Study on Decentralization of Forestry Management in Cameroon | Chapter 11 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 At the end of the Rio de Janeiro Summit of June 1992 ,the forestry legislation has undergone a real revolution in Cameroon. As a result of the promulgation of Law n°94-01 on the 20th of January 1994, which established Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries Regulations, a great deal of innovation has occurred. Cameroon's entire forestry programme is driven by this rule. The creation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, as well as council and community forests, are examples of these developments. The Cameroon government has chosen to decentralise forestry management because sustainable development is a top priority for the country.

Author (s) Details

Eloundou Jules André
University of Maroua, Cameroon.

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A Review on Energy Conservation with Utilization of Marble Waste in Geotechnical Engineering | Chapter 10 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 In a globalising world, industrialization has grown in lockstep with the need for economic growth in countries. With the rise of industrialization, new wastes have arisen. As a result of the high cost of these waste management strategies, industrial waste assessment has become essential in industrial businesses. In addition, as the world's population grows, natural resources become scarcer. With the rise in population, usage, and rapid depletion of natural resources, repurposing waste and incorporating it into the economy has become even more important. In this chapter, marble wastes that can be recycled in geotechnical engineering are examined, as well as the energy gains that can be obtained through recycling.

Author (s) Details

Nazile Ural
Department of Civil Eng., Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, 11210, Bilecik, Turkey.

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A Review on Increased Incidences, Intensity and Scope of Disasters: Manifestation of Unsustainable Development Practices | Chapter 9 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 Disasters have long been regarded as natural calamities over which mankind has little power or influence. However, disasters' frequency, complexity, scale, and destructive capability have all increased over time, meaning that other factors are at work. When a threat communicates with fragile environments, a catastrophe occurs. Vulnerability refers to a lack of willingness to minimise the likelihood of disasters occurring or to return to normalcy after a disaster. Communities' vulnerabilities are growing as a result of a variety of development activities at the individual, local, global, and international levels. Prolonged civil strife/wars, emerging diseases, food insecurity, climate change, and pollution are among the disaster threats that have risen over time. To a large degree, they demonstrate planning activities that are incompatible with the tenets of sustainable development espoused in the Brandtland Commission resolutions, dubbed "our shared future." This article examines a few examples of planning activities that have resulted in disasters, dispelling the misconception that all disasters are caused solely by natural disasters. The article suggests a number of steps that should be taken to ensure that construction activities are not to blame for the increased frequency, severity, and scale of disasters.

Author (s) Details

Beatrice M. O. Barasa
Department of Emergency Management Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST), Kenya.

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A New Hypothesis on the Origin of Water on Earth and Mars | Chapter 8 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 The origin of water on Earth is still a scientific and accurate question that has yet to be resolved. Water in liquid or gaseous form could not have existed on the young, red-hot Earth, it is certain. As a result, it is widely thought that comets carried water to Earth. However, the isotope ratio (H/D) of water on comets is more than twice that of water on Earth, implying that comets may have provided only a portion of Earth's water. The stable bipolar magnetic field that protects the Earth from the solar wind – a plasma wave of protons and electrons – was created only less than one billion years ago, according to laboratory experiments at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan. Recent laboratory experiments at the University of Maryland in the United States have shown that the young Earth must have had a multipolar magnetic field during its early age, when its centre of iron and nickel was still molten. This multipolar magnetic field, on the other hand, may not have offered any defence against the solar wind. In reality, it would have served as a massive solar wind collector, and the same could be said for our neighbouring planet Mars. As a result of these two scientific studies, an entirely new theory about the origin of water on Earth and Mars has emerged. The solar wind would have been able to penetrate the thick, Venus-like carbon dioxide atmospheres of Earth and Mars along the vertical magnetic field lines during the early periods of the two planets. The atmosphere would have been exposed to the young Sun's powerful ultraviolet rays and intense solar wind, which would have separated the carbon dioxide molecules in the atmosphere into their component parts of oxygen and carbon due to the absence of an ozone layer. The oxygen released would have been able to interact with the solar wind's hydrogen nuclei to form water molecules, which would then fall as rain.

Author (s) Details

Hans Merkl
Johannes-Kepler-Polytechnikum, Engineer Academy, Am Kirchsteig 4, 92637 Weiden, Regensburg, Germany.

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Research on Concentration and Chemical Speciation of Heavy Met-Als in Urban Soils of Warri, Nigeria | Chapter 7 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 To determine whether substantial concentrations of the metals are mobile and bioavailable in Warri's urban soils, a chemical method (1) and Tessier's method [1] were used to determine the pseudo total and chemical speciation of manganese, chromium, lead, and zinc. The intervention values were determined to determine whether the metal contamination had reached the point that the soils needed to be handled. Using a stainless steel augur, ten soil samples were collected from five sites (Esisi, Apala, Airport Road, Ugborikoko, and NPA Expressway Refuse dumps) (5 top soils 0 -15 cm and 5 bottom soils 15 - 30 cm). The Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer technique was used to analyse the sample solutions. The average total heavy metal concentrations in top soils were found to be 4. 00 0.00 to 111.00 7. 00 ppm Mn, 9. 13 0.13 to 292. 28 7.82 ppm Cr, 0.08 to 493.00 3.00ppm Pb, and 35.00 0.00 to 1012.00+ 2.00ppm Zn. 7.00 0,00 to 160.00 0.00 ppm Mn, 35.05 0.40 to 263.00 0.00 ppm Cr, 0.08 to 286.00 6.00 ppm Pb, and 64.00 4.00 to 1458.00 8.00 ppm Zn have been found in bottom soil samples. The abundance ratios mentioned were in the order Zn >Cr > Mn > Pb. In certain soil samples, the values recorded in this analysis are higher than those reported by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (3). 190.40mg/kg Cr were collected as intervention values. Pb concentrations of 312.10 mg/kg and Zn concentrations of 257.67 mg/kg. In all of the soil samples, total Zn is higher than intervention values, total Cr is similar to intervention values, and Pb is lower than intervention values. Chemical properties such as pH, total organic carbon, and carbon equivalent content (CEC) were also examined. Six soil samples (3 top soils and 3 bottom soils) were chosen from three dump sites (Esisi, Apala, and NPA Expressway) and chemical partitioning was determined using Tessier's method. Except for Pb, the metals showed the highest concentration in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction. The exchangeable process is not correlated with Pb. Except for Pb, all of the metals had large concentrations in the non-residual fraction. This demonstrates that large amounts of metals are mobile and bioavailable to plants and other ecological materials. The bioavailable values found in this analysis are higher than those found in soils that are not polluted. [two] The quality of Cr, Zn, and Mn in soils is also related to the pH of the soil. The distribution of a single chemical element among different species or groups is known as chemical speciation. Trace metals can be found in a variety of soil components and are associated with them in a variety of ways.

Author (s) Details

Helen Ataikiru
Chemistry Department, College of Education, Warri, Nigeria.

