Elemental Analysis of Leaves and Stem Barks Powder of Woodfordia fruticosa| Chapter 10 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 This chapter looks into the vital and minute components of Woodfordia fruticosa's leaves and stem barks. When it comes to treating and preventing illnesses, nutritional and catalytic abnormalities, the phytoconstituents of herbal medicinal plants and the quantity of trace elements have a significant impact on the body. The poisonous effects of metals harm both the human body and all other living things, even at low concentrations. Identification of the constituents and their concentrations in herbal and culinary preparations requires this step. The current study provides details on the accessibility of several essential minerals and phytoconstituents that can be used to offer dietary components and may also help in the development of new medicine formulations.

Author(s) Details:

Neeli Rose Beck,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, C.G. India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8098

Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)| Chapter 9 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 In the medical field, antibiotics are frequently used to treat a variety of infectious disorders. High death rates, rising healthcare costs, and decreasing productivity have all been linked to antimicrobial resistance. The chapter sought to highlight the most recent mechanisms and causes of antibiotic resistance in soronavirus-2, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is largely caused by the abuse of antibiotics and other socioeconomic factors.  Investigations found that despite the fact that only 10% to 15% of infected SARS-CoV-2 cases had secondary bacterial infection, healthcare systems are treating all SARS-CoV-2 infections with antibiotics, even when the symptoms are moderate. The evolution of antibiotic resistance is also being exacerbated by overworked healthcare systems, inadequate infection control procedures, and increased production of personal protective equipment (PPE). Emerging COVID-19 genetic variations have been shown to reduce the effectiveness of many COVID-19 vaccinations, demonstrating the necessity of routine booster shots. In healthcare settings, antibiotic stewardship should be encouraged with the appropriate flexibility as necessary.

Author(s) Details:

Mohamed Raslan,
Drug Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.

M. S. Eslam,
Drug Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.

A. R. Sara,
Drug Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.

Nagwa A. Sabri,
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy- Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8097

Study of IDH1 (R132H) Mutation and Expression of ATRX Marker in Correlation with the Histopathological Grading in Gliomas| Chapter 8 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 Background: Primary malignant brain tumours are the third leading cause of cancer-related death and morbidity globally. IDH1 mutation has also been shown to be a predictive factor in more recent WHO classifications of CNS tumours. In gliomas, the presence of an IDH1 change increases progression-free survival. Similar to this, improved outcomes in astrocytic malignancies are linked to ATRX mutations. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the relationship between IDH1 mutation, ATRX expression, and histopathological grading in glial tumours, which will enable us grade glial tumours more accurately in light of recent molecular developments.

The main goal is to comprehend how the histopathological grades of glial tumours correlate with the expression of IDH1 and ATRX on immunohistochemistry. The current study will be conducted over a two-year period in the Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry division of the Pathology Department at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College in Sawangi (Meghe), in coordination with the Department of Neurosurgery at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital in Sawangi (Meghe). About 45 to 50 resected samples from suspected instances of glial tumours received at the J.N.M.C.'s Department of General Pathology will be used in this investigation. In order to gain a better understanding, we will compare the link between IDH1 mutation and ATRX expression with the histopathological grades in glial tumours and current molecular developments on immunohistochemistry using a well-tabulated master chart. Results: A master chart with properly tabulated data will show the observations. Conclusion: Based on the research's findings, a conclusion will be drawn.

Author(s) Details:

Pooja Jha,
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (DMIMS), Sawangi (M), Wardha, India.

Samarth Shukla,
Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (DMIMS), Sawangi (M), Wardha, India.

Sunita Vagha,
Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (DMIMS), Sawangi (M), Wardha, India.

Ravindra P. Kadu,
Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (DMIMS), Sawangi (M), Wardha, India.

Sourya Acharya,
Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College (DMIMS), Sawangi (M), Wardha, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8096

Determining the Effects of Donepezil in Psychotic Disorders Using Swiss Albino Mice| Chapter 7 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 As a psychotic illness, schizophrenia is treated with a variety of antipsychotic drugs. The Alzheimer's drug donepezil, which improves cognition, has just received approval. Therefore, we made an effort to assess its importance for the mice models of methylphenidate-induced psychosis.

