Performance of the machining and the efficiency of milling operation depend on several process variables among which hardness of work material is of great significant. The use of cutting fluids is an important part of a machining process system. Without cutting fluid, tools have only a short life, which makes the machining process costly. In this study, experimentation was carried out to investigate the effect of work hardness on end milling process. Workpiece material hardness is used as a noise factor. Input parameters used are spindle speed, feed; depth of cut and tool diameter. The experiments performed under wet and minimum Quantity lubrication and results of both compared. further for getting optimal lubricant conditions the experiments performed for various levels of flow rates of minimum quantity lubrication to get the best optimal setting. Taguchi method is used for single objective optimization. The S/N is used by Taguchi approach to analyze experimental data. Output parameters are surface roughness, material removal rate, cutting force and tool wear. Design of Experiment (DOE) with Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array (OA) has been explored to produce 27 specimens on Al2024 aluminium by end milling operation at three different levels of hardness of material. The present study can be used for implementing the Minimum Quantity Lubrication Technique in place of conventional Wet Lubrication. The experiments performed under wet and minimum quantity lubrication condition and results compared. Further For optimal lubricant condition the experiments performed at various flow rate of Minimum Quantity Lubrication and “best” optimal setting is identified.

Author(s) Details:

Shilpa B. Sahare,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Wanadongri 441110, Nagpur, India.

Sachin P. Untawale,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Wanadongri 441110, Nagpur, India.

Prashant D. Kamble,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Wanadongri 441110, Nagpur, India.

S. S. Chaudhari,
Raisoni Group of Institution, Maharashtra, India.

Trupati Balvir,
Department of Anatomy, Datta Meghe Medical College Wanadongri, Hingana, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13295

Enhanced Pre-Sheath Modeling for Tethered Satellite Systems: A Comprehensive Analysis of TSS-1R Electron Current and Experimental Validation | Chapter 3 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

Improvements of investigations on the Tethered Satellite System (TSS)-1R electron current enhancement due to magnetic limited collections are reported. New analytical expressions are obtained for the potential and temperature changes across the satellite tethering cable pre-sheath. The mathematical treatments are more rigorous than one past approach. More experimental measurements collected in the ionosphere during the TSS-1R mission are adopted for validations. Our relations developed offer two bounding curves for these data points successfully; the average of these two curves is close to the curve-fitting results for the measurements; and an average of 2.95 times larger than the Parker-Murphy theory is revealed. The results indicate that including the pre-sheath analysis is important to compute the electron current enhancement due to magnetic limitations. The second novel contribution includes extra space measurements, which further validated the new theoretical formula.

Author(s) Details:

C. Cai,
Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA.

S. Cai,
Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA.

D. L. Cooke,
Space Vehicle Directorate, AFRL, Kirtland Air Force Base, 2000 Wyoming Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13294

Prediction of the Effect of GGBFS on the Hydration of Cement Using Extended CEMHYD3D Model | Chapter 2 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

The study presents important findings on predicting the behavior of a Portland cement-based mixture, specifically regarding hydration. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), often called slag cement, fly ash (FA), and silica fume (SF) are widely used in cementitious composites due to their durability, environmental friendliness, and minimal cost. Portland cement is usually substituted with granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) to make a blended cement. A slag-blended cement has a more complicated hydration process than Portland cement due to the interactions between the slag reaction and the hydration of Portland cement in the cementitious systems. Understanding the effect of slag substitution on the hydration of cement is still challenging. To achieve this, the extended CEMHYD3D model was employed to predict the hydration of a slag-blended cement. An OPC as a reference cement confirmed to ASTM C 150 and a slag confirmed to ASTM C 989 standard requirements were used in this study. The simulation was done with cement paste samples made with various w/c ratios and different slag substitution levels, in which the interaction between the hydration of Portland cement and the reaction of slag was considered. The prediction model has been validated with experimental results and verified to be successful in predicting the hydration of slag-blended cement. The consideration of the chemical composition of slag improves the predictability of hydration in cement, and the same method was applied in this model. Both in the early age and up to the age of 90 days, the hydration of slag-blended cement can be predicted with the proposed model.

Author(s) Details:

Andualem Yadeta,
Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India and Department of Construction Technology and Management, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe 242, Ethiopia.

Pradeep Goyal,
Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India.

