A Study on Heavy Metal Soil Contamination in Cocoa Plantations in South West Region, Cameroon | Chapter 3 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 10

In Cameroon, like in many other developing countries, agricultural practices rely heavily on agrochemicals to prevent and/or control the crops threatening diseases. The status of heavy metal contamination of surface soils in two cocoa plantations of approximately 30 years in Cameroon was evaluated. The study area is located to the West of the Mungo River, where significant limestone and isolated basaltic rocks are exposed, while in the north (around Ediki) isolated shaley units are exposed. Limestone and recent alluvium occur closer to the banks of the Mungo River. Two farms, referred to henceforth as Farm A and B, were included in the study. The bioavailable fractions of Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr were used to assess the extent of heavy metal contamination using a selection of contamination indices. In addition, other physicochemical properties including organic matter, particle size, CEC and pH were also assessed. One of the farms was dominated by sand (64.56% - 73.46% sand) in contrast to the other (2.56% to 37.51%) and the latter had a higher clay content. The order of abundance of heavy metals, as expressed by the mean values, is as follows Fe > Cu > Zn > Cr > Cd in soils from the two areas. The contamination Factors of Cu-, Zn- and Cd are considerable for clay-dominated soil. The potential ecological risk of the metals in both soils was low with the exception of Cd in the clayey soil. Results for hazard assessment showed Cu levels were within the low ISQC sediment criteria in the clay-dominated soil; possibly linked to the long-term application of Cu-fungicide. This suggests that Cu, Zn and Cr inputs to the soils may be attributable to anthropogenic activities, specifically agriculture. In conclusion, among the elements, Cu levels are within the low ISQC sediment criteria in soil B. Its concentration is associated with the long-term application of Cu-fungicide. Cd levels in soil B, are of high ecological risk following the Er index.

 

Author (s) Details

Veronica Ebot Manga
Department of Environmental Science, University of Buea, Cameroon.

 

Bridget Ngeminy Fru
Department of Environmental Science, University of Buea, Cameroon.

 

Godwin Yinda Sendze
Department Agronomic and Applied Molecular Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v10/5080

Bycatch Incidence in Artisanal Fisheries of Cameroon, West Africa | Chapter 1 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 11

By-catch is a common threat to marine fauna such as mammals and reptiles. The by-catch assessment has been carried out along Cameroon coastline to map artisanal fishing effort and quantify impact of by-catch on sea turtles and marine mammals during three months from June to September 2011 and specific objectives include:

-              To interview fishermen in various fishing villages or ports in Cameroon regarding fishing effort and catch.

-              To estimate fishing gears used in these fishing ports.

-              To evaluate impacts of by-catch on marine mammals and sea turtles.

In total 30 fishing ports were been planned but 23 were covered with 932 files in total (245 long forms and 685 short forms). In total we have 4121boats (none motorized and motorized) and the common gears used are gillnet and surround seine.

The results reveal that, yearly around 1228 turtles with back (green, hawksbill and olive) were caught and 13

Leatherback; most not intentionally. But in Sandje port we noted the intentional catch by local fishermen with around 400 individuals per year for international commercial uses. These numbers are low according to certain data on sea turtles surveys along Cameroon coast. About cetaceans and manatee we had the following data 97 and 292 respectively for each group, but most manatees are caught intentionally for bush meat trade. The survey was limited in time and lack of baseline information on the issue but in future it could be good to involve more permanent data collectors and scientific observers. These results must be feedback to official services for good monitoring of marine faunal and their ecosystem.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ayissi I
Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (ISH) at Yabassi, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon and Cameroon Association of Promotion of Marine Biology, Cameroon.