F. E. Okieimen
Chemistry Department, University of Benin, Benin - City, Nigeria.

E. G. Uwumarongie
Edo State Environmental Consultancy, Benin - City, Nigeria.

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A Study of the Effects of Active Smoking on Renal Function | Chapter 6 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 The aim of this research is to see how active smoking affects kidney function. Toxic effects of cigarettes are mostly due to tobacco components; nicotine is toxic to the kidneys. The experiment took place in the hemodialysis centre and the biochemistry lab. The distribution of smokers and nonsmokers among dialysis patients was determined using data from the service register.

Author (s) Details

Djabali Nacira
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, El-Tarf University, El Tarf, 36000, Algeria.

Berrezig Wiem
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, El-Tarf University, El Tarf, 36000, Algeria.

Ghai Djamila
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, El-Tarf University, El Tarf, 36000, Algeria.

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Analysis of the Comparative Study on Flower Pigments with Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity in Orchid Plants | Chapter 5 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 Plants in the Orchidaceae family have long been one of the most significant commercial products in the agricultural industry. The flower petals can be used as cut flowers as well as potted flowers because they have eye-catching pigments.

The main pigments found in orchid flower petals, as well as their relationships with phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, were investigated.

The total anthocyanin content of six separate orchid petals was measured using spectrophotometry, and the values ranged from 0 mg/g (in Dendrobium Shavin white) to 2.128 mg/g (in Dendrobium Shavin red) (in Mokara Aranda). The petals with vibrant colours have a lot of anthocyanin, while those with pale colours have a lot of chlorophyll. When compared to -carotene and chlorophyll content, total anthocyanin content was found to be the highest. In a correlation study, PAL behaviour was found to be significantly positive correlated with anthocyanin material.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that the PAL enzyme may be used as a biomarker for orchid flower colour.

Author (s) Details

Suat Hian Tan
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Tecehnology, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.

Nyuk Ling Ma
School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Wan Nurul Hidayah Wan Anuar
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, Tapah Road, Malaysia.

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Transport and Mixing Dynamics on Coastal Phytoplankton Patches during Summer Breeze Season | Chapter 4 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 Understanding coastal Mediterranean ecosystems requires an understanding of the relationship between sea/land breeze and coastal circulation, as well as the role of wind-driven dynamics. These coastal areas are especially complex, with high-variable processes driving biological phenomena on a variety of time scales.

The availability of hydrodynamic studies on coastal water circulation and its impact on primary producers is low, especially in the Tyrrhenian Sea, where available data on coastal dynamics is limited to large-scale general circulation with a focus solely on mesoscale pelagic dynamical processes.

During periods of good weather, especially during the summer, regular patterns of local breeze circulation dominate the Tyrrhenian coastal waters. The coastal phytoplankton patches are modulated by these winds, which trigger coastal currents and buoyancy-derived motions.

Approximately 30% of the Italian population lives in the land-sea transition region, and recreational activity raises the population in these coastal areas during the summer season, putting additional human pressure on the coastal systems. As a result, a better understanding of the coastal processes that are important for environmental and navigational purposes is needed.

The effect of sea/land breeze circulation on current dynamics and water column structures in a Northern Tyrrhenian coastal site is documented in this paper using physical and biological data. Coastal currents are primarily driven by tide and local wind, and they respond quickly to changes in wind direction, according to in situ data. Thermal structure studies of the water column show major changes with the morning breeze rotation: raising of isotherms (cooling) was usually observed in deep layers during early mornings, followed by isotherm fluctuations.

Author (s) Details

R. Martellucci
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Italy.

A. Pierattini
Ente Fauna Marina Mediterranea, Avola, Italy.

F. Paladini de Mendoza
Ente Fauna Marina Mediterranea, Avola, Italy.

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Recently Enhanced Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Regeneration and Extensive Penetration towards the Head of the Handölan Valley: Reversal of a Long-Term Retrogressional Trend – Contrasting Responses to Climate Change of Tree- and Forest Line | Chapter 3 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 With an emphasis on climate change, this study examines the latest history and output of widely spaced pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) tree- and forest lines in a mountain valley in the southern Swedish Scandes. Over the last two decades, the treeline ecotone's geriatric structure and physiognomy have been significantly rejuvenated. By the early twentieth century and the mid-1970s, historical documents had clearly defined these "lines." Following that, their diverse performances have been studied up to the present day. Both lines are currently found within the subalpine mountain birch forest belt (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii). As a result, the evolution of the birch forest matrix has an effect on their history, current, and future changes. Between the early twentieth century and the mid-1970s, the pine forest and treeline locations remained relatively stable. In response to 20th century climate warming, forest line populations increased in number and density, but their positions remained unchanged. By the mid-1970s, the treeline, which consists of dispersed solitary, fast-growing, and vigorous trees, had moved 135 metres up-valley through the birch forest belt to a site about 12 kilometres south of the spot. The existence of the subalpine birch forest belt is thought to be responsible for the vast separation of forest and tree line. This claim is backed by the outlier old-established pine trees' robust growth and proliferous reproduction, resulting in a radical generation change in the treeline ecotone. This process is most visible in birch forest gaps. As a result, under current climatic conditions, the future pine forest line is thought to be much farther south (and higher) than it is now within the competing birch forest belt. This forest range is likely to be realised in the case of future climate change, given the subalpine birch forest's demise due to drought. This would be a return to the early and middle Holocene, when pine dominated the upper tree line ecotone and the birch belt was underdeveloped.

Author (s) Details

Leif Kullman
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, ZSE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.

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Facies Analysis and Depositional Environment of the Sarvak Formation (Cenomanian) in the Zagros Basin (SW of Iran) | Chapter 2 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 Two stratigraphic sections of the Sarvak Formation were chosen for this analysis, the Bavan and Kherameh sections. The Sarvak Formation has been studied over 379.5 metres and 260 thin parts. Foraminifers and index microfacies have been discovered. Boundstone, Wackestone, and Packstone are index microfacies. Bioclasts have been found to have a higher frequency than the other microfacies elements. 14 sublithofacies have been identified in three depositional environments based on the type and abundance of skeletal and nonskeletal grains, as well as the type of matrix. 3) The sea is open. The determined microfacies were deposited in a Homoclinal Ramp Carbonate Platform. The Sarvak Formation is Cenomanian in age, according to micropalentological evidence.