Raju Sarkar,
Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13293

An Introduction to Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) Process and Its Research Potentials | Chapter 1 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 5

To machine "difficult-to-cut" materials including ceramics, glass, and silicon wafers, a hybrid and widely recognized process known as electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is used. It employs the working principle of electrochemical machining (ECM) and electric-discharge machining (EDM) processes to remove the material by combining chemical etching with thermal melting. The materials machined using ECDM exhibits enormous implementations in the field of MEMS and lab-on-chip. Different facets of the ECDM process have been researched in an effort to escalate its effectiveness ever since it was originally shown. The present chapter discusses the critical research potentials of the ECDM process that was documented in the past decades. Additionally, it covers the impact of several input process factors, including electrical, electrolyte, and tool electrode, on ECDM performance. A summarized report on ECDM hybridization, and variants are also given in a lucid manner. It also identifies future directions that might enhance the ECDM process's overall machining performance. It is concluded that with the help of gas film dynamics controlled by variables such as electrolyte characteristics and tool motions, ECDM can machine non-conductive materials with precision. Pulsed voltage, suggested electrolytes (NaOH, KOH), and regulated tool properties (material, shape, and rotation) are important factors. Spherical tool electrodes help minimize overcut and taper comparative to other tools while machining depth and geometrical accuracies can be further improved by implementing hybridization such as magnetic assistance & ultrasonic assistance.

Author(s) Details:

Sahil Grover,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India.

Viveksheel Rajput,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India.

Vikas Yadav,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India.

Sanjay Kumar Mangal,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India.

Sarbjit Singh,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India.

Sanjeev Kumar,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V5/article/view/13292

A Multicentric Descriptive Study on Oncological Care During First Peruvian National Emergency of COVID-19 Pandemic | Chapter 13 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Cancer represents the leading cause of mortality in Peru so the number of oncologic centers has increased, favoring the decentralization of cancer care during the past decade. Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, accounting for an estimated 9.6 million deaths, or 1 in 6 deaths, in 2018.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the oncological care during the first state of national emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic in several public cancer hospitals in Peru.

Materials and Methods: A multicentric cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted by interviewing adult cancer patients diagnosed and treated between January 2019 and February 2020 from 18 hospitals. This study was carried out in September 2020, the last month of the first state of national emergency. Most patients came from cities on the coast of Peru and the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN). Demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated, including COVID-19 status and cancer treatment features.

Results: A total of 1472 patients were included; the median age was 55 years (range 19–97). Most patients (85.8%, n = 1263) had solid neoplasia, 13.5% (n = 198) hematologic neoplasia, and 0.7% (n = 11) others. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 8.6% (n = 126), 1.2% (n = 18) were probable, 1.6% (n = 24) suspected, and 88.6% (n = 1304) negative cases. Overall, 51.6% of patients (n = 759) had cancer treatment delays, 42.5% (n = 626) changed treatment delivery (endovenous to oral systemic therapy), and 12.6% (n = 185) of cases cancer therapy was discontinued. In total, 10.3% (n = 117) of patients whose disease was controlled or in remission, experienced progression of disease during the state of emergency. A total of 6.7% (n = 98) of patients died, of whom 73.5% (n = 72) died from disease progression; 18.4% (n = 18) from SARS-CoV-2 infection and 8.1% (n = 8) from undetermined causes. Patients with hematological malignancies [hazard ratio (HR): 5.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.99–13.07)] and no response to therapy before the onset of the pandemic [5.01 (1.44–17.42)] had an increased risk of death among COVID-19 infected individuals, whereas advanced clinical stage [5.09 (2.37–10.95)] and discontinuation of treatment [3.66 (1.97–6.78)] were risk factors among non-COVID-19 patients. The finding clearly shows the Peruvian healthcare system’s inequities. Poverty and limited access to communication technology played an important role when telemedicine was proposed as an alternative for patient encounters.

Conclusion: This study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has an adverse impact on the outcomes of Peruvian cancer patients. In this cohort, cancer mortality was higher than COVID-19 disease mortality. Management of cancer patients in this pandemic constitutes a challenge, which must be carried out within a multidisciplinary team along with public health policies to avoid the COVID-19 disease spread, while, considering the risks/benefits of cancer treatment.

Author(s) Details:

Natalia Valdiviezo,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, 15038, Peru.

Shirley Quintana Truyenque,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, 15038, Peru.

Cindy Alcarraz,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, 15038, Peru and Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú.

Denisse Castro,
Departamento de Oncología Médica, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, 15072, Peru and Centro de Investigación de Medicina de Precisión, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, 15024, Peru.

Renzo Salas,
Departamento de Oncología Médica, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, 15072, Peru.

César Carpio Luna,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas Sur, Arequipa, Perú.

Marco Galvez-Villanueva,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas Norte, La Libertad, Perú.