Swiss albino mice (n=6) were given 5 mg/kg of methylphenidate intraperitoneally to cause psychosis (i.p). groups were compared using haloperidol at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg after receiving donepezil at a dose of 1 mg/kg both alone and in conjunction with 0.1 mg/kg of the drug. The haloperidol-induced catalepsy test was also employed to gauge donepezil's effectiveness. ANOVA and the Bonferroni's test were both employed for statistical analysis.

Like amphetamine, methylphenidate effectively generated stereotypical behaviour in mice. There was no statistically significant difference between donapezil 1 mg/kg and haloperidol 0.2 mg/kg in their ability to significantly diminish stereotypy behaviour (p 0.05). The effects of donepezil were only slightly less potent than those of standard, and when combined with haloperidol (1 mg/kg with 0.1 mg/kg), they were on par with those of standard haloperidol. Donepezil showed a statistically insignificantly reduced (p>0.05) but slightly increased tendency to cause catatonia. Methylphenidate successfully induces psychosis in animals, and donepezil looks to show potential as an antipsychotic supplementary therapy.

Author(s) Details:

Hemant Tanwani,
Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Ritesh Churihar,
Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Sameer Pandit,
Department of Pharmacology, R. D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8095

Evaluating the Effect of Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor a Natural Anti-Inflammatory Produced by E. histolytica on Apoptosis in Human CD4+ T Lymphocytes| Chapter 6 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 The study assessed how MLIF affected human CD4+ T cells' intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. For 24 hours, cells were either cultured in RPMI-1640 media alone (control), or in RPMI medium with actinomycin D, MLIF, PMA, or any combination of the four. According to annexin V/propidium iodide-stained cells, cells treated with MLIF or PMA + MLIF did not significantly differ from control cells in medium during early apoptosis; in contrast, cells treated with PMA or PMA + MLIF displayed significant differences from the control during delayed apoptosis. Cells treated with PMA and PMA + MLIF showed a considerable rise in cytochrome c and caspase 3 levels when compared to the control, showing that this ineffective activation of cell death is governed by the intrinsic route of apoptosis. In comparison to control cells, MLIF-treated cells did not significantly differ in their levels of cytochrome c or caspase 3. The lack of Fas receptor identification in cell culture in response to any of the treatments used suggests that the extrinsic mechanism of apoptosis is not activated. When treated to MLIF, human CD4+ T lymphocytes may not undergo apoptosis; nevertheless, PMA and MLIF may also affect the minor quantities of cell death seen during the late apoptosis phase. MLIF is an intriguing candidate for possible clinical uses because of its small size and ability to act as a natural, biological anti-inflammatory chemical produced in Entamoeba histolytica axenic cultures.

Author(s) Details:

Sara Rojas-Dotor,
Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), México City, México.

Marco Julio Sánchez Rojas,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8094

Design, Discovery and Optimization of Novel Molecular Hybrids N-1 Substituted Indolyl Chalcone of N-1 Substituted 2-Acetyl Benzimidazole as Potent Tubulin Inhibitor Agent| Chapter 5 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 One of the widely employed rational drug design techniques to create new ligands is molecular hybridization. The molecular hybridization technique increases the biological activity of the newly synthesised pharmacophores while attenuating the detrimental effects brought on by the individual components. Thirty different forms of N-1 substituted indolyl chalcone of N-1 substituted 2-Acetyl Benzimidazole were provisionally docked to three tubulin colchicine receptors, which are supposedly the targets for anticancer therapy. A new scaffold with the potential to be a potent tubulin inhibitor was demonstrated when it was coupled. Clinical research has a pressing need for the discovery and development of new tubulin polymerization inhibitors.  

Author(s) Details:

Anjali Wanegaonkar,
Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Mumbai University, Sector-8, CBD Belapur New Mumbai- 400 614, Maharashtra, India.

Deepali Jagdale,
Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Mumbai University, Sector-8, CBD Belapur New Mumbai- 400 614, Maharashtra, India.

Milind J. Bhitre,
Department Pharmaceutical Chemistry C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S. N. D. T. Women’s University, Sir Vithaldas Vidyavihar, Juhu Road, Santacruz (West), Mumbai- 400 049, Maharashtra,India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8093

Computational Modeling of New Drugs for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) using Functional Correlations and Artificial Intelligence (AI)| Chapter 4 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 With the aid of our computer modelling techniques, the study seeks to alter the prescription drugs now used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) value is a measurement used to determine the binding affinity of newly developed medicines to protein molecules associated with Alzheimer's. This number represents the dosage at which a drug must be present in order to block a particular biological process. The predicted updated IC50 values are predicted using two methods. First, the functional graph techniques provide correlations that result in projected IC50 values for the altered drug molecules utilising the energies and the experimentally determined IC50 values.