 

Jiofack TJEA
UNESCO, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v11/4213

An Assessment of the Structure of Vegetables Farming and Farmer’s Perception of Soil and Water Degradation in Two Periurban Areas in Yaounde Cameroon | Chapter 7 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

In peri-urban areas of Yaounde, Cameroon, vegetable farming plays a significant role in the local agricultural economy. This study aims to assess the structure of vegetable farming and farmers' perceptions of soil and water degradation in two peri-urban areas in Yaoundé, Cameroon, namely Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson. Peri-urban areas are characterized by the interface of urban and rural activities and are often subjected to various environmental challenges due to rapid urbanization. Understanding the dynamics of vegetable farming and farmers' perceptions of soil and water degradation is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management. Results of our investigation in Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson Peri-urban areas in 2016 and 2023 showed that most vegetable farmers (75%) lack training in agriculture, while up to 90% didn’t benefit from training on the management of pesticides. Spreading and landfilling of amendments are the most popular ways of applying fertilizers. It is interesting to note that the majority of fertilizers (90%) are applied at planting time, indicating that farmers commonly apply fertilizers just before or during the planting phase. Besides, young plots are more exploited (52.4% and 30%) compared to older ones (2.4% and 5%) in Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson, respectively, as they are more responsive to fertilizer application. As a consequence, excessive and unbalanced fertilizer is applied to the oldest farms, which can lead to nutrient imbalances, environmental pollution, and negative impacts on soil health. For irrigation water, it usually comes from streams or small wells that are often highly polluted. The farmers’ perception of degradation is seen through the degradation of soil properties with time in the order of 14.3% to 60% and 15% to 44% at Nkolbisson and Nkolondom III respectively, resulting in a gradual decrease in crop production (up to 50%). It is also seen by introduction of contaminants into the soil through polluted water, affecting the quality of crops and potentially posing a risk to human health.

Author(s) Details:

Yvette Clarisse Mfopou Mewouo,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso and Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Mamadou Traore,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Amina Aboubakar,
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Jules Remy Ndam Ngoupayou,
University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Didier Begoude,
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Zacharia Gnankambary,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Hassan Bismarck Nacro,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13913

Beach-shore Plastic Pollution Along the Limbe Coastline, Cameroon: Using Quantitative Analysis | Chapter 8 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

In recent years, increased interest in investigating the accumulation of sized ranged plastic debris has been observed on beaches along coastlines. The abundance and distribution of the 4M’s sized class plastic debris were quantitatively assessed on five sandy beaches, in Cameroon. Duplicates of 2 × 2 m (4m2) quadrants were sampled in each beach/month with a total of 80 quadrants. Collected plastic samples were washed, sieved and dried. Particles of size, ≥2 mm, were sorted and measured using a 30 cm ruler, and converted to mm. Overall, 12,822 particles by number (530.59 g) with a mean abundance of 40.07 items/m2 (1.66 g/m2) plastic debris was recorded. ANOVA (p = 0.05) shows a linear relationship between the meso- and micro-sized classes with significantly higher abundance recorded in LDB sites. The highest abundance by weight was recorded in August and June numerically. 80% of the plastic particles were between the size range, of 5 - 20 mm by number and 6 - 100 mm by weight. Moreover, in all beaches micro-sized class plastics were dominated by number 42.40% with fragmented debris dominant, in number/weight, 54.86% (25.69%) while meso-sized class plastics were 29.28% dominated by weight, with fragmented debris type, the most prevalence in number and weight as 46.11% (26.18%). On average, color and shape fractions revealed, colored (singly; white color plastics had the highest with 48.87±22.87 items/m2 (1.83±0.23 g/m2)) and irregularly shaped plastics were dominant with an abundance of 80.45 ± 18.17 items/m2 (2.58 ± 0.68 g/m2) and 47.24 ± 20.40 items/m2 (1.39 ± 0.66 g/m2). Finally, the 0.0001 g plastic debris was dominant with a concentration, of 33.68 ± 7.23 items/m2. The intense use of beaches for recreation and poor waste disposal has increased the potential for plastic contamination.