Author (s) Details

Massih Afghah
Department of Geology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

Hamid Reza Fadaei
Department of Geology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

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An Application of Agent-Based Modeling to Sustainable Natural Resource Management | Chapter 1 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 Decision-support systems can be used to measure the complexity of systems as well as forecast and analyse policies. Agent-based modelling (ABM) is a relatively new approach for modelling complex systems in which independent and interconnected agents play a role. Simulations aid in estimating and comprehending evolving patterns that necessitate the development of new legislation for local agents to change the structure incrementally. This study uses this approach to create the Befergyonet ABM, which is used to run computer simulations in a spatio-intertemporal environment on beef cattle. The methodology presented in this paper is solely intended to encourage the use of cutting-edge computer programmes to simulate complex structures as a means of representing real-world events, and it can serve as a methodological guide for readers interested in creating their own ABM. This research can also serve as a useful example of how ABM can contribute to solutions that are more efficient and consistent with both private and societal outcomes, given the increasing interest in optimal natural resource allocation under alternative carbon sequestration, price, and policy regimes, as well as climate-based uncertainty.

Author (s) Details

Inocencio Rodríguez González
Department of Social Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Arecibo, Puerto Rico

Gerard E. D’Souza
College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA

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An Audit of Laparoscopic Surgery in a Developing Country in East Africa at the Beginning of a Surgeon's Learning Curve | Chapter 16 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Background: Laparoscopic surgery has been used for surgical access in a variety of situations. The gold standard treatment for cholecystitis in the West is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy, on the other hand, has sparked debate due to its high cost and time-consuming existence, as well as the numerous trocar sites, which all add up to the duration of an open appendicectomy incision.Laparoscopic surgery has many benefits, including a faster return to daily life, a shorter hospital stay, and less postoperative analgesia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the initial experience of laparoscopic units in a developing country in East Africa.

The thesis was performed retrospectively in the Department of Surgery. This research included all patients who agreed to laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic appendicectomy within the first 13 months.

Ten (10) patients consented to laparoscopic cholecystectomies with a male:female ratio of 1:2.33, and twenty (20) patients consented to laparoscopic appendicectomies with a male:female ratio of 1:1.2. The average operating time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 58.5 minutes and for laparoscopic appendicectomy was 40.45 minutes. For laparoscopic cholecystectomy, post-operative admission lasted 3 to 5 days, with a mean of 4.2 days, and for laparoscopic appendicectomy, it lasted 2 to 5 days, with a mean of 2.65 days. Aside from a spinal headache in two patients (2.6 percent) out of the total laparoscopic procedures, no other complications were identified. During the one-month follow-up period, there were no readmissions.

Conclusions: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendicectomy are safe and allow for early discharge. The low incidence of cholecystitis in Uganda, relative to the higher incidence of appendicitis, supports the use of laparoscopic appendicectomy for hand and eye coordination training rather than cholecystectomy. The surgeons' initial cases of laparoscopic procedures have shown an acceptable degree of protection, indicating that laparoscopic appendicectomy is a viable option for learning the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery.

Author (s) Details

Richard Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda and Department of Surgery, Habib Medical School, IUIU University, Kampala, Uganda.

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A Case Report and Literature Review on Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli in East Africa | Chapter 15 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The first paragraph is an introduction. In East Africa, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an unusual diagnosis. It occurs around puberty and is less common in females than in males. The author describes a case of a 21-year-old man who had blood-stained stool on occasion and was diagnosed with familial adenomatous polyposis coli. Following that, a study of the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and treatment options for FAP in East Africa is presented.

This patient presented with a rectal mass, blood soaked stool, and a clear family history of familial adenomatous polyposis. The procedure included a complete proctocolectomy and ileoanal anastomosis. This patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful.

On the resected colorectal specimen, the usual gross pathological and histological features of familial adenomatous polyposis and rectal adenocarcinoma were visible. In addition, this research examines the literature on familial adenomatous polyposis coli's clinical appearance, pathological characteristics, and treatment options.

Conclusion: In a young patient with a long family history of CRC, FAP should always be considered. Patients with early symptoms, as well as those with a long family history of FAP, may have a colonoscopy. A proctocolectomy and Brooke ileostomy would not be a suitable choice in a young patient in East Africa because the existence of a permanent stoma is considered unacceptable.

Author (s) Details

Richard Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda and Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/702

Perioperative Management of a Caesarean Section in a Patient with Isolated Pulmonic Stenosis and Severe Pre-eclampsia- Learning from a Case Report | Chapter 14 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Isolated Pulmonic Stenosis is a relatively uncommon cardiac lesion that causes a right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and possibly a fixed right sided cardiac output. The magnitude of the stenosis and the peak pressure gradient are used to assign a grade. When administering an anaesthetic to such a patient, a detailed understanding of the complexities of a cardiac lesion is essential. Concomitant pregnancy in a woman with Pulmonary Stenosis further complicates matters. Early detection, increased antenatal visits as the pregnancy progresses, and the formulation of a labour, delivery, and childbirth plan are all important. It is recommended that cardiac decompensation be avoided, fetomaternal sufficiency be maintained, and post-operative management be provided in an enhanced maternal care environment.

Author (s) Details

Supriya Preman Thazhath Pullayikudi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, India.

Nirmal Sheshagiri
Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Cytecare Hospital, Bangalore, India.

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The Improvement in Cardiovascular Risk Markers with Glimepiride in Pre-diabetic non-obese Subjects: Similar to Obese Cohort Treated with Metformin | Chapter 13 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Background: Over a 5- to 9-year period (mean, 7.20.2), we found that glimepiride was more effective than metformin in delaying the progression from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes in non-obese subjects. Metformin was the first-line treatment for newly diagnosed diabetics who were overweight. Furthermore, neither group experienced any deaths or adverse cardiovascular conditions, which could be due to beneficial improvements in lipids and cardiovascular surrogate markers. The impact of interventions on lipids and cardiovascular surrogate markers, on the other hand, was not documented.

Prior to intervention, cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid fractions, such as serum Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDLC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDLC), and other markers, such as homocysteine (HomC), highly sensitive C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Fibrinogen (FIBR), and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor1 (PAI1).

Subjects and Methods: The sample included 18 non-obese subjects, 10 men and 8 women between the ages of 27 and 78, and 20 obese subjects, 10 men and 10 women between the ages of 32 and 81, who had pre-diabetes (fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dl and/or HbA1c of 5.7 to 6.4 percent). The research lasted 5 to 9 years (mean: 7.20.2). Glimepiride was given to non-obese subjects, while metformin was given to obese subjects. At each visit during the study, subjects were counselled on lifestyle intervention (appropriate diet and exercise).Individual lipids and CV markers were compared at the start of the study, six months later, and at the end of the study for each group, as well as between groups for baseline and end-of-study levels.

Results: In the glimepiride group, significant improvements in all parameters occurred after treatment (Post Rx) at 6 months and were sustained until the end of the study. HbA1C ( percent ): 6.2 0.2, 5.5 0.1*, 5.7 0.1*; TC (mg/dl): 212 15, 174 13*, 178 14*; TG (mg/dl): 202 32, 162 28*, 178 14*; LD HDLC was not affected in any way. Obese people who were given metformin experienced similar improvements. There were no major differences between the two groups at the start, 6 months, or end of the research.