Author(s) Details:

Nouf Masarweh,
Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Center for Molecular Design and Development, Arkansas, USA.

Jerry A. Darsey,
Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Center for Molecular Design and Development, Arkansas, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8092

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and Applications- A Look Back| Chapter 3 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 There are several potential uses for Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) in the quickly growing field of nanotechnology, including drug delivery, research and clinical medicine, as well as other other science and technological fields. It's common for active pharmacological compounds still in development to have poor water solubility and bioavailability. The distinct size-dependent properties of SLN may be leveraged to create innovative therapeutics. The limits of conventional pharmaceutical delivery technologies are something that nanotechnology hopes to fix. Intriguing solid lipid nanoparticles have medicinal promise. Their main benefit is that they are prepared with lipids that the body can tolerate. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles are nano-carriers with sizes between 10 and 1000 nanometers. SLNs were developed in an effort to address the drawbacks of polymeric nanoparticles. By switching out polymers formed from lipid nanoparticles for lipids, a new formulation technique was established. The use of SLN for drug delivery is studied in terms of potential benefits and drawbacks, as well as preparation techniques and the underlying drug release principle. Additionally described and used in medication delivery are SLNs. In the form of "solid" or "liquid" lipids, nanometer-sized lipid particles are dispersed in water or a surfactant solution (SLNs). Drugs that are lipophilic or hydrophilic can now be given thanks to SLN technology. The usage of SLNs may enhance the bioavailability of drugs. An innovative way for delivering medications to various levels of a patient's body is to combine medications with nanocarriers. As a result of its potential for controlled and precise medication delivery, solid lipid nanoparticles have caught the attention of researchers.

Author(s) Details:

M. Swamivelmanickam,
Department of Pharmacy, FEAT, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India.

S. Sivakrishnan,
Department of Pharmacy, FEAT, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India.

R. Suresh,
Department of Pharmacy, FEAT, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8091

Antidiabetic Effects of Metal Nanoparticles in Rodents| Chapter 2 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 Diabetes Mellitus affects a lot of people worldwide. It is a metabolic condition that causes high blood glucose levels and is characterised by hyperglycemia as a result of either increased Insulin resistance or decreased Insulin production. Numerous studies have looked at the healing power of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals. The use of metal nanoparticles in medical and natural applications is significant. Despite being a significant metal involved in numerous metabolic processes, little is known about how silver or silver nanoparticles (SNPs) affect glucose metabolism. The published findings from numerous studies show that diabetic animals treated with ZnONPs, Silver nanoparticles (SNPs), and Insulin have lower blood glucose levels.

Author(s) Details:

Marjan Assefi,
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27403, USA.

Nadeem Kizilbash,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan.

Naila Mahmood,
Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, National Universityof Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Sohila Nankali,
Northcentral University, San Diego, CA, USA.

A. Nankali,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.

Gholamreza Abdi,
Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Bushehr, 75169, Iran.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8090

Enhancement of Bioavailability Performance using Solid-self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for High Molecular Weight Drug| Chapter 1 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 Bosentan Hydrochloride (BOS) has a large molecular weight, only a little water solubility, and eleven hydrogen bond acceptors. It has a low bioavailability as a result. BOS has recently undergone successful development of a new Solid-Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SMEDDS) to increase its oral bioavailability by enhancing its solubility and permitting high molecular weight of BOS absorption. Capmul MCM as the oil, Tween 20 as the surfactant, and Propylene glycol as a co-surfactant were found to be suitable for the development of Liquid-Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System based on solubility, pseudoternary phase diagram, emulsifying efficiency, and compatibility tests (L-SMEDDS). The formulation of the BOS loaded L-SMEDDS was created using various oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant concentrations, and it was then optimised using a variety of evolutionary parameters, including drug content, robustness to dilution, ultrasonic interferometer, ease of emulsification, droplet size, and in vitro diffusion studies. By using a spray drying process, the improved L-SMEDDS were transformed into freely flowing granules. The characterisation of S-SMEDDS powder revealed no interactions between the medication and excipients. Variable concentrations of immediately compressible excipients were used to compress the S-SMEDDS powder. Both the pre-compression and post-compression parameters used S-SMEDDS formulas. An in vitro drug release research showed that all S-SMEDDS tablets significantly enhanced the drug's rate of dissolution when compared to the commercial formulation. The Cmax and AUC of BOS significantly increased when compared to the market formulation during in vivo experiments in Sprague-Dowley rats for the improved formulation (P>0.05). Thus, the current study increased BOS's oral bioavailability.