Jorge Luis Huamanchumo Baca,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas Norte, La Libertad, Perú.

Luz Medina Aguirre,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Goyeneche, Arequipa, 04600, Perú.

Fabio Eduardo Vega Centeno Bueno,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Goyeneche, Arequipa, 04600, Perú.

Elica García-León,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Regional de Lambayeque, Lambayeque, 14001, Perú.

Isela Quispe-Santivañez,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Santa Rosa, Lima, 15084, Peru.

Sandi Carmona Lozano,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Santa Rosa, Lima, 15084, Peru.

Guillermo León Quispe,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru.

Eduardo Paz-Cornejo,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren, Lima, Peru.

Luis Sánchez-Vilela,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital de Apoyo II Santa Rosa, Piura, Peru.

Vanessa Bermúdez-Alfaro,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, 15033, Peru.

José Luis Montoya Suárez,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, 15033, Peru.

Juan Carlos Vargas-Nina,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital II EsSalud de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru.

Carlos Pérez-Ramos,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital María Auxiliadora, Lima, Peru.

Andrea Meza-Hoces,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital II E de Lamas, San Martin, Peru.

Paolo R. Valdez Barreto,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital de Alta Complección Virgen de la Puerta, La Libertad, Peru.

Ruth Huaringa-Leiva,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Militar Central, Lima, Peru.

Omar Condori Troncoso,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Militar Central, Lima, Peru.

Johanny Muro-Cieza,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru.

Silvia Neciosup Delgado,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, 15038, Peru.

Jhajaira M. Araujo,
Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú.

Henry L. Gómez,
Departamento de Medicina Oncológica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, 15038, Peru.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13394

A Rare Case of Myoid Hamartoma Masquerading as Invasive Breast Carcinoma | Chapter 12 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Breast Myoid Hamartoma (MH) is a rare type of neoplasm with a poorly understood pathogenesis. Very few literatures have reported such disease with an unclear prognosis and malignant potentiality. Some isolated studies have shown that breast Myoid Hamartoma (MH) may be genetically related to other types of tumours with the involvement of HMGA2 gene. We reported a case of a 64-year-old post-menopausal lady with an underlying chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP) that was referred to our centre for a suspected right breast tumour. Clinical and imaging proved the disease to be malignant, however, core biopsy results showed otherwise. Ultrasound of the right breast showed a solid mass with a hypoechoic heterogeneous echotexture and posterior shadowing. A Mammogram highlighted a dense lesion in the right breast with radiolucent halo and macrocalcification. It was reported as BIRADS 4 category. Managing breast Myoid Hamartoma (MH) is proved to be of great challenge to clinicians as meticulous clinical acumen is needed to strategize a proper plan and management, most importantly, not to overlook the disease as the malignant transformation has been reported before.

Author(s) Details:

Mohamed Shafi Mahboob Ali,
Department of General Surgery, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13341

Study about Young Women to Specifics of Human Sexuality/Reproduction | Chapter 11 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

This paper explains first, concerning physiological vaginal first birth (primiparity) why young women should consider delivering her first baby before the age of 26 (there is a linear association between maternal ages and healthy deliveries). Second, because of the comparatively large human fetal brain, nutritional maternal-foetal exchanges are twice those of other mammals (per body-mass ratios). There is a lack of awareness among young of the very specific reproductive and sexual strategies of humans as compared to other mammals. Homo sapiens appeared some 300,000 years ago and our female ancestors delivered obligatorily vaginally prior to the development of medical interventions (such as caesarean sections, a safe procedure only since the 1960’s). Furthermore, women are unique among the 4,300 mammal species suffer from a harmful complication of pregnancy, preeclampsia (especially during a first pregnancy). But, as the human species has retained the hemochorial placenta, that first appeared in mammalian evolution, women face the great challenge of immunological tolerance towards the male partner’s tissues during the nine months of gestation. This major challenge occurs during the first pregnancy and tolerance is related to semen exposure prior to conception.  In subsequent additional pregnancies, immunological recognition is largely achieved through the initial pregnancy. This is why for a first pregnancy (nulliparous woman or multiparous woman with a new male partner), it is preferable to conceive after a delay of 6 months of non-barrier contraception before planning conception. Short-term sexual cohabitation after the couple's constitution (partially recognized male tissue) may result in incomplete embryo implantation, which can cause problems including early-onset preeclampsia and/or fetal growth restriction. Third, to have a baby neither too small, nor too big, women overweight or obese at the beginning of any pregnancy must gain less weight during the 9 months of gestation as compared to their leaner counterparts. The optimal gestational weight gain may be acknowledged during the first prenatal visit, with, a goal to achieve during the next 7- 8 months of pregnancy.