Conclusion: Glimepiride is equally efficient in enhancing lipid profiles and cardiovascular surrogate markers in nonobese subjects with Pre diabetes as metformin is in obese subjects, explaining similar cardiovascular results in both classes.

Author (s) Details

Reshma Esmail
Mount Saint Mary College, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Udaya Manohar Kabadi
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA and Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.

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Recurrent Diabetic Trigger Finger. Percutaneous or Open Release as Surgical Treatment is More Effective in Long-term Outcomes? | Chapter 12 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 In diabetic patients, stenosing tenosynovitis is a common complication. The final treatment is the release of the A1 pulley (open or percutaneous). This research compares the functional outcomes and complication rates of two approaches for recurrent trigger finger in diabetic patients (open versus percutaneous release).

Materials and Methods: Chronic trigger finger was treated in 114 diabetic patients with an average age of 48 years (range 28-64 years). For the classification of trigger digits, the updated Quinnell grading system was used as a selection criterion. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in Group A were treated with open A1 pulley release, while patients in Group B were treated with percutaneous release using the tip of an 18-gauge or knife (Ophtalmic Corneal/ Scleral knife 19 Gauge).

The average period of follow-up was 12 months (range from 10-14 months). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Fast Dash, and Gilberts & Wereldasma Questionnaire were used to determine the results. The findings seemed to be higher in group B at three months, but there was no statistical difference at six months or one year after surgery.

Conclusions: Both surgical methods (open and percutaneous release) produced comparable therapeutic efficacy in long-term postoperative follow-up. In terms of short-term results, the percutaneous release has the following advantages over the traditional open method: 1) low cost, 2) lower complication rates, and 3) rapid functional recovery.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
Author (s) Details

G. Kastanis
Department of Orthopaedic, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

A. Pantouvaki
Department of Physiotherapy, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

P. Kapsetakis
Department of Orthopaedic, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

C. Christoforidis
Department of Orthopaedic, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

C. Chaniotakis
Department of Orthopaedic, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

G. Magarakis
Department of Orthopaedic, General Hospital of Heraklion –Venizeleio, Crete, Greece.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/699

Polyamines: The Other Legacy of Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek | Chapter 11 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The aim of this brief chapter is to highlight Leeuwenhoek's significant contributions to science through the invention of the microscope, an instrument that enabled him to observe a wide range of biological materials, including microorganisms, plant tissues, animal tissues, and observations in bodily fluids such as blood and sperm. He discovered spermine and other polyamine crystals in human sperm for the first time. We now know that these wonderful molecules control numerous roles in organisms and lead to homeostasis, despite the fact that he didn't realise it. Polyamines have been studied in humans in both healthy and diseased states. Its involvement in hyperglycemic conditions is discussed here in relation to pancreatic function.

Author (s) Details

José D. Méndez
Medical Research Unit in Metabolic Diseases, Cardiology Hospital, National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/698

A Short Review on Polyamine Metabolism in Sperm Cell | Chapter 10 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are polyamines that occur naturally in living organisms. They can be found in tissues and fluids of mammals. They communicate with a number of polyanions, including nucleic acids, since they are simple molecules. Polyamines help to keep deoxyribonucleic acid stable. Their function in diabetes mellitus and reproductive disorders, not only in male but also in female reproduction, has recently gotten a lot of attention. Several studies have shown that sperm deoxyribonucleic acid is glycated and fragmented in uncontrolled diabetic males, which has implications for human reproduction. Polyamines are shown to inhibit both processes in our lab. This paper discusses the production, interconversion, and physiological effects of polyamines in sperm cells, with a focus on human sperm cells.

Author (s) Details

José D. Méndez
Medical Research Unit in Metabolic Diseases, Cardiology Hospital, National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, P.O.Box A-047, 06703 Mexico City, Mexico.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/697

Preliminary Report on Scintimetric Evaluation of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Involvement by Dr. V. Siva’s Retention Ratio | Chapter 9 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The aim of this study is to demonstrate the value of Scintimetric Characterization of tracer activity uptake in Rheumatoid arthritis-affected joints in bone scans.

Materials and Methods: Bone scans for bone and joint pains revealed the existence of skeletal hot spots in three out of five patients with reported Rheumatoid arthritis. By repeating the 24 hr delayed bone scans, they were subjected to the scintimetric assessment of the skeletal hot spots by Dr. V. Siva's retention ratio. In 3 hour and 24 hr bone scans, maximum counts were calculated for 58 skeletal hotspots seen in different joint spaces. They were tabulated, and Dr. V. Siva's Retention Ratio for the last 24 hours was measured and analysed.

The mean was 5.91 0.35, and the standard error of the means was 0.3496. The estimated standard deviation was 2.9734 and the estimated variance was 8.8408. By HOJO's adjustment, the average variance was 6.6306 and the estimated standard deviation was 2.575 for this sample size. Owing to the limited size of the Sample population, this was inevitable.

Conclusion: The scintimetric assessment of skeletal hotspots in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients revealed a definitive benign benefit, according to this report. This could serve as a solid baseline from which to evaluate patient response and progression.

Author (s) Details

V. Sivasubramaniyan
Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Sri Aurobindo University, Indore, Madhyapradesh, India and Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Vidyagiri, Prasanthinilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

K. Venkataramaniah
Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Vidyagiri, Prasanthinilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/696

Retrospective Analysis of Scintimetric Characterization of Primary Tumors by Dual Phase PETCT Study | Chapter 8 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The aim of this retrospective study of the scintimetric characterization of primary tumours of different cancers using dual step PETCT scans is to prove the utility of Rong's Retention ratio and Dr. V. Siva's modification of RRI.

The SUV max values were obtained in the Early and Delayed PETCT scans using the ROI method over the FDG avid primary sites in the proven cases of different cancers. The PETCT scans were performed using the GE Discovery IQ unit one and four hours after receiving an I.V injection of 5 to 10 mCi of F18-FDG following an overnight quick. GE's Advantage 4.7 software was used to perform the image analysis and measure the SUV. The determined SUV max was used to arrive at the Rongs Retention Index (RRI) and Dr. V. Siva's adjustment of RRI, which included a total of 19 primary sites in different locations. The data was tallied and analysed.

The retention ratio of Rong had a very narrow range with a lot of overlap. Dr. V. Siva's RRI modification, on the other hand, showed much broader values with a clear cutoff stage. The statistical analysis of the data shows that Dr. V. Siva's RRI adjustment has a strong correlation with Rong's Retention Index (RRI).

Conclusion: It can be inferred that scintimetric characterization of primary tumours of different cancers is possible and can be helpful in identifying primary malignancies.

Author (s) Details

V. Sivasubramaniyan
Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Sri Aurobindo University, Indore, Madhyapradesh, India and Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Vidyagiri, Prasanthinilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sai Shiv Narayan
SSSIHL, India.