Author(s) Details:

Sandeep C. Atram,
Vidyabharati College of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra-444602, India.

Vikrant P. Wankhade,
Vidyabharati College of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra-444602, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V6/article/view/8089

Study of Dengue Fever Cases at a Tertiary Care Hospital of India | Chapter 11 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 Dengue is currently the second most widespread vector-borne illness in the world. Studying the clinical and analytical characteristics of dengue cases admitted to Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Hospital is the goal.

From June to December 2015, a hospital-based prospective study was carried out at Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Hospital. 150 seropositive individuals with ages ranging from 18 to 75 who were admitted to the medical wards were included. Clinical profiles of the patients were recorded. 88 men and 62 women out of 150 seropositive cases were male and female. The most common initial symptom was fever. Thrombocytopenia often ranged between 50,000 and 100,000/cu.mm. NS1 antigen, IgM, and IgG antibodies were all discovered to be seropositive in 70%, 7%, and 3% of patients, respectively.

Author(s) Details:

R. J. Girish Babu,
Department of Microbiology, Sri Siddhartha Medical College and Hospital, Karnataka, India.

K. R. Madhuri,
Department of Microbiology, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8074

Antimicrobial Activity and GC-MS Based Analysis of the Extract of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168 Isolated from a River Bank | Chapter 10 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 Pathogens that are resistant to conventional antibiotics are becoming a bigger hazard and are getting better at avoiding them. Finding new antimicrobials is therefore essential to tackling the issues we are currently facing. The most effective producer of antibiotics among the other producers was Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168, which was isolated from a soil sample collected from a river bank in Abuja, Nigeria. The current study's goals were to (i) use the broth microdilution method to test the extract and fractions of the candidate isolate for antibacterial activity, and (ii) use gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the bioactive chemicals. We determined the MBC/MIC ratio, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The ethyl-acetate extract was effective against all pathogens tested (MIC range: 28.70–57.40 mg/ml). The extract showed bactericidal effectiveness against all tested pathogens (MBC/MIC between 1.00 and 2.00); Proteus mirabilis was the least susceptible pathogen. The extract was separated using vacuum liquid chromatography, and after being purified, pathogenic strains were exposed to the fractions. Against all of the test bacteria (MIC between 0.09 mg/ml and 0.75 mg/ml), fraction E was the most efficacious fraction and also the most bactericidal (MBC/MIC between 2.00 and 2.11). The pure subfraction obtained from fraction E was analyzed using GC-MS, which revealed 13 chemicals with varied retention periods and peak areas. Three of these were particularly significant: (i) bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; (ii) 1,4-epoxynaphthalene-1(2H)-methanol; and (iii) 4,5,7-tris. -3,4-dihydro- Neogammacer-5-en-3-ol, 3.beta, D:B-Friedo. The locally obtained Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168 may be a rich source of lead compounds for use in biotechnology and medicine, according to our research.

Author(s) Details:

Olasinbo Olumuyiwa Balogun,
Department of Clinical Laboratory Services, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, IHV-N Campus. FCT, Abuja, Nigeria.

Sylvanus Chukwudi Ugoh,
Department of Microbiology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.

Peters Oluwale Oladosu,
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8074

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus Diarrhoea in Children under the Age of Five in Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria | Chapter 9 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 In Abuja, Nigeria, a hospital setting over a year, this study aims to assess some of the clinical indicators, causes, and mortality linked to severe diarrhea in children under the age of five. In Nigeria, where there is a high frequency of Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium and little understanding of the specific etiology, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children. The Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria, Abuja, hosted the one-year cross-sectional survey. According to the 2006 population census, Nigeria has a total population of 150 million people, of which 5 million people lived in Abuja between June 2018 and May 2019.

With commercially available kits, ELISA tests for Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium were conducted.