Author(s) Details:

Pierre-Yves Robillard,
Service de Néonatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint-Pierre Cedex, La Réunion, France and Centre d’Etudes Périnatales Océan Indien (CEPOI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint-Pierre cedex, La Réunion, France.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13340

Assessing the Relationship between Foot Dimensions and Body Weight among Young Generation of Central India | Chapter 10 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

The aim of the study is to study the relationship of foot dimensions with body weight. Overweight and obesity are increasing in prevalence. However, despite reports of poor foot health, the influence of obesity and overweight on adult foot morphology has received limited attention. A vital part of forensic inquiry is using scientific methods to identify a human being. The human foot has been examined in many ways by anatomists, forensic scientists, anthropologists, medical professionals, podiatrists, and several other organizations all over the world. People often go barefoot in developing nations like India for a variety of reasons, including spiritual or religious convictions, participation in sociocultural activities, weather conditions, living in rural regions, and socioeconomic considerations. This makes foot impressions for forensic inquiry more significant. The findings of earlier investigations carried out in Central India were inconsequential. Thus, a large sample size and a variety of characteristics were used in this study, which sought to create a database suitable for forensic inquiry. This cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 1000 participants (500 male and 500 female) of ESIC Institute Gulbarga over a period of 14 months. Foot length, foot breadth along with body weight was measured. Mean weight (male) was 58.21 kg and female was 50.14 kg. Statistically significant correlation was observed between body weight and foot dimensions of both sides in both sexes. Correlation coefficient ‘r’ and Linear regression equation was calculated. In both sexes, there was a statistically significant association between body weight and foot measurements on both sides. Forensic investigations and anthropometric studies might benefit from this data.

Author(s) Details:

Sundip H. Charmode,
Department of Anatomy, ESIC Medical College Gulbarga, Ragiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India and Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Gorakhpur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13339

Genetic Alterations in H. pylori Infected Gastric Cancer Patients | Chapter 9 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Background: Gastric cancer has always been one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related death and continues to be a major public health issue. Gene alterations are required for the development of gastric cancer, which are influenced by environmental and host factors.

Aim: This study aimed to explore the status of alteration of the three genes-P53, HER2, and hMlH1 in gastric adenocarcinoa and to find out their association with H. pylori infection and clinicopathological factors of the operated patients.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Endoscopically biopsied and histopathologically confirmed as adenocarcinoma stomach patients were admitted for surgical intervention in the department of Surgical Oncology in National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh. For genetic (P53 and hMLH1) study of the gastrectomized tissue DNA extraction and optimization, we performed PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. HER2 was studied by immunochemical technique. The results were matched with tumor status, age and sex, smoking, and H. pylori antibody status of the patients to find their association.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 52.91 (±13.94) years. Among the 45 patients selected for genetic tests, 12 aged 40 or more and 33 aged over 40. Among the genes, 33(73.3%) in P53 and 17(37.7%) in hMLH1 were mutated and 11(24.2%) in HER2 were found to be overexpressed. Chi square and regression analysis showed that they all had associations with H. pylori positivity (P < 0.05, odds ratio >1). hMLH1 was associated with the location of the tumor, smoking, sex, blood group, and age, and P53 was found to be affected by extra salt intake, sex, blood group, and age of the patients (P ≤  0.05). This study explored the relationship of H. pylori infection with the genetic changes in cancer patients, which would be a milestone in the cancer research in this country.

Conclusion: Genetic mutation was found in nearly all the patients with gastric cancer, which was significantly associated with H. pylori infection. Mass eradication of this organism might play a role in reducing cancer incidence in Bangladesh.

Author(s) Details:

M. Mizanur Rahman,
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Mohammed Abu Kawsar Sarker,
Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Furness General Hospital, University Hospitals of Morecamb NHS Trust, Barrow-in-Furness, Lancaster, U.K.

Md. Monoar Hossain,
Department of Surgical Oncology, Khulna Medical College, Khulna, Bangladesh.

Mohd. Sahajadul Alam,
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md. Anisur Rahman,
Department of Gastroenterology, Popular Medical College Hospital, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abdul Ahad,
Department of Gastroenterology, Khulna Medical College, Khulna, Bangladesh.