Author(s) Details:

Eric Esongami Ndumbe,
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Molyko-Buea, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V8/article/view/13708

Environmental and Human Health Stress around the Hygiene and Sanitation (HYSACAM) Refuse Dump Sites in Yaoundé, Centre Region, Cameroon | Chapter 12 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 Background: Increase urbanization in few developing countries donates to increase household waste production. Inappropriate management of these wastes mixed to environmental determinants is crucial in the conception and dissemination of pathogens. The chaotic urbanism of Yaoundé has led to an increase in the rate of household wastes that constitute a favourable atmosphere for the development of contaminating agents, pretending an important community health problem.Aim: This study was aimed to search the presence of contaminating agents and affect neighbourhood population strength stress around the refuse dumpsites collection points in Yaounde.Study Design: During the potential and cross-sectional study 60 material samples (soil and water) were collected from March to August 2019 from sixty refuse dump samples while 250 seat samples were collected from the neighbourhood populations old 4 to 60 years from 12 dorm from November 2019 to February 2020.Methodology: Environmental samples were analysed using the Ritchie, something that holds up structure zinc sulphate and soggy salt centrifugation techniques. Stool samples were resolved with the approximate formalin ether and all-inclusive Kato-Katz technics. Risk factors had connection with contamination were evaluated through executed questionnaires to volunteer partners.Results: Environmental occurrence rate of pathogens opposing forms (51.7%) responsible for infectious afflictions including: Geohelminthiasis (60.0%: A. lumbricoides; T. trichiura and hookworms; Schistosomiasis (20.0%:  Schistosoma intercalatum) and zoonotic afflictions (Fascioliasis (20.0%: :Fasciola hepatica). The Ritchie technique disclosed statistically high number of poisonous agents (P= 0.003).  209 (82.9%) individuals were overrun with not completely one class of intestinal pathogens being the reason for geo-helminthiasis (16.7%): Ascaris lumbricoides (12.3%), Trichirus trichiura (3.2%), hookworms (5.5%); Protozosis: Entamoeba histolytica (11.5%) and Entamoeba coli (13.5%), and intestinal candidiasis: Candida sp. (76.1%). Infection rate varied considerably by neighborhood (P= 0.02). Potential risk determinants related to adulteration included distance middle from two points residence and collection point (P= 0.004); the date of the last deworming (P= 0.003); help washing with cleanser before meals (P = 0.001); repetitiveness of abdominal pain (P= 0.001); promiscuity (P= 0.005); beginning of water supply (P= 0.002) and the distance betwixt the water source and the group point (P = 0.006).Conclusion: The presence of human-zoonotic ailments infective agents about the refuse dump sites collection points and fitness stress in neighborhood culture indicate that the dumpsites are encouraging milieu for pathogens proliferation and distribution. This creates knowledge for the authorities in loaded to improve on the administration of dumpsites and waste collection in Cameroon in order to overcome after diseases outbreaks.

Author(s) Details:

Nkengazong Lucia,
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM /PO box 13033), Yaoundé, Cameroon and Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, PO box 812, Cameroon.

Kame Ngasse Ginette Irma,
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM /PO box 13033), Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Mbafor Fidelia Lem,
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Cameroon.

Ojong Lucie Joisiane,
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM /PO box 13033), Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Taya Bosco,
Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, PO box 812, Cameroon.

Ngonde Chantal Marie,
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM /PO box 13033), Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Nyemb Nyunaï,
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM /PO box 13033), Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V4/article/view/11560

The Impact of Effective Credit Risk Management Systems on the Survival of Microfinance Institutions | Chapter 3 | Current Topics on Business, Economics and Finance Vol. 6