Stool samples were taken from 1450 participants, of whom 156 (10.7%) were controls without diarrhea, 109 (7.5%) were hospitalized, and 1185 (81.7%) were ambulatory participants. With August and September being the peak months for infection, 274 (21.1%) children with diarrhea and 23 (1.7%) children without diarrhea tested positive for cryptosporidium-ELISA. 231 (17.8%) children with diarrhea and 29 (2.2%) controls tested positive for rotavirus using ELISA, with the peak months being November, December, and January. The most vulnerable age group for both Rotavirus (39.8%) and Cryptosporidium (37.2%) infections was 12 to 17-month-old children. Pediatric illnesses like Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium are serious, especially in the unvaccinated children of Abuja. It will be important to build local and national infrastructure for diarrhoeal illness monitoring and give access to virological and parasite stool testing in order to track the proposed vaccine program, particularly for Rotavirus. The results of this study will help with the planning of the rotavirus vaccine's potential inclusion in the National Immunization Program and set a baseline for evaluating the vaccine's impact on prevalence if it is incorporated in Nigeria's immunization program.

Author(s) Details:

B. Balarabe-Musa,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

N. T. Dabo,
Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8058

Determination of Potential Aptitude of Four Olive Cultivars used as Anticancer and Antioxidant Agents | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 The present study has focused on the extraction and purification of oleuropein from leaves of different olive cultivars: Chemlali (CHM), Manzanilla (MAZ), Picaul (PIC) and Toffahi (TOF), to evaluate the antioxidant activity and therapeutic potential in cancer. A source of numerous bioactive chemicals with known advantages for both human health and technical applications is Olea europaea L. (olive, Oleaceae). Nowadays, there is growing evidence that DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species may be the first step in the progress of malignant cells can be repressed by consuming olive leaf extracts. It occurred in leaf extracts of the four olive cultivars (Chemlali, Manzanilla, Picaul and Toffahi) as a source for some anticancer and antioxidant agents and their consequences on the action of Hordeum vulgare (barley). The total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were extracted from olive leaves by ethanol 95% then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The study evaluates the anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract of olive leaves against breast and hepatocellular carcinoma cells showing high values. Also, When barley's antioxidant potential was evaluated using the diphenyl picryl hydrazyl method, the extract had a significant impact (DDPH). These findings open the door to using olive leaves as a natural anticancer and antioxidant source.  3. Application of CHM and MAZ olive cultivar crude powder in barley cultivations enhances the production of antioxidants, a biomarker for medicinal value of barley.

Author(s) Details:

Shimaa A. Rashed,
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Tamannouha I. Saad,
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Omar Al-Mokhtar University, Al Bayda, Libya.

Salama M. El-Darier,
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8057

Molecular Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Indigenous Fermented Pig Fat: A Case from Assam, India | Chapter 7 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 In this study, probiotic bacteria in traditionally fermented pig fat (Sathu) from Karbi Anglong, Assam, were to be identified. The goal of the study is to examine the significance of food to the population by determining the existence of native Lactic acid bacteria and characterizing probiotic features in vitro using industry-standard methodologies. Two different bacterial species (KJc8 C8 and KJR2 C9) were isolated from the food sample. The isolates' cocci and rod-like morphology were found to be present. The isolated strains had crucial properties for bacteria to be probiotics, including resistance to inhibitory substances like NaCl (1–10%) and bile salt (0.1–1%) and a preference for acidic environments. Additionally, the isolates showed success in metabolizing different sources of carbohydrates. Probiotic bacteria species Bacillus and Lactobacillus were discovered by molecular analysis using 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The experimental results also demonstrated that there were no additional spoilage bacteria present and that just Lactobacillus and Bacillus species predominated in the food sample. This offers compelling proof that the food product might include probiotics. Beyond its nutritional implications, additional investigation into the food item will be a milestone in the economic advancement of civilization.

Author(s) Details:

Ranjita Yumkhaibam,
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Jote-791113, India.

Kimjolly Lhouvum,
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, Jote-791113, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8056

Syneresis Understanding by Modeling the Lacto-Fermentation of Sodium Caseinate | Chapter 6 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 This study aimed to investigate the influence of sodium caseinate, starch, lactose, and lactic acid bacteria on syneresis in a mixed model system and to evaluate their impact on the acid gel formation throughout pH and zeta potential monitoring. The results showed a significant decrease of syneresis in all mixtures with sodium caseinate at 8% compared to 3%, ranging between 1.8%-20.6% and 22.2%-47.8%, respectively. The fermented mixed model's acidification profile and syneresis were considerably influenced by the addition of starch. Furthermore, the differences in acid gelation and syneresis have been better understood as a result of monitoring pH and zeta potential throughout the lacto-fermentation process. These findings indicate that syneresis varies very closely with sodium caseinate concentration, starch concentration, and their association, regardless of the concentrations of lactose and ferment. If a sodium caseinate-starch mixed system is used, syneresis could be decreased to an ideal level: If the concentration of starch is above 1%, less syneresis gels may be produced at sodium caseinate concentrations above 5%.