Md. Monzurul Islam,
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Rokeya Begum,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13309

Bilateral Paediatric Cataract Surgery: An Observational Cohort Study at Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo | Chapter 8 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

 Introduction: Cataract is the main cause of blindness among children in Africa, replacing vitamin A deficiency and measles thanks to successful immunization programs. The leading cause of childhood blindness globally is paediatric cataract. Bilateral cataract surgery can help to improve visual performance and diminish the burden of childhood blindness.

Objective: This retrospective observational cohort study reports the long-term outcomes of 298 children who had bilateral cataract surgery with IOL implantation from 2001-2016 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Methods: A standardized surgical treatment of paediatric cataract was practiced on 298 children. Patient’s follow-up, complications, and visual outcomes were recorded and analysed.

Results: The mean age was 5.7 ± 4.3 years and males were predominant (64.9%). Most of the children were living mainly in urban poorest areas (96.3%). Strabismus, nystagmus and microcornea were encountered in 20.1%, 25.1% and 8.7% of children, respectively. Using WHO criteria most of patients were classified as blind preoperatively and 81.9% of them had improved visual outcomes after surgery. Main reasons for reduced vision during follow-up were secondary cataract (5.7%), IOL decentration (1.2%), retinal detachment (1.2%), and secondary glaucoma (1.5%). Complications that also negatively influence outcomes can be divided into short-term and long-term. Short-term complications (2.3%) include retinal detachment and IOL decentration. Long-term complications (7.3%) are composed of the groups of secondary glaucoma and secondary cataracts.

Conclusion: In spite of the post-conflict challenges, the elimination of cataract blindness in children remains a priority. Children present at a late age for surgery and long-term follow-up is poor. There is a need for program strengthening in these areas.  It is recommended that the incorporation of routine cataract surgical outcome auditing should be performed regularly to monitor outcomes by surgeon. This has been seen to facilitate consist improvement in surgeons and centre surgical outcomes and enhances a reduction in surgical complication over time.

Author(s) Details:

Janvier Kilangalanga Ngoy,
Eye Department, St. Joseph Hospital/CFOAC, Kinshasa, DRC.

Thomas Stahnke,
Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.

Serge Dinkulu,
Eye Department, St. Joseph Hospital/CFOAC, Kinshasa, DRC.

Emile Makwanga,
Programme National de Sante Oculaire et Vision (PNSOV), Kinshasa, DRC.

Astrid Moanda,
Réhabilitation à Assise Communautaire (RAC/CBR), Kinshasa, DRC.

Georgette Ngweme,
Eye Department, St. Joseph Hospital/CFOAC, Kinshasa, DRC.

Edith Mukwanseke,
Eye Department, St. Joseph Hospital/CFOAC, Kinshasa, DRC.

Günther Kundt,
Rostock University Medical Center, Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock, Germany.

Frank Thiesen,
Rostock University Medical Center, Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock, Germany.

Adrian Hopkins,
Programme National de Sante Oculaire et Vision (PNSOV), Kinshasa, DRC.

Rudolf F. Guthoff,
Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13308

Examining Acetone Extracts of Toona cilliata, Seriphium plumosum and Schkuhria pinnata on Hela Cervical Cancer Cells: Anticancer Potential | Chapter 7 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Background: Cervical cancer is common in women in less developed regions of the world. The plant biomolecules can be employed for synergistic activity with chemo- and radiotherapy. This combination might result in reduced toxicity and increased efficacy of the treatment regimen. At present, more than 8 South African women die from cervical cancer every day. The anti-cancer activity of the acetone extracts of S. plumosum, T. cilliata and S. pinnata was assessed using different parameters.

Methods: S. plumosum and S. pinnata were collected from Mankweng and T. cilliata from Tzaneen in Limpopo province, South Africa. An immortalized human cell line (HeLa) was used in this study and the cells were cultured and maintained in RPMI media. Secondary metabolite detection and antioxidant activity quantification were determined using the DPPH and ferric iron reducing assays. HeLa cell growth inhibition and mechanistics were assessed by employing MTT and Annexin-V flous assays.

Results: Observations revealed the presence of phenolic, flavonoids, tannins steroids and coumarins in all the plants extracts. A high amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content was detected in S. plumosum and T. cilliata. S. plumosum extract had the best DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing powers. The Antioxidant activity profile show S. plumosum to contain more compounds with antioxidant activity as compared to the other two plant extracts.

Conclusion: Observable concentration dependent cell proliferation inhibition by test materials was exhibited. The leaf extracts from T. cilliata, S. plumosum and S. pinnata contain compounds of various polarities with free-radicals, antioxidant and anti-cancerous activities that may play a beneficial role in treatment.

Author(s) Details:

Mxolisi Justice Ndlovu,
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Sciences and Agriculture, South Africa.