K. Venkataramaniah
Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Vidyagiri, Prasanthinilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/695

Research on Scintimetric Characterization of Skeletal Hotspots by Dr. V. Siva’s Retention Ratio in a Diagnostic Referral Center | Chapter 7 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The aim of this study is to show that Scintimetric Characterization of Skeletal Hot Spots seen in Bone Scans performed in this referral centre between 2016 and 2017 will help distinguish between metastatic and non-metastatic lesions.

The study group consists of 59 patients who were referred to our centre for metastatic evaluation and non-specific bone complaints. Using a GE Millenium Gamma Camera, a whole-body bone scan was performed 3 hours after an intravenous injection of 15 to 25 mCi of Tc99m MDP. Both those who had focal hot spots in their scans and who agreed willingly with the permission of the referring physician had their whole body bone scan repeated after 24 hours. The area ratio count protocol was used to measure the counts in the focal hot spots at 3 and 24 hour bone scan images. In the focal hotspots, the retention ratio was determined by dividing the 3-hour counts by the 24-hour counts. The metastatic and non-metastatic groups' values were tallied and analysed.

Results: Of the 59 scans in our collection, 35 (59%) were negative and showed no focal shifts. 24 of the 59 scans (41% ) revealed focal shifts in the form of hot spots. Out of the 69 hot spots examined, 31 (45%) had a value of 13.07 1.02, suggesting that the lesions were metastatic, and 38 (55%) had a value of 6.07 0.62, indicating that the lesions were benign. As a result, the metastatic group's mean value was nearly twice that of the benign group. The statistical analysis indicated that the two groups were significantly different.

Conclusion: In the tertiary referral diagnostic centre, the Scintimetric characterization of the focal hot spots by Dr. V. Siva's retention ratio effectively provides useful means to distinguish between metastatic and non-metastatic lesions.

Author (s) Details

V. Sivasubramaniyan
Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Sri Aurobindo University, Indore, Madhyapradesh, India and Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Vidyagiri, Prasanthinilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

K. Venkataramaniah
Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Vidyagiri, Prasanthinilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/694

Scintimetric Characterization of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction by Phase Image Analysis in Gated Thallium SPECT Scan | Chapter 6 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The aim of this study is to use gated thallium SPECT scans to identify and quantify the existence of diastolic dysfunction using the Scintimetric characterization theory. In the treatment of heart failure patients, the evaluation and differentiation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction is crucial. E and A wave variations in m-mode echocardiographic changes at the mitral orifice are currently used to infer diastolic dysfunction. Peak Flow Rate and Time to Peak Flow Rate are calculated and evaluated for the occurrence and degree of diastolic dysfunction in gated myocardial perfusion imaging from the time volume curve. The underlying diastolic dysfunction causes all of these parameters to change, resulting in changes in the left ventricular muscle mass. For the first time, using visual Phase image analysis in Gated Thallium SPECT Scan, this study aims to illustrate the diagnosis of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction is thought to be indicated by inhomogeneous, abnormal, and inadequate tracer accumulation in diastolic phase images compared to normal and homogeneous tracer distribution in systolic phase images. It also thrives on quantifying the changes seen by dividing the Systolic Counts by the diastolic counts obtained from the raw phase images to get the S/D ratio. It's linked to the stages of Diastolic Dysfunction on echocardiography.

Materials and Methods: The participants in this sample are 75 men between the ages of 28 and 63, with a mean age of 47.9 +/- 7.8 years and 25 women between the ages of 32 and 55, with a mean age of 49 +/- 6.8 years. 2 mCi of Thallum-201 was administered intravenously after the patients were exercised on a bicycle ergometer using the Bruce Protocol. Siemens Dual Head E-Cam Gamma Camera was used to gain gated SPECT MPI. The GATED SPECT PERFUSION ANALYSIS Protocol was used for the analysis. The S/D ratio was determined using the ICON software's area ratio count protocol.

The discrepancy between the diastolic and systolic images was observed in 98/100 (98 percent) of the cases- Image1,2. In 87/100 cases, echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction was detected, which was graded as Grade II or Grade III using E/A ratio analysis (87 percent ). Diabetes was found in 16/100 (16%) cases, and hypertension was found in 63/100 cases (63 percent ). In Grade IILVDD, the S/D ratio was 1.27 +/- 0.32, and in Grade III LVDD, it was 1.68 +/- 0.03.

Finally, for the first time, the value of direct visual individual step image analysis in detecting Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction is illustrated. The Scintimetric Characterization of the same has been shown to be different between stage II and stage III LVDD using the S/D ratio.

Author (s) Details

V. Sivasubramaniyan
Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Sri Aurobindo University, Indore, Madhyapradesh, India and Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Vidhyagiri, Prasanthinilayam, Anantapur Dist. A.P 515134, India.

K. Venkataramaniah
Department of Physics, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Vidhyagiri, Prasanthinilayam, Anantapur Dist. A.P 515134, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/693

Paediatric Vascular Anomalies | Chapter 5 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Vascular abnormalities is a broad and difficult subject. It is divided into two categories: 1) vascular tumours and 2) vascular malformations. Ultrasound, including Doppler studies, and cross-sectional imaging, such as CT scans or magnetic resonance imaging, are essential in the diagnosis of vascular abnormalities. Tissue biopsy is only needed in a small percentage of these lesions. Awareness of vascular abnormalities classification is important so that everyone speaks in a consistent, easy-to-understand language, and imaging characteristics of these lesions are important so that the patient receives adequate care.

Author (s) Details

Hamzaini Abdul Hamid
Radiology Department, Hospital Canbselor Tunku Mukhriz, UKM, Cheras, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Riza Sulaiman
Radiology Department, Hospital Canbselor Tunku Mukhriz, UKM, Cheras, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Fathinul Fikri Ahmad Saad
Nuclear Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, JALAN UNIVERSITI 1, Serdang, 43400 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/692

Approaches in the Development of the Potentially Pandemic LAIV Candidates | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Influenza causes a major burden of acute respiratory disease each year. In addition, influenza pandemics occur on a regular basis. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing seasonal and pandemic influenza. Currently, there are three types of influenza vaccines on the market: killed (inactivated), live attenuated (LAIV), and recombinant influenza vaccines. LAIV has sparked renewed interest in recent years, owing to WHO's recognition of its benefits in the event of a pandemic. Classic reassortment of wild type influenza virus with cold–adapted master donor virus (MDV) in embryonated chicken eggs (Ultravac, Russia) and reverse–genetics technique (FluMist, USA) are two alternative approaches to generate LAIV candidates currently available. Avian influenza viruses continue to pose a serious pandemic risk. A variety of killed and live pandemic vaccines have been produced around the world in response to this threat. The aim of this chapter is to compile information from the growth, preclinical, and clinical testing of potentially pandemic LAIVs based on the cold–adapted A/Leningrad/134/17/57 master donor virus backbone obtained through a routine reassortment procedure. The LAIV candidates mentioned in this chapter are reassortants of wild–type (WT) viruses with MDV genomic compositions of 6:2 and 7:1. (6 MDV genes: 2 WT genes or 7 MDV genes : 1 WT gene, respectively). Despite variations in the genome formula, LAIV candidates of the H5, H7, and H2 subtypes developed temperature sensitivity, cold–adaptation, and attenuation in various animal models. They were found to be safe and immunogenic in healthy adult volunteers in clinical trials. According to the data, 7:1 reassortants carrying the only HA gene of a potentially pandemic virus as well as the remaining seven MDV genes could be potential candidates for the pandemic LAIV.