Author(s) Details:

Soumaya El Bouchikhi,
Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed the Vth University in Rabat, Morocco and Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed the Vth University in Rabat, Morocco.

Philippe Pagès,
PhP Stats, Creation and analysis of information, Consulting, Studies and Training in Statistics, 19, Rue Pasteur, 94170 Le Perreux, France.

Azeddine Ibrahimi,
Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed the Vth University in Rabat, Morocco.

Yassir El Alaoui,
Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed the Vth University in Rabat, Morocco.

Yahya Bensouda,
Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed the Vth University in Rabat, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8055

Biofilms a Rabble-rouser in the Environment Leading to Antibiotics Resistance | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 Background: Even when appropriate antibiotic treatments are given, bacteria have an inherent biofilm resistance that is very difficult to overcome. They demonstrate antibiotic resistance in a number of ways, including limited antibiotic uptake by biofilms, slowed growth, and production of resistance genes.

Phenotypic and genotypic techniques are used in diagnostics.

Antibiotic concentrations over the MIC are needed to completely eradicate the biofilms. Upper respiratory tract infections are decreased by probiotics (Good Bacteria).

Conclusion: Due to the improper administration of topical antibiotics, most antibiotics are no longer effective against Multi Drug Resistant Bacteria, which causes the development of Biofilm.

Author(s) Details:

Harman Multani,
Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Jammu, India.

Varsha A. Singh,
Department of Microbiology, RVRS Medical College, Bilwara, Rajasthan, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8054

Application in Bioremediation, Psychology, Forestry, and Biofilm Development | Chapter 4 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 A living thing starts to modify itself based on the actions it takes in a particular situation. Game theory is employed to provide a hypothetical theory in this hypothetical theoretical research study. According to this hypothesis, two different species (let's say hypothetical species A+ and B-) are transported through the system of varied five compartments. Species A + and B- moving through the five compartment model system can only do so in one compartment if a particular external environment element is present.

Species A+ and B- are likely to compete at first if compartment E only has a little amount of an essential carbon source for the bacterial system, but ongoing interactions between them in succession will transform them into compartment E for species A+'s limited sucrose self-uptake. Because there will be less competition, species B- will also be able to utilise it. Bacterial system adaptation behavior can be verified using a capillary feeder assay (CAFÉ Assay) by transferring adapted bacteria to drosophila.

Author(s) Details:

Harpal Vala,
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, M. S. University, Baroda, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8053

Pseudomonas oryzihabitans Bacteremia from North India in a Terminally Ill Patient: A Rare Case Report | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 In hospital settings, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, a gram-negative bacillus, is frequently isolated from patients with bacteremia, CNS infections, catheter-associated infections or any other device-related infections, sinusitis, wound infections, and skin infections. There have only been a few cases of bacteremia brought on by this unusual infection. This is the first case study of a terminally ill patient from North India who had chronic liver disease. After proper isolation and the early start of treatments based on sensitivity patterns, the condition was successfully treated, although he later passed away as a result of other issues. Despite being uncommon, this organism can cause opportunistic infections in people with impaired immune systems. The reporting of this uncommon but significant pathogen in hospital settings is constrained by the requirement for automated procedures for identification and sensitivity testing. We can quickly treat infections brought on by this opportunistic pathogen by accurate identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Author(s) Details:

Akanksha Dubey,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Tasneem Siddiqui,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Mitra Kar,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Chinmoy Sahu,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Sangram Singh Patel,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8052

Assay of Commenila benghalensis Linn. Leaf Extract on Selected Microbes | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether C. benghalensis L. leaf extract has any antibacterial properties in order to understand the pharmacological underpinnings of the plant's traditional use in folk medicine to treat infectious disorders. In contrast to the hexane and methanolic extracts, the chloroform extract showed the greatest activity against the pathogenic bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans, with inhibition zones of 7 mm, 1 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm, respectively. The presence of tannin, favonoid, phenol, carbohydrate, and volatile oil was also Using the dilution susceptibility test method, the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the chloroform extract was identified. According to the latest research, Commelina benghalensis L leaf extract can be used to treat common pathogenic bacteria.