Victor Patrick Bagla,
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Sciences and Agriculture, South Africa.

Matlou Phenius Mokgotho,
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Sciences and Agriculture, South Africa.

Marema Ephraim Makgatho,
Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, South Africa.

Thabe Moss Matsebatlela,
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology Faculty of Sciences and Agriculture, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13307

Successful Treatment of Zenker's Diverticulum by Endoscopic Staple-Assisted Diverticulotomy in a 75 Year Old Patient – A Case Report | Chapter 6 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Zenker's diverticulum (hypopharyngeal pouch) is a rare medical entity caused by herniation of esophageal mucosa and submucosa through an anatomical defect between the layers of the inferior constrictor muscle. It is believed that this occurs mainly due to incoordination between the stages of swallowing and the timely opening of the cricopharyngeus muscle. It usually affects the elderly and patients usually present with dysphagia, regurgitation of food, halitosis and aspiration. The usual treatment has been an open surgical procedure; and in elderly patients, it just adds to their morbidity who already are having other concomitant chronic illnesses such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease. So, procedures causing less morbidity have been sought to address this issue. We describe one case of Zenker's diverticulum in a 75-year-old Saudi female. There was no history of weight loss or recurrent chest infections. She was otherwise healthy with a history of well-controlled hypertension and osteoarthritis involving the joints of the lower limbs. We successfully managed her in the Ear Nose Throat (ENT) department, North West Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia by endoscopic staple-assisted diverticulotomy resulting in the successful division of the intervening septum between the diverticulum and the esophagus. This technique was well-tolerated by the patient with an early return to oral feeding and a shorter hospital stay. Zenker's diverticulum is an acquired pulsion-type of diverticulum that develops in the elderly, most likely due to the ageing process. Endoscopic staple-assisted diverticulotomy is a relatively safer technique for dealing with this problem as compared to the traditional open procedure causing more morbidity, and we advocate its use to reduce patient morbidity in selected cases. It is now a well-established fact that endoscopic staple-assisted diverticulotomy has low morbidity and mortality with acceptable favorable outcomes.

Author(s) Details:

Mohiyuddin A. Q. Ali,
Department of ENT, Ain Al-Khaleej Hospital, Al-Ain, UAE.

Sultan O. Al-Harthy,
Department of ENT, North West Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13306

Assessing the Risk Factors of Diabetes to Increase the Mortality Rate Due to Coronavirus (COVID-19) in United States | Chapter 5 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

This chapter highlights about risk factors of diabetes to increasing the mortality rate due to COVID 19. Diabetic patients are more likely to suffer from serious infection due to hyperglycemia, chronic inflammatory state, microcirculation damage and other factors. COVID-19 mortality combined with diabetes is still not clear. The duration, age, gender, race and blood glucose control of diabetes may have effect on the mortality of COVID-19. We conducted a thorough statistical analysis of numerous datasets, including COVID-19 infection and mortality rate, diabetes and diseases that may contribute to the severity and risk factor of diabetes in individuals and this impact on COVID-19 and the mortality rate, in an effort to understand the effect of diabetes on the increasing rate of infection with COVID-19. These diseases include respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity. Equally significant is the statistical analysis on ethnicity, age, and sex on COVID-19 infection as well as mortality rate. Their possible contributions to increasing the severity and risk factor of diabetes as a risk to mortality to individuals who have COVID-19.

Author(s) Details:

Henry Zeidan,
College of Graduate & Professional Studies, University of New England, Portland, USA.

Iman Zeidan,
McLaren Central Michigan, Medical Center and Central Michigan University, School of Medicine, MT, Pleasant, USA.

Laura Scholer-Bland,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13305

Internet Addiction: Prevalence and Impact for Medical Students on Academic Achievement | Chapter 4 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Background: In the present century of information and technology, Internet has become an indispensable part of our life. As they use internet for academic purpose, they may go online for enhancing their social life. Medical students' undergraduate curricula are among the most extensive and challenging in the world, covering nineteen densely packed topics. An intense dedication to academic pursuits and consistency are essential for topic mastery. The information and technology age has given way to a revolutionary one. For medical students it is even more important as we are in an era of evidence based medicine. Evidence-based education has been present for a long time, and not just in the contemporary digital era for medical students. On the other hand, medical research and health have always relied heavily on evidence. Students use internet for literature searches and for other relevant medical information, as it’s inexpensive and freely accessible.4 Scientific proof based on digital technologies is required to update themselves abreast the changing medical education.