Author (s) Details

Irina Kiseleva
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia and Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia and Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St Petersburg, Russia.

Natalie Larionova
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/691

Tissue Oxygen Homeostasis and LifenLight Score (LLS) of Patients in Critical Care Medicine | Chapter 3 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The oxygen balance of patients admitted to the emergency room or intensive care units (ICUs) must be monitored in real time. The number of monitoring devices that provide real-time data on tissue oxygen homeostasis is currently very small. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in a variety of pathological conditions, including stroke, sepsis, and heart failure, necessitates real-time monitoring of this intracellular organelle. To prevent the most important organs in the body (brain and heart) from deteriorating, we propose monitoring a less vital organ, such as the urethral wall, which acts as an early warning signal for the loss of body oxygen balance. The use of a multiparametric monitoring system (CritiView) connected to the patient's urethral wall through a 3-way Foley catheter to measure four parameters representing tissue oxygen balance in real time is described in this study. Surface fluorometry/reflectometry is used to calculate mitochondrial NADH. Also assessed are tissue microcirculatory blood flow, tissue reflectance, and haemoglobin oxygenation. The four calculated parameters could be combined with systemic hemodynamic parameters to generate a new Tissue Metabolic Score in real time (TMS). Small animal models (rats and gerbils) were used to monitor the device in vitro and in vivo when they were subjected to changes in local or systemic oxygen balance. Patients undergoing vascular or open heart surgery were also subjected to preliminary clinical trials. The monitoring of patients began immediately after a 3-way Foley catheter (urine collection) was inserted and ended when the patient was released from the operating room. The findings indicate that tracking the urethral wall oxygen balance offers real-time data that is linked to the status of the surgical procedure. We discovered that the TMS of the urethral wall could serve as an early warning signal for potential damage to the body's most vital organs.

Author (s) Details

Avraham Mayevsky
The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290092, Israel.

Michael Tolmasov
The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290092, Israel.

Hofit Kutai-Asis
The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290092, Israel.

Mira Mandelbaum-Livnat
The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290092, Israel.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/690

Perspectives of Therapeutic Apheresis in Acute Kidney Injury | Chapter 2 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Acute kidney failure is a significant side effect of a variety of inflammatory diseases of the abdominal and thoracic cavities, extreme injuries and burns, eclampsia and sepsis, and a variety of infectious diseases. Considering the wide range of etiologies, there is a common pathogenesis function that is dependent on endoxemia and the accumulation of a number of toxic products that cause perivascular edoema, decreased renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular necrosis, and oligoanuria, as well as disruptions in the vessels endothelium permeability. The most popular treatment strategy is to use kidney replacement therapy, which consists primarily of various hemofiltration methods. However, not all hazardous substances are eliminated, and the mortality rate remains high. When hemosorption and plasmapheresis are used in a complex of therapeutic steps, the outcomes are more beneficial and stable, with a substantial reduction in mortality.

Author (s) Details

V. A. Voinov
I.P. Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

M. G. Kovalev
I.P. Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

K. S. Karchevsky
I.P. Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

O. V. Isaulov
I.P. Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

Y. V. Voinova
I.P. Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/689

The Mental Representation of the Smile Before and After Orthodontic Treatment | Chapter 1 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Background: Understanding the significance, meaning, and self-image that a smile reflects in a person's everyday life is still a hot topic in science.

The aim of this qualitative and exploratory research is to learn more about the impact of self-perception of the mouth and smile on mental representations of self-image and personal well-being.

Materials and Procedures: The convenience sample included 151 boys and girls between the ages of 8 and 24, who used an orthodontic appliance and were asked to draw two portraits of their mouth/smile.

The findings point to variations in the mental depiction of the mouth and smile, specifically in the investment of the drawings before and after orthodontic treatment, as well as in the expressiveness and manifestation of emotions.

Discussion and Conclusions: The findings indicate that the key reason people seek orthodontic care is for cosmetic and functional reasons, with the maximisation of the mental image of the Orthodontic Smile emerging as a new category of the ideal smile.

Author (s) Details

Maria do Rosário Dias
Unidade de Investigação-Centro de Investigação Multidisciplinar em Psicologia da Saúde Egas Moniz (EMCIMPS/ CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.

Ana Ferreira
Unidade de Investigação-Centro de Investigação Multidisciplinar em Psicologia da Saúde Egas Moniz (EMCIMPS/ CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.

Valter Pedroso Alves
Unidade de Investigação-Centro de Investigação Multidisciplinar em Psicologia da Saúde Egas Moniz (EMCIMPS/ CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.

Ana Delgado
Unidade de Investigação-Centro de Investigação Multidisciplinar em Psicologia da Saúde Egas Moniz (EMCIMPS/ CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/688

Conservation Laws in Modern Physics with Technical Applications | Book Publisher International

 Our book's main goal is to demonstrate the profound unity of different branches of physics at the level of conservation laws and the medium state equation. Classical mechanics, gas and fluid dynamics, relativistic theory, thermodynamics, statistical and quantum physics are all explored in this path. The book is divided into ten parts, each of which examines theoretical issues, presents experimental data, and illustrates some technological applications.

Author(s) Detalis

M. Ja. Ivanov
Turbine Department, Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Aviamotornaya Str., Moscow 111116, Russia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CLMPTA/issue/view/71

Reconstruction of Historical Atmospheric-Hydrologic Data by a Hydro-climate Model for a Sparsely Gauged Watershed | Chapter 12 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 The generation of streamflow data using hydrologic models can be difficult due to a lack of observations within watersheds. The authors suggest “WEHY-HCM (Watershed Environmental Hydrology Hydro-Climate Model)” as a tool for reproducing historical atmospheric-hydrologic data at the desired fine time-space scales for a sparsely gauged watershed using a hydro-climate model. A regional climate model, such as MM5 (fifth generation mesoscale model) or WRF (weather research and forecasting model), can be coupled with a process-based hydrologic module using the WEHY-HCM (WEHY). The WEHY-HCM is set up over a sparsely gauged watershed to investigate the reliability of WEH-HCM, and the spatially downscaled reconstructed atmospheric data to a 3-km horizontal grid resolution with an hourly time increment is obtained from NCAR/NCEP global reanalysis data (reanalysis I). WEHY-HCM hydrologic simulations based on reconstructed atmospheric data and approximate WEHY model parameters were applied to the Upper Putah Creek watershed. Statistical analyses were used to analyse the WEHY-HCM simulation results for both the calibration and validation cycles. Statistical testing using observed and simulated values revealed that the model's accuracy was sufficient during both the calibration and validation times. The WEHY-HCM can describe a sparsely gauged watershed with specific topography well, according to the spatial maps of evapotranspiration rate and runoff volume. The WEHY-HCM was found to be a useful method for simulating hydrologic processes in a sparsely gauged watershed in this research.

