Finding Genetic Variation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Flowering Time by Simple Sequence Repeat Marker | Chapter 10 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

Flowering time is one of the important target traits in a soybean breeding program. Photoperiod and temperature influence the vegetative and reproductive development from emergence to maturity in soybean. The objective of this study was to analyze genetic variation in flowering time based on agronomic performance and SSR marker. About 108 soybean cultivars were used for this study. Eight primers relating flowering genes were selected based on soybean cDNA library from NCBI and TIGR. These primers were designed by using Primer 3 [1] to amplify fragments of 500-800bp. The optimum melting temperature was observed for each primer between 58o to 68oC. PCR was followed by protocol of Crop Genomics Laboratory. PCR products producing a single discrete band were purified by AccuPre® PCR purification kit (Bioneer, Korea). The purified PCR product was directly sequenced using one of the PCR primers with BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequenceing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The labeling reaction mixture was ethanol-preciputated, and resuspended in 10μl of water. The sequence was analyzed using ABI 3700 sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). In conclusion, there was wide variation in flowering time of soybean. Gene diversity at nucleotide level will be useful for breeders to make strategy for soybean improvement in future.

Author(s) Details:

Truong Trong Ngon,
Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Vietnam.

Suk-Ha Lee,
Crop Genomics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13911

Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in Mastitic Cases from Namakkal District | Chapter 9 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

The study was conducted to identify the prevalence of Staphylococcal mastitis in bovines from Namakkal region and the therapeutic response of antibiotics to Staphylococci by assessing the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in clinical settings. Milk samples (n= 241) were collected from clinical and subclinical mastitic cows which were brought to teaching veterinary clinical complex (TVCC), Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu and subjected to isolation on mannitol salt agar, Gram’s staining and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus at cow level was 61.5 and 57.4 per cent in clinical and subclinical cases, respectively, and at quarter level was 58.8 and 57.4 per cent in the clinical and subclinical cases, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern revealed a high sensitivity to enrofloxacin (100.0%) and a high resistance to methicillin (100.0%) by S. aureus isolates, and multidrug resistance by S. aureus isolates was also observed. Though enrofloxacin was found to be very effective in therapeutic management of most staphylococcal mastitis cases, antibiogram of milk sample from each mastitis cow is essential to monitor the development of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical or subclinical mastitis to the range of antibiotics commonly used. This would help in the early treatment of mastitis with sensitive antibiotics and prevent the case entering into the chronic stage, failure of treatment and loss of the value of cow.

Author(s) Details:

R. Navaneethan,
Kurichi Veterinary Dispensary, Kumbakonam Division, Tanjore District-612 504, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Saravanan,
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Tirunelveli-627 358, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13854

Study about Fungal Glycosidases in Sporothrix Species and Candida albicans | Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

The present study highlights about Fungal Glycosidases in Sporothrix Species and Candida albicans. Through the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in glycosides, enzymes known as glycoside hydrolases (GHs) take part in a variety of biological activities in fungi and other organisms. They are substantial topics of research in molecular biology and biochemistry and have essential functions in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the building of glycoproteins. Based on amino acid sequence similarities and 3-dimensional structures in the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy), they have been classified in 171 families. Members of some of these families also exhibit the activity of trans-glycosydase or glycosyl transferase (GT), i.e., they create a new glycosidic bond in a substrate instead of breaking it. Fungal glycosidases are important for virulence by aiding tissue adhesion and colonization, nutrition, immune evasion, biofilm formation, toxin release, and antibiotic resistance. Here, we review fungal glycosidases with a particular emphasis on Sporothrix species and C. albicans, two well-recognized human pathogens. Covered issues include a brief account of Sporothrix, sporotrichosis, the different types of glycosidases, their substrates, and mechanism of action, recent advances in their identification and characterization, their potential biotechnological applications, and the limitations and challenges of their study given the rather poor available information. The study approaches will strengthen genetic glycoengineering, as glycosylation/deglycosylation can be used to modulate the efficiency of protein pharmaceuticals, the modification of glycoprotein antibodies by adding or changing the position of some sugars, changing the properties of recombinant proteins, etc. These achievements will impact the areas of biotechnology, biomedicine, and consequently, human health.

Author(s) Details:

Jorge A. Ortiz-Ramírez,
Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico.

Mayra Cuéllar-Cruz,
Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico.

Julio C. Villagómez-Castro,
Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico.

Everardo López-Romero,
Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13853

Edible Coatings and Films in Grapevine By-Product Infusions and Freshly Processed Products | Chapter 7 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

This book chapter focuses on the environmental issues linked with the wine industry, mainly the amount of waste it generates. However, studies have shown that the by-products of this waste, including grapes, skins, seeds, and leaves, contain essential biocompounds and nutrients like phenolic compounds, flavonoids, procyanidins, and vitamin C that are beneficial to human health. These by-products have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-aging, and anti-cancer properties. However, due to their perishable nature, they need preservation methods. This chapter recommends using edible films and coatings, a novel and eco-friendly post-harvest preservation technique. This method helps maintain the quality of lightly processed foods, preserve essential nutrients, protect against microorganisms, and maintain their original appearance. Therefore, this review aims to explore different techniques and types of edible coatings like chitosan, agar-agar, gelatin, alginate, guar gum, soy lecithin, maltodextrin, inulin, and propolis for the preparation of grape by-products in foods and drinks. More research is required to optimize coating formulations for the best quality.