In the current era of disruptions, over use of internet negatively impacts the academic performance of medical undergraduates. Some of the users may experience difficulty in reducing the duration and frequency of internet use gradually getting addicted to it.

4G is the next generation of internet service that has arrived in India. Because of the amount of time they spend online, medical students are an especially at-risk when it comes to problematic internet use. Their physical, mental, and social well-being may suffer as a result. Students become more involved in various online digital platforms and electronic activities as a result of spending more time online.

Focusing away from the subjects may indirectly affect their scholastic performance. Consistency and dedicated learning may get compromised as they engage themselves in online social platforms.

The literature on internet usage among Indian medical students is limited and there are hardly any studies from Kerala correlating Internet addiction and academic performance. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of internet addiction among medical students and its correlation with academic performance in a private medical college in central Kerala.

Methods: A cross sectional study was performed among first year to final year medical students. Their internet activities were assessed using Internet addiction Questionnaire developed by Kimberly Young. Academic performance was assessed based on the sessional marks obtained in respective subjects. Statistical analysis was done using software SPSS 20 and appropriate tests were used.

Results: A total of 381 students participated in the study. Out of them, females were 294(71.9%) and males were 107 (28.1%).  Prevalence of internet addiction was found to be 61.4%).On further categorizing internet addiction based on score, 149 students (63.7%) had mild, 83 had moderate (35.5%) and 2 (.8%) had severe addiction. Using tables of correlation between continuous variables, internet addiction was found to be higher among males, those using Whats App and facebook accounts frequently and using internet for more than two hours a day. Internet addiction was found higher among students of intermediate batches as compared to students of first year or final year. Using analysis of variance, Academic performance was found to have a negative correlation with internet addiction.

Conclusion: Prevalence of internet addiction is very high among medical students and it has negative impact on academic performance. Male gender, duration of internet usage more than two hours, frequent use of internet for social communication and intermediate batch students had strong association with Internet addiction. Awareness is important to take up the issue at institutional level and implement measures to prevent it. Student as an emerging problem affecting student education, rehabilitation programs may be useful in future.

Author(s) Details:

Athulya G. Asokan,
Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College, Kottayam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13304

Leptins in Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolic Pathologies: An Overview | Chapter 3 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Excess body weight is intricately linked to low-grade inflammation, establishing a significant association between obesity and various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The interplay of inflammation and adipokines contributes to the pathological mechanisms underlying these conditions. Leptin, primarily synthesized by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, is also produced in organs such as stomach, placenta and mammary glands, expressing leptin receptors. While its primary role involves actions  related to energy homeostasis, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection, leptins have metabolic role in peripheral tissues, impacting metabolism, bone density, and muscle mass. Changes in leptin levels and mechanisms associated with leptin resistance can influence these mechanisms presenting a complex landscape.

Despite its potential as a treatment for obesity due to its capacity to reduce food intake and body weight, leptin faces challenges in clinical and pharmaceutical application. Obesed individuals exhibit elevated leptin resistance to exogenous administration, termed leptin resistance and it limits its anorexigenic effects. The molecular mechanisms that are responsible for leptin resistance remain incompletely characterized, posing obstacles to therapeutic interventions. Leptin's journey across the blood-brain barrier to reach the hypothalamus, where it exerts anorexigenic functions, adds another complexity to its clinical implementation. Recent strategies aim to restore leptin responsiveness in obesity, encompassing approaches such as leptin sensitization, combination therapies, and direct modulation of intracellular signaling. Understanding and targeting leptin resistance holds promise for innovative approaches to treat obesity and associated metabolic disorders effectively. Ongoing research endeavors seek to unravel leptin's complexities and pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions in obesity and its related health implications.

Author(s) Details:

Praveen Prashant,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, HR, India.

Pragya Dixit,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, HR, India.

Abhishek Bansal,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, HR, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13303

Effects of Anticancerous Drugs- EMS and MMS in Induced Diabetic Mouse: Differential Response of Biochemical Parameters and Dose Effect Relationship of Chromosomal Aberrations | Chapter 2 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Diabetes is one among the top ten leading killers of human population. Epidemiological studies revealed that diabetes is being increased due to exposure to pollutants. Alkylating agents are one such group of pollutants, which are also being used as anticancer agents. Even though, we use alkylating agents as antineoplastics, their influence in diabetic condition in human has not been worked out. Hence, mouse as a model organism was used to induce diabetic condition and the same has been employed to test the well known two alkylating agents such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). These agents were tested to understand their influence on biochemical parameters and on chromosomes. The results have revealed that these agents drastically affect the different biochemical parameters. Further, for the first time it has been demonstrated that these agents induce less chromosomal aberrations in diabetic mouse compared to non-diabetic. These results are discussed with relevant literature.