Author (s) Details

Suhyung Jang
Water Resources Research Center, K-Water Institute, Daejeon 34045, Korea.

Shuichi Kure
Department of Environmental Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 939–0398, Japan.

Noriaki Ohara
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.

M. Levent Kavvas
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Z. Q. Chen
California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA.

Kara J. Carr
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Michael L. Anderson
California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA 95821, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V11/article/view/686

Smart Device Identification of Potsherds and Gemstones with Radiofrequency-Induced Harmonics Vibrations | Chapter 11 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 In materials like potsherds and precious or semiprecious gemstones, radiofrequencies can cause specific vibrational signatures. We previously described a method for identifying pottery shards using ultrasound stimulation and vibrational characteristics. The experimental technique for extracting such signatures from ceramic shards and precious gems using radiofrequency stimulation is now detailed. The technique offers a possible method of on-site substance recognition by extracting vibrational signatures quickly and cheaply and comparing them to a database library.

Author (s) Details

Baxton R. Chen
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V11/article/view/685

Artificial Intelligent Based E- Health Monitoring Using Low Power Device in Wide Area Network | Chapter 10 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 In recent decades, the health surveillance system has expanded with new technologies and funds in developing countries in accordance with international standards. Due to inadequate data protection and large medical records, e-health tracking is lagging. Devices that need a lot of power to act as a network become expensive. The limitations of data security, inadequate bandwidth, and high-power devices have led to the creation of a hybrid wide-area network that uses low-power devices. The current study employs an E-Health monitoring system with low-power devices in a hybrid large-area network. The channel optimization algorithm regulates the data rate and bandwidth of the channel. The optimization method allows medical records contained in a computer system to be transmitted. Medical records are distributed using Artificial Intelligence in response to requests from patients and doctors (AI). Protection for the e-health monitoring system is provided by the security system and its data base. Fast speed, optimised data rate for medical data, and low power devices are all advantages of the proposed system. The performance of the system was compared to that of an existing 3G e-health monitoring system.

Author (s) Details

M. Monisha
Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600117, India.

P. Vijayalakshmi
Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600117, India.

V. Rajendran
Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600117, India.

D. Ravikumar
Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600117, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V11/article/view/684

Brief Review on Apoptosis in Microbial Infection | Chapter 9 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 Apoptosis is a critical step in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Since apoptosis is such an important part of the immune response to a variety of infections, it may be used as a therapeutic target. As a result, harnessing our growing awareness of apoptotic mechanisms and their regulation in the quest for therapeutic modalities is likely to be clinically relevant in the future. This short overview aims to summarise what we currently know about the function of apoptosis in microbial infection responses (including bacterial and viral).

Author (s) Details

Abdulaziz Alanazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Mishal E. Alanazi
Ministry of Health Hospitals, Saudi Arabia.

Arwa F. Alanazi
Dept of Dentistry, Riyadh Elam University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Amani F. Alanazi
Dept of Respiratory Therapy, Almaarfa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Badi Alanazi
Ministry of Health Hospitals, Saudi Arabia.

Fahad Alanazi
Ministry of Health Hospitals, Saudi Arabia.

Abdulmajeed Alanazi
Ministry of Health Hospitals, Saudi Arabia.

Abdulrahman Q. Alanazi
Ministry of Health Hospitals, Saudi Arabia.

Faris Q. Alenzi
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University (PSAU), AlKharj, Saudi Arabia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V11/article/view/683

Investigating the Relationship between the Theoretical Layer Thickness of the Graphite Content of Lubricant and the Kudo’s Friction Number in the Case of Forged Parts | Chapter 8 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 It is critical to specify the friction coefficient that characterises the lubrication conditions when performing numerical analysis on forged components. The relationship between the Kudo's friction number and the theoretical layer thickness of the graphite film covering the sink cavity is shown in our paper using a combined method of a known SU (Simple Upsetting) deformation and EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy). The experiments were carried out using non-synthetically generated lubricant concentrates that had been diluted to various degrees. The importance of this relationship is demonstrated by the discovery of a correlation between layer thickness and average particle size distribution, allowing for a reduction in the thickness of the graphite layer sprayed onto the cavity surface.

Author (s) Details

Brij Bhushan Tewari
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P.O.Box: 101110, Georgetown, Guyana.

Davendradat Doodnauth
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P.O.Box: 101110, Georgetown, Guyana.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V11/article/view/682

Experimental Approach to Chemical Evolution | Chapter 7 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 The formation of essential biomonomers from simpler molecules present in the prebiotic world, and their subsequent condensation to biopolymers, was the beginning of life processes. The effects of nucleic acid bases (thymine and uracil) at two separate concentrations (1 x 10-4 M and 1 x 10-5 M) on pH base adsorption on copper, cobalt, and silver ferrocyanides were studied over a pH range (10 – 10.0) at a temperature of 301°C on copper, cobalt, and silver ferrocyanides. The rate of adsorption was monitored spectrophotometrically by calculating the UV absorbance of nucleic acid base solutions at their respective maximum values. Both thymine and uracil had their highest adsorptions at neutral pH. At a neutral pH of 7.0 0.1 and a temperature of 301°C, the effects of concentrations on thymine and uracil adsorption on copper, cobalt, and silver ferrocyanides were investigated in the concentration range 1 x 10-4 M - 1 x 10-5 M. In the concentration range of 10-4 to 10-5 M of thymine and uracil solution, the interaction followed the Langmuir form of adsorption in general. For the adsorption of thymine on metal ferrocyanides, the order was CuFc > AgFc > CoFc, and for the adsorption of uracil, it was CuFc > CoFc > AgFc. The effects of salts on thymine and uracil adsorption on metal ferrocyanides have also been investigated. The interaction of insoluble metal ferrocyanides with biomolecules may have formed metal complexes or aided the formation of biopolymers in a changing setting. Adsorption of dl – aspartic acid, dl – leucine, dl – lysine, and dl – serine on halosite, hectorite, illite, kaolinite, nantronite, and montmorillonite clay minerals, as well as adsorption of glycine and ß- alanine on nickel, cobalt, and cadmium ferrocyanides.

Author (s) Details

Brij Bhushan Tewari
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P.O.Box: 101110, Georgetown, Guyana.