 This book episode aims to build on existent research to examine the impact that an effective and effective credit risk management method has on the survival of microfinance. Like some other financial organization, microfinance institutions encounter miscellaneous forms of risks but their intensity is on account of their small sizes and their volume of movements. Of all the risks a financial organization could face, credit risk is individual of the most severe.  A cluster savoring approach was employed in this place study consisting of 200 credit customers and 80 employees of a major superior microfinance institution in Cameroon. Primary dossier was collected through the use of a devised questionnaire, interview, and personal attention. Results show that there were a good number of lapses in the credit risk administration system as very unmonitored provisions, a poor improvement procedure, credit executives without an instructional background in the field, manual killing of some loans, slow credit administration processes, the bad faith of consumers, and poor follow-up of loans reported. It is vital to note that the endurance of every Financial Institution display or take public how it can effectively and capably manage allure loan portfolio. It is so, of critical importance for each financial organization to have an adequate and effective credit policy manual, credit process, competent credit group, tight loan improvement procedure, and tight control arrangement for its supplyings if it must survive in this place highly competitive area having customers who are ready to impose upon any loopholes.

Author(s) Details:

Ruth Endam Mbah,
Department of Business and Economics, Bethany College, Lindsborg, KS, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTBEF-V6/article/view/10637

Physical, Chemical, and Functional Characteristics of Borassus aethiopum Mart's Bâtchi or Hypocotyle Axes | Chapter 5 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 3

 The objective concerning this work was to valorize the ‘bâtchï’ by judging its pertaining to food properties. Specifically, the study focused on semantic characterization, conclusion of nutrients content and antinutritional determinants of the product and on the study of few functional possessions of the flour got by drying, grinding and sieving the production. People in the Sahelian region of Africa devour the hypocotyle axis, that the palm seedling's seed (Borassus aethiopum Mart.) produces at first of germination. The aim of the current work was to investigate allure physico-chemical and working characteristics. To this effect, macronutrients, mineral, anti-digestive factors in addition to some working properties were evaluated on the dry powder of the children. The results obtained accompanied that the dry matter (DM) was 92.53 ± 0.89%. The total lipid content (10.73 ± 0.00 g/100 g DM) was important and above that of other ancestries and tubers. Total and soluble sugars depicted 39.98 ± 0.20 and 2.72 ± 0.19 g/100 g DM respectively. The total vigor content was 35. 23 ± 0.50 g/100 g DM, with resisting and eatable starch characterizing respectively 20.27 ± 0.24 g/100 g DM and 7.44 ± 0.38 g/100 g DM. The fibers content was 6.10 ± 0.22 g/100 g DM. Total ruins represented 2.68 ± 0.04 g/100 g DM accompanying: Total phosphorous (129.66 ± 3.26 mg/100 g of DM), calcium (119.48 ± 0.45 mg/100 g of DM), sodium (784.4 ± 18.16 mg/100 g of DM). The anti-digestive factors essences were: Phenolic compounds (275.75 ± 53.54 mg/100 g DM); Tanins (239.76 ± 30.09 mg/100 g DM), Phytates (87.88 ± 19.59 mg/100 g DM) and Oxalates (0.98 ± 0.05 mg/100 g ms). The analyzes carried out on the working properties of the hypocotyle axes told that the water absorption volume, the index of solubility, the gelifying power and moment of truth of gelification were 272.99 ± 15.13%, 31.83 ± 1.28%, 13% and 12 min individually. It would be cognizant conduct in-depth studies aimed at interpreting the type of starch and fibres in bâtch in addition to the nature of the antagonistic-nutritional determinants which, in few circumstances, maybe beneficial. This food fruit is highly valued and widely destroyed in the Sahelian zones of Africa.

Author(s) Details:

Ahmed Ali,
Department of Chemical Engineering, University Institute of Technology (IUT) of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Bebbe Fadimatou,
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Advanced School of Agro-industrial Sciences (ENSAI) of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Clerge Tchiegang,
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Advanced School of Agro-industrial Sciences (ENSAI) of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Clement Saidou,
Department of Food Processing and Quality Control, University Institute of Technology (IUT) of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Mohammadou Bouba Adji,
Department of Food Processing and Quality Control, University Institute of Technology (IUT) of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V3/article/view/10236

Highlighting the Profile of Stereoscopic Acuity of School Children Aged 3 to 5 Years in Cameroon | Chapter 13 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 8

The current study establishes a profile of the stereoscopic acuity of schoolchildren in the Yaounde 2 subdistrict who are between the ages of 3 and 5. Binocular vision is the fundamental increase of the visual function. Stereoscopic vision, fusion vision, and spontaneous vision are its three levels. Stereopsis is the term used to describe the ability of binocular vision to recognise depths and landscapes.