Author(s) Details:

Vasudev V.,
University of Mysore, P.G Centre, Hemagangotri, Hassan-573220, Karanataka, India.

Khalandar B. B. D.,
Department of Bioscience University of Mysore, P.G Centre, Hemagangotri, Hassan-573220, Karanataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13302

Zinner Syndrome: A Comprehensive Case Report on Diagnosis and Management | Chapter 1 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Zinner syndrome, a rare developmental anomaly of the urogenital tract, is a result of disrupted embryonic development of the genitourinary system. With approximately 100 reported cases, this condition is characterized by renal agenesis, ipsilateral seminal vesicle cyst, and vas deferens obstruction or dilation. Most patients remain asymptomatic, making early diagnosis challenging. Various radiologic modalities, including intravenous pyelography, ultrasonography, vasovesiculography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), contribute to accurate diagnosis. We present a case of Zinner syndrome, highlighting its rarity and the importance of vigilant imaging for identification. While asymptomatic patients necessitate active follow-up, those with symptomatic presentations may require surgical interventions, such as perineal cyst aspiration, subcutaneous cyst drainage, laparoscopic, or open surgery. Additionally, male patients should be monitored for potential infertility. Our case, involving a 17-year-old asymptomatic individual initially presenting with bilateral pneumonia, underscores the need for ongoing surveillance in managing Zinner syndrome.

Author(s) Details:

Vladimer Papava,
Department of Urology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Tamar Didbaridze,
Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Giorgi Sinauridze,
Department of Urology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Magda Tsirekidze,
Department of Radiology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Tamta Mamasakhlisi,
Department of Internal Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Valeriane Kvakhajelidze,
Department of Urology, Clinic ‘’Pineo’’, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Leli Shanidze,
Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Zurabi Zaalishvili,
American Program of Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13301

Cultural Construction of Mental Illness and Health Seeking Behaviour among Caregivers in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya | Book Publisher International

Negative beliefs and practices play a significant role in determining treatment for people with mental illness. Although there has been development in biomedical intervention to mental illness, culture’s role in mental illness construction and perception remains unexplored. This study sought to determine the influence of cultural construction of mental illness on the health-seeking behaviour of caregivers for people with mental illness in Uasin Gishu County moderated by contextual factors. Five objectives guided the study including: establishing the influence of stereotypes on health-seeking behaviour of caregivers for people with mental illness, determining the influence of prejudice on health-seeking behaviour of caregivers for people with mental illness, analyzing the influence of discrimination on health-seeking behaviour of caregivers for people with mental illness, exploring the influence of cultural adaptation intervention on health-seeking behaviour of caregivers for people with mental illness, and determining the moderation influence of contextual factors on the relationship between cultural construction of mental illness and health-seeking behaviour. The study adopted the concurrent mixed methods design that integrated both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study was based on pragmatism philosophy.  The study was anchored on the constructivism theory and the health-seeking behaviour theory. The target population was caregivers of people with mental illness who were treated at MTRH which is located in Uasin Gishu County and healthcare service providers in the mental unit of the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH). A sample of 487 caregivers of people with mental illness was selected purposively, while a census was conducted to identify 18 health care providers. Structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to gather data from caregivers. Data from health-care providers were collected using interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically and presented through direct quotation. The Hayes’ Macro PROCESS model 1 was used to determine the direct and moderating effects. The study revealed that at the 5% significance level, stereotypes against people with mental illness had a negative and significant effect on health-seeking behaviour (b=-0.367, þ<0.05). Similarly, prejudice against people with mental illness had a negative and significant effect on health-seeking behaviour (b=-0.332, þ<0.05). Likewise, discrimination against mental illness negatively affected health-seeking behaviour (b=-0.630, þ<0.05). However, cultural adaptation intervention positively and significantly affected health-seeking behaviour (b=0.452, þ<0.05). This also revealed that contextual factors were significant moderators of the relationship between the cultural construction of mental illness and health-seeking behaviour. The study concluded that stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination were elements of the cultural construction of mental illness. The study recommends that caregivers of people with mental illness seek to exploit factors in the context to moderate the relationships involving mental illness. Future studies should consider widening the geographical scope to include caregivers of people with mental illness drawn from mental units in the other counties.

Author(s) Details:

Caroline Atieno Ombok,
Department of Sociology, Psychology and Anthropology, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CCMIHSBCUCK/article/view/13311