Davendradat Doodnauth
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, P.O.Box: 101110, Georgetown, Guyana.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V11/article/view/681

Study on Pd(PPh3)4 Catalyzed Synthesis of Indazole Derivatives as Potent Anticancer Drug | Chapter 6 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 By coupling with several arylboronic acids and methylation using two different methods, a sequence of 3-aryl indazoles and 1-methyl-3-aryl indazole derivatives are prepared with exceptional yields. The anticancer activity of the indazole derivatives (3a-3j) and their N-methyl derivatives (5a-5j) is tested in vitro against two cancer cell lines, HCT-116 and MDA-MB-231. According to the findings, the indazole derivatives examined have mild to moderate anticancer activity against the cell lines studied. We believe that slight structural modifications to these active derivatives may result in more promising anticancer drugs, and that more experimental research, particularly in the area of anticancer research, is needed.

Author (s) Details

Jagan Mohana Rao Saketi
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, A.P., India.

S. N. Murthy Boddapati
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, A.P., India.

M. Raghuram
Department of Botany & Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, A.P., India.

Syed Farooq Adil
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Mohammed Rafi Shaik
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Osamah Alduhaish
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

M. Rafiq H. Siddiqui
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Hari Babu Bollikolla
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, A.P., India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V11/article/view/680

Study on Iron Integration in Anaemias and New Pharmaceutical Technologies Correlation between Pharmaceutical Iron Technology and the Effectiveness of Supplements | Chapter 5 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 Since iron is needed for many metabolic processes, it is one of the most important elements for humans. It is also known to be harmful because of its negative effects within human cells, where it can cause the development of free radicals in the absence of homeostatic equilibrium. While iron is an essential trace element for living organisms, including humans, since it performs multiple metabolic and biological synthesis functions, it has a low tolerance for the significant risks associated with its consumption.

Furthermore, an excessive accumulation of iron in tissues may lead to iron overload, a life-threatening disease. The use of liposomes as carriers may be a promising iron therapy for increasing iron bioavailability and reducing negative effects, particularly during pregnancy.

In this paper, we present the results of Post-Marketing Surveillance and Technological Up-grading on a Ferrous-sulphate in liposomes-based product with B-complex vitamins (Iron-folic) in the years 2017-2018.

Author (s) Details

Bruno ` Riccardi
Italy of Lipotech S.A. Alberti 1751, 1766 La Tablada, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V11/article/view/679

An Overview on Resources for Development of Hindi Speech Synthesis System | Chapter 4 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 The majority of knowledge in the digital world is only available to anyone who can read and understand a specific language. All spoken technology systems include the acquisition of speech corpora. The performance of the method is directly influenced by the quality and amount of speech data in the corpus. However, there are numerous opportunities to improve speech technology systems using Hindi, which is widely spoken in India. The selection of standard databases is needed to achieve such a lofty target. The corpus and lexical tools for Hindi being created by various organisations across the country are summarised in this paper. A survey of database creation efforts for the Hindi language has been conducted in this paper. It addresses some of the Hindi language's most important linguistic tools, which are accessible via a variety of resources designed for use in text-to-speech synthesis and speech recognition technology.

Author (s) Details

Archana Balyan
Department of Electronics and Communication, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, Affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi, India.

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Stability and Optimal Control of an Mathematical Model of Tuberculosis/AIDS Co-infection with Vaccination | Chapter 3 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 The analysis and control of a nonlinear mathematical epidemic model (S S_vih V E LI ) based on a system of ordinary differential equations modelling the spread of tuberculosis infectious with VIH/AIDS coinfection are the subject of this paper. The existence of both disease-free and endemic equilibrium is debated. R₀ is the reproduction number that has been calculated. We investigate the stability of epidemic systems around equilibriums using Lyapunov-Lasalle methods (Disease free and endemic equilibrium). The disease-free equilibrium's global asymptotic stability is proven whenever R_vac < 1, where R₀ is the reproduction number. We also show that Tuberculosis can be eradicated when R0 is less than one. To validate analytic data, numerical simulations are used. To achieve disease prevention by reducing the infectious group to the lowest level of vaccine coverage possible. There is a formulation of a control problem. The optimal control is defined using the Pontryagin's maximum theory. The Runge Kutta fourth method is used to extract and solve the optimality system numerically.

Author (s) Details

Leontine Nkague Nkamba
Department of Mathematics, University of Yaound´e I, Higher Teacher Training College, P.O. Box 47 Yaound´ e, Cameroon and AIDEPY Association des Ing ´enieurs Diplom´es de l’Ecole Polytechnique de Yaound´ e, Cameroon.

Thomas Timothee Manga
AIDEPY Association des Ing ´enieurs Diplom´es de l’Ecole Polytechnique de Yaound´ e, Cameroon.

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Validation of Daylight Analysis Methodology Using Field Measurements and a Simulation Model - A Case Study of Residential Building in Nagpur | Chapter 2 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 In terms of lighting rate and health benefits, using natural daylight in the building saves electricity. Increased daylight availability, on the other hand, could result in thermal ingress in hot and dry climate zones. This could lead to excessive energy use. The aim of this paper is to develop a technique that can be used as a pre-design tool for evaluating daylighting and thermal efficiency of spaces inside buildings that designers can use during the design process. The case study is based on the liveable space of a Nagpur dwelling unit. The simulation model was compared to the methodology, which centred on comparing field measurements. This model has been developed to be used for further evaluation of daylight parameters. Field measurements are taken for both daylight and thermal energy levels. Sensors are used to take field measurements, and Ecotect Analysis 2011 software is used to simulate the results. If the percentage difference (PD) between simulation (S) and field measurements (FM) for a given daylight level is less than 15%, the simulated model is considered reliable for further research and parameter evaluation. The results indicate that the simulated model will be sufficient for designers to test the parameters in relation to the building's orientation, allowing for the best possible amount of daylight in the building's interior spaces.

Author (s) Details

Trupti J. Dabe
Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India.

Alpana R. Dongre
Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India.

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Wigner Optics in the Time Domain | Chapter 1 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 11

 The Wigner distribution function is a powerful mathematical tool for describing the transformations of ultrashort laser pulses as they propagate through optically transparent media with dispersion and Kerr nonlinearity. Since the representations in the quadratic approximation take the form of linear operators in matrix form, a linear theory of laser pulse rotation in phase space "time-frequency" and related theories (theory of time solitons, tomography of optical pulses, fractal Fourier transformations in the time domain) have been developed using the analogy with Wigner-optics in the space domain.

Author (s) Details

Andrey Gitin
Independent Researcher, Bunzelweg 19 c, 15566 Schöneiche bei Berlin, Germany.

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This is Autism: Breakthrough Research Discoveries | Book Publisher International

This book is a reprint of nine papers on autism written by the author and previously published in peer-reviewed medical journals. The author describes his discovery of the neurophysiological cause of autism, his creation of a litmus test to determine if anyone suspected of being autistic has been diagnosed correctly, and his discovery of a rare type of trauma-induced autism.

Author(s) Details

David Rowland
Independent Researcher, Canada.

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