In the current study, a probabilistic sampling at four levels in nursery schools was used in a cross-sectional and descriptive investigation. The Pigassou chart was used to measure far vision, while the TNO stereo test was used to evaluate stereoscopic vision. Study participants included 365 kids, of which 362 (99.2%) had stereoscopic acuity. 10.4 percent of the latter group exhibited abnormal stereoscopic vision. With ageing, the stereoscopic acuity median values improved. At 3 years, they were 120 inches; at 4 and 5 years, they were 60 inches. With age, the percentage of kids with stereoacuities of 60 or higher rose: 32.3 percent at 3 years, 66.1 percent at 4 years, and 79.6 percent at 5 years.

The profile of stereoscopic acuity in Cameroonian children lacks precision when compared to the literature. The stereoacuity keeps getting better between the ages of 3 and 5 until it reaches adult threshold levels. This test is suggested for identifying vision issues in children.

Author (s) Details

E. Epée

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound, Cameroon.

V. A. Dohvoma

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound, Cameroon.

S. R. Ebana

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound, Cameroon.

G. Koki

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound, Cameroon.

M. P. Bege

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound, Cameroon.

T. C. Mvilongo

Ophthalmology Department, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon.

Z. E. Akono

Ophthalmology Department, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon.

C. Ebana Mvogo

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound, Cameroon.

Please see the link here:-  https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V8/article/view/7802

Determining the Epidemiological, Clinical and Prognostic Aspects of Maternal Mortality (MM) in Cameroon | Chapter 11 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 1

Examining the demographic, clinical, and prognostic aspects of maternal mortality in Yaoundé was the aim of this study. Utilizing retrospective data, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study to gather maternal mortality as defined by the WHO. from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, in two tertiary facilities in Yaounde: the Yaounde Central Hospital and the Yaounde Gyneco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital (YGOPH) (YCH).

208 maternal fatalities were recorded over the research period, with referral cases accounting for 4/5 (78.5%) of these deaths. At YCH and YGOPH, the MM ratio was respectively 1532.8 and 609.5 per 100,000 live births (LB). Haemorrhage (49%) and hypertensive illnesses and their consequences (21.2%) were the main causes, and maternal mortality was linked to 50% of instances of foetal or neonatal fatalities (57.4% in YCH vs. 28.3% in YGOPH, P 0.001). Systems for health care were connected to MM.

The maternal mortality ratios in YCH and YGOPH maternity units have sharply increased since 2017. The most frequent MM causes were hypertensive conditions and haemorrhage. These elements can be prevented. Our health systems must be improved if we want to significantly reduce the number of maternal deaths.

Author(s) Details:

Armand Kamga Talom,

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Florent Fouelifack Ymele,

Higher Institute of Medical Technology, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon and Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Edmond Mesumbe Nzene,

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Jeanne Fouedjio,

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon and Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Pascal Foumane,

Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon and Yaounde Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V1/article/view/7330

Difficulties in the Management of a Pregnancy on a Bicornuate Uterus Unicollis in Underprivileged Areas (Cameroon) | Chapter 8 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

A common congenital uterine anomaly that is typically asymptomatic is a bicornuate uterus. With the use of imaging tools, its diagnosis is essentially parclinical. Reconstructive surgery could be required in specific circumstances. This paper's goal is to draw attention to the case's complicated diagnostic features as well as its therapeutic and prognostic components. This case involves a young lady who was pregnant on an unnoticed unicollis bicornuate uterus; the pregnancy was first diagnosed as an unruptured ectopic pregnancy. The bicornuate uterus still presents diagnostic difficulties, especially in underprivileged communities with few diagnostic facilities.