Author(s) Details:

Urvashi Sinha,
Department of Botany, Patna Women’s College, Patna, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8051

Molecular Identification of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Using RAPD Indicators | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 The current work sought to examine the genetic relatedness and variation of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains. Gram-positive coccoid Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen that can lead to a variety of serious hospital- and community-acquired infections, including sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and bacteremia. The investigation used 100 local S. aureus isolates that were gathered from various clinical instances of unrelated patients. On manitol salt agar medium, all sample isolates were cultivated at 37°C, and they were all recognized at the species level using morphological traits and biochemical assays. Visually examining the banding pattern allowed for the identification of the DNA profile of the samples. The number of bands and the banding pattern varied depending on the primers. To build a two-dimensional binary matrix, the presence or absence of a band at any location on the gel was scored. Before employing the RAPD approach, genomic DNA was extracted using the boiling procedure. mec To differentiate MRSA strains without testing for antibiotic susceptibility, a gene was amplified. Our results showed that RAPD analysis can successfully be used to determine the genetic backgrounds of isolates and to distinguish strains at the intra-specific level.

Author(s) Details:

Suha M. Abed,
Department of Biology, College of Science, Tikrit University, Iraq.

Batol I. Dheeb,
Department of Pathological Analysis, College of Applied Science, Samarra University, Iraq.

Akeel H. A. Assie,
Department of Biology, College of Science, Tikrit University, Iraq.

Basim M. Khashman,
National Cancer Research Center, University of Baghdad, Iraq.

Anmar Sael Hussein,
College of Medicine, Fallujah University, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V7/article/view/8050

Design and Analysis of Low Power VLSI Full Adders and 32-bit Adders| Book Publisher International

 MOSFET has turned into the most fundamental and central structure block of LSI circuits. In the beyond 40 years, the MOSFET gadgets' scaling expanded execution, diminished size, and high-power utilization. The power utilization is high because of huge spillage flows. Spillage current in nanometer systems is turning into a critical supporter of the all out power dissemination of CMOS circuits. The spillage current in CMOS relies upon edge voltage, channel length, and entryway oxide thickness. Thus, the ID and working of various spillage parts are fundamental for assessing and diminishing spillage power.

Rhythm devices are utilized to confirm the spillage power decrease in snake circuits. The spillage power relies upon spillage current. The spillage current relies upon the subthreshold spillage current. The technique embraced to limit the subthreshold spillage current is through edge voltage increase.

Increase of the edge voltage applied to various full adders, in particular CMOS full snake, Mirror full viper, Transmission door full viper, Manchester full viper, and different full adders as introduced in this proposition. This work planned full adders with 10 MOS transistors,13 MOS semiconductors, and 15 MOS semiconductors. Customary CMOS requires 28 MOS semiconductors to carry out the full viper. The quantity of semiconductors in proposed full adders is under 50% of customary CMOS full viper. The idea of limit increase works for all innovation hubs. This technique has explored different avenues regarding 45nm innovation, and spillage examination in full adders is completed utilizing the Cadence device. Three different full adders are planned and contrasted and existing full adders and planned full adders .32-digit Adders are utilizing different full adders. Spillage examination is done in these 32-bit adders utilizing edge voltage increase. Point of this work is to acquire half decrease in spillage power right away of 32-cycle adders. The general typical spillage power was decreased by 30% in a 32-bit swell convey snake immediately utilizing ten semiconductors full viper. The general typical spillage power was decreased by 27% in a 32-digit convey select viper without changing the general proliferation postpone utilizing ten semiconductors full adders. The general typical spillage power was decreased by 31% in a 32-bit square root convey select viper without changing the general engendering postponement of 32-cycle square root convey select snake utilizing ten semiconductors full viper. The 10-semiconductor full snake has shown the least spillage current out of all the full adders.32-bit viper created utilizing ten semiconductors full viper has low normal spillage power.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Md. Masood Ahmad,
GITAM University, Hyderabad Campus, India.

Dr. D. Anitha,
GITAM University, Hyderabad Campus, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DALPVLSIFAA/issue/view/781