Author(s) Details:

Armand Kamga Talom,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Felix Essiben,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon and Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Kingsley Sama Ombaku,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Forbang Ako,

Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Esther Ngo Um Meka,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon and Yaounde Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V12/article/view/7274

Hearing Assessment of Medical Equipment for Health Facilities in Cameroon | Chapter 16 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 The COVID-19 outbreak gives Sub-Saharan African countries a chance to reconsider their foreign affiliations and national goals. Having raw stuff isn't going to help you advance. Only local industry is capable of doing so. They must provide favourable conditions for the growth of local firms in all disciplines, especially in the food and health industries, which will help other sectors expand. Cameroon now has access to all of the resources necessary to reverse hearing loss. Every year, the sector gains more otorhinolaryngologists, speech therapists, hearing aid fitters, cochlear implant surgeons, and other specialists. With the SON'OR device, the country may take the lead in hearing screening. Our goal is to have a national universal newborn hearing screening programme implemented. Early detection and rehabilitation are aided by this programme. In the disciplines of otorhinolaryngology, as well as other medical and non-medical fields, BENDO will continue to improve and innovate. It will shortly ship an electronic computer-based pure tone audiometer and a digital hearing aid, among other things.

Author(S) Details

Jean Valentin F. Fokouo
Otorhinolaryngology unit of Bertoua regional Hospital, Bertoua, Cameroon and  Scientific group COCHLEES (Collectif ORL et Citoyen contre le Handicap et L’Exclusion Engendres par la Surdite),Cameroon.

Guy Merlin Ngounou
Scientific group COCHLEES (Collectif ORL et Citoyen contre le Handicap et L’Exclusion Engendres par la Surdite),Cameroon and National Advanced School of Engineering, Yaounde, Cameroon and Bendo Company, Yaounde, Cameroon

Adele-Rose Ngo Nyeki
Scientific group COCHLEES (Collectif ORL et Citoyen contre le Handicap et L’Exclusion Engendres par la Surdite),Cameroon and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of University of Yaounde, Cameroon.

Emmanuel Choffor-Nchinda
Scientific group COCHLEES (Collectif ORL et Citoyen contre le Handicap et L’Exclusion Engendres par la Surdite),Cameroon and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buea, Cameroon.

Asmaou Bouba Dalil
Scientific group COCHLEES (Collectif ORL et Citoyen contre le Handicap et L’Exclusion Engendres par la Surdite),Cameroon and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of University of Yaounde, Cameroon.

Esthelle Geneviève Stephanie Minka Ngom
Scientific group COCHLEES (Collectif ORL et Citoyen contre le Handicap et L’Exclusion Engendres par la Surdite),Cameroon and Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Douala, Cameroon.

Jean Espoir Evehe Vokwely
Scientific group COCHLEES (Collectif ORL et Citoyen contre le Handicap et L’Exclusion Engendres par la Surdite),Cameroon and John Hope Clinic, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Albert Bernard Atsa Nti
Bendo Company, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Martin Kom
National Advanced School of Engineering, Yaounde, Cameroon.

Louis Richard Njock
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Douala, Cameroon.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V9/article/view/6911

Pollution Evaluation and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water and Coastal Sediment from two Rivers in Douala-Cameroon | Chapter 10 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 3

 The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of environmental danger posed by two rivers by examining the distribution of PAHs in their water bodies and sediment. The Mboppi River and the Ngoua River, both in Douala, Cameroon, were researched. The first is in a commercial zone, while the second is in an industrial zone. During the dry and wet seasons, water and sediment samples were taken. During the wet season, total PAH concentrations in sediment from the Ngoua River ranged from 140.42 g.g-1 to 229.47 g.g-1 dry matter in sediment, while during the dry season, total PAH concentrations in sediment ranged from 48.89 g.g-1 to 333.49 g.g-1 dry matter in sediment. The overall quantity of PAHs in the Ngoua River was found to range between 29.13 to 461.94 g.L-1 in extracts from water samples. Due to industrial operations, high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs predominated in all samples. PCA revealed significant changes in the characteristics of samples obtained upstream and downstream of Nettoycam Company along the Ngoua River or Mboppi Market along the Mboppi River, as well as samples collected during rainy and dry seasons. PAHs with two or three rings have low amounts and are even undetectable in some sediment samples, yet they are detected in both rivers' water samples. All of the examined media (water and sediment) from the rivers are hazardous to the environment. The Toxicity Equivalent (TEQ) concentration was used to determine the toxicity of the substance.

Author(S) Details

Ze Bilo’o Philemon
Laboratory of Refining and Petrochemistry, National Advanced School of Mines and Petroleum Industries (ENSMIP), The University of Maroua, P.O. Box 08, Kaele – Cameroon and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Bioressources (LICB), National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences (ENSAI), The University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere – Cameroon.

Mouthe Anombogo Ghislain Arnaud
Department of Environmental Sciences, National Advanced School of Engineering of Maroua (ENSPM), The University of Maroua, P.O. Box 46, Maroua, Cameroon.

Jessie Ekoka Christelle Solange
Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Bioressources (LICB), National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences (ENSAI), The University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere – Cameroon.

Ngassoum Martin Benoit
Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Bioressources (LICB), National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences (ENSAI), The University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere – Cameroon.


View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V3/article/view/6516

Addressing the Soil Infertility Conundrum through Agroforestry: Empirical Evidence from Cameroon | Chapter 13 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 7

 The fertility of the soil has a big impact on agricultural productivity. However, soil infertility has become a global trend in recent years, owing primarily to climate change and poor agricultural practises. Soil infertility is a key stumbling obstacle to agricultural expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa in general, and Cameroon in particular. This study was conducted out against this backdrop to determine the effect of agroforestry in improving soil fertility in agricultural systems in south western Cameroon. Both biophysical and socioeconomic data were collected and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in Excel 2013 and SPSS 17.0. The biggest limits to crop yield, according to the findings, were a lack of access to improved planting materials (100 percent) and little or no control over stress factors such as soil fertility (100 percent ). Farmers used a variety of agrochemicals, the most frequent of which were insecticides and fungicides. Farmers utilised three primary agroforestry systems: agrosilvicultural (93 percent), agrosilvopastoral (70 percent), and silvopastoral (31 percent). Farmers recognised crop production declines (100 percent), tuber rotting (100 percent), and crop stem wilting as the most common symptoms of soil infertility (100 percent ). Agro-chemicals, fowl droppings, enhanced planting seeds, erosion-control farming, horizontal bunds or ridges on steep terrain, and agroforestry were the most popular strategies employed to combat soil infertility. The main effects of soil infertility on farmers were feeding issues, difficulties attending to children's and family's social requirements, and financial challenges. High input prices, low farm produce prices, poor seeds/planting materials, and lousy roads heightened farmers' sensitivity to the negative consequences of soil infertility. Farmers concerned with soil infertility used live fences and scattered trees on croplands as the two most frequent agroforestry approaches. The diverse nature of the tree species found in the system, as well as the dispersed nature of the trees across the entire farmland, showed that scattered trees on croplands contributed more to improving soil fertility. This could be attributed to the diverse nature of the tree species found in the system and the dispersed nature of the trees across the entire farmland. Based on these findings, we advocate that more farmers adopt the practise of scattering trees on croplands to boost their farmland fertility. Policymakers should also implement favourable policies that promote the use of agroforestry.

Author(S) Details

Azembouh Roshinus Tsufac
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 222, Dschang; University of Dschang, Cameroon.

Nyong Princely Awazi
Department of Forestry and Wildlife Technology, College of Technology, The University of Bamenda, Cameroon.

Martin Ngankam Tchamba
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 222, Dschang; University of Dschang, Cameroon.

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Study on Source and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water and Coastal Sediment from the Ngoua River in Douala, Cameroon | Chapter 10 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 6

 The goal of this monitoring project is to identify the source and distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ngoua River water and coastal sediments. The identification and quantification of 15EPA-PAHs in water and sediment samples collected from the Ngoua River in Douala, Cameroon are reported in this research. The PAH pollution in the Ngoua River had to be assessed by identification and quantification. During the dry and wet seasons, water and sediment samples were taken. Eight (8) samples were collected, with four samples each season and substrate. The PAHs fraction was extracted from water using magnetic agitation and hexane as a solvent. Using a chromatographic column, PAHs were separated, identified, and quantified using Gas Chromatography (GC/FID). During the wet season, the total concentration in sediment ranged from 140.42 g/g to 229.47 g/g dry materials, and during the dry season, it ranged from 48.89 g/g to 333.49 g/g dry matters. Due to industrial operations, high Molecular Weight (HMW) PAHs predominated in all samples. The quantities of PAHs discovered upstream were consistently lower than those found downstream, indicating a role for Nettoycam Company in local PAH contamination. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences in the features of samples taken upstream and downstream of Nettoycam Company, as well as samples collected during rainy and dry seasons. The overall content of PAHs in river samples ranges between 29.13 to 461.94 g/L, according to examinations of extracts from water samples. PAHs with two or three rings have low quantities and are even undetectable in some tests. PAHs with more than four rings had the highest quantities in the river, regardless of seasonal change. Some ratios revealed a prevalence of petroleum sources of hydrocarbons.

Author (S) Details

Ze Bilo’o Philemon
Laboratory of Refining and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries, The University of Maroua, P.O. Box: 08 Kaele, Cameroon and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Bioressources (LICB), National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences (ENSAI), The University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455 Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Jessie Ekoka Christelle Solange
Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Bioressources (LICB), National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences (ENSAI), The University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455 Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Ngassoum Martin Benoit
Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Bioressources (LICB), National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences (ENSAI), The University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455 Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

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Study on Decentralization of Forestry Management in Cameroon | Chapter 11 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

 At the end of the Rio de Janeiro Summit of June 1992 ,the forestry legislation has undergone a real revolution in Cameroon. As a result of the promulgation of Law n°94-01 on the 20th of January 1994, which established Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries Regulations, a great deal of innovation has occurred. Cameroon's entire forestry programme is driven by this rule. The creation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, as well as council and community forests, are examples of these developments. The Cameroon government has chosen to decentralise forestry management because sustainable development is a top priority for the country.

Author (s) Details

Eloundou Jules André
University of Maroua, Cameroon.

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The Political Economy of Oil and Mineral Exploitation in Cameroon: Can This Lead to Conflict? | Chapter 3 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 7

 This essay draws on theoretical and empirical evidence of the government of Cameroon's secrecy in the management of oil rents and the resulting underdevelopment in the country's main oil and mineral extraction regions. The aim is to see if these failures have an effect on potential rent-related disputes. Human security, as measured by financial openness in accordance with socioeconomic development and a country's political system, is more likely to affect security in the use of natural resources than military surveillance, according to the report. Cameroon's main oil revenues come from the Rio Del Rey area off the coast of the Gulf of Guinea's Bakassi Peninsula. This area is found in the Ndian Division of the country's south west. There is widespread poverty in this area, as in most resource-rich areas of the world, and the region is inaccessible due to a lack of modern transportation (e.g. roads, airport, railways, seaport, etc). Given the cultural ties that exist between Ndians and a number of tribes in eastern Nigeria, as well as the Niger Delta's own oil-related conflicts, There would undoubtedly be oil-related disputes if effective steps are not taken to ensure sustainable and equitable growth in Ndian Division. The essay suggests that the Cameroonian government, Ndian elites, civil society activists, and the international community collaborate to ensure that oil and mineral rentals are used to provide basic services to the indigenes and settlers of resource-rich communities.

Author (s) Details

Rexon T. Nting
The Business School, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Winchester House, 11 Cranmer Rd, London SW9 6EJ, UK.

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