Author(s) Details:

Teresa Pinto,
CITAB, Department of Biology and Environment, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agrifood Production, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.

Ana Pinto,
University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.

Alice Vilela,
CQ-VR, Department of Agronomy, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13852

Effect of Two Heavy Metals (Zn and Ni) on Growth of In vitro Hairy Root Cultures of Indian Mustard Brassica juncea L. | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

Metals are natural components in soil with a number of heavy metals being required by plants as micronutrients. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, there has been a dramatic increase in toxic metal pollution of the biosphere. Roots are the plant parts, which facilitate the primary contact between a plant and a pollutant. Culture of genetically transformed hairy roots of hyperaccumulator plant sp. Brassica juncea L. grown in vitro was established to study the potential of in vitro hairy root cultures for the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals (Ni and Zn) for their growth and biomass from an aquatic environment. All the chemicals and reagents in this experiment were of Analytical grade and were obtained from Hi Media Laboratories Pvt ltd., Mumbai, India. At elevated concentrations of Ni and Zn metals, hairy roots showed exponential growth and accumulation. In lower concentrations, Zn might have no effect on the growth of root biomass and also found to be it cause no dramatic decrease in root growth even if they are accumulated. At higher concentrations of Zn, B. Juncea hairy roots were not only found to be tolerant to Zn and also had the capacity to increase their root biomass and no growth retardation was seen. All concentrations of Ni showed a drastic change in root biomass growth irrespective of the duration of incubation periods. Ni in higher concentrations caused an exponential increase in root biomass growth and Ni showed no toxicity symptoms in hairy roots even at higher concentrations for a longer time up to 8 weeks of our study period. Ni was found to be an essential micronutrient for the growth of hairy root biomass. From this study, it was cleared and concluded that hairy roots of in vitro grown hyperaccumulator plant culture system could be a useful and effective model (as it needs metals for their root biomass growth) to study the metal uptake and accumulation from an aquatic environment.

Author(s) Details:

A. Mohamed Ismail,
Department of Biotechnology, E. G. S. Pillay Arts & Science College (Autonomous), Nagappatinam, Tamil Nadu- 641046, India.

P. Agastian Theodor,
Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13764

Importance of Colibacillosis in Poultry | Chapter 5 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

Colibacillosis is any diseased condition caused by avian pathogenic E. coli, a Gram negative, non-acid-fast, uniform staining, and non-spore-forming bacillus. It is the most common, prevalent, and important bacterial disease of poultry in the world. E. coli produces toxins like endotoxin, enterotoxin, cytotoxin, hemolysins, hemagglutinins and virulence factors like adhesins. The common predisposing factors include mismanagement in humidity, temperature, ventilation and litter and immunosuppression. The sources of infection are contaminated feed, water and air while route of infection can be aerosol, oral, defected navel and infected egg with incubation period 5-7 days. It commonly causes Colisepticemia, Coligranuloma, Omphalitis, Salpingitis and Peritonitis, etc. Specific diagnosis can be done by identification, isolation and genotyping of E. coli. Suitable susceptible antibiotic can be used for treatment. Control of colibacillosis can be successfully done by proper management, vaccination and biosecurity protocol.

Author(s) Details:

Shaikh S. R.,
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani (MH), 431 402, India.

Siddiqui M. F. M. F.,
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani (MH), 431 402, India.

M. P. Sakhare,
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani (MH), 431 402, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13763

Analyzing Copper Dependent Growth Behaviors in Anabaena azollae Strasburger, an Autochthonous Cyanobacterial Species of Assam | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

Copper (Cu) is considered as an essential micronutrient that is required in minute quantity for proper functioning of physiochemical reactions in the body of an organism. This microelement plays a significant role during growth and development in plants through different cellular processes. Although, if present in higher quantities can result in toxic effects. Current study was undertaken to view the effect of different ppm concentrations of Cu (II) ions upon the growth and biochemical parameters of Anabaena azollae. Results have disclosed that exposure to a high concentration of Cu causes an evidential effect in growth and biochemical parameters in the test organism.

Author(s) Details:

Nilamjyoti Kalita,
Plant Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.

Bishmita Boruah,
Plant Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.

Shaswatee Bhattacharjee,
Plant Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.

Himamani Kalita,
Plant Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.

Garima Bora,
Plant Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.

Partha Pratim Baruah,
Plant Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13762

Microbiologist's Perspective on Innovative Triple-Action Antifungal Topicals: A New Frontier | Chapter 3 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

This study investigated the effectiveness of triple-action antifungals containing azoles, gentamicin, and corticosteroids for superficial mycoses treatment. The antifungal association on the one hand with antibacterials will reduce the composition of the colonizing microbiota and promote fungal growth and improve fungal pathogenicity indirectly. The study identified 34 different antifungals in 588 pharmacies, with 47.05% being triple-action. While these combinations were expected to have excellent antifungal activity and prevent resistance, concerns arise regarding their impact on microbiota and potential for promoting fungal growth and pathogenicity. We suggest prioritizing antifungals without antibiotic and anti-inflammatory combinations to reduce recurrence rates.

Author(s) Details:

I. E. Kasamba,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13761

Signalling Cascades in Melanoma: Understanding the Potential of Phytochemicals as Inhibitors | Chapter 2 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

Melanoma has the highest mortality rate among all the dermatological cancers and shows poor prognosis if metastasis and secondary tumour formation occur. Deregulation of cellular signalling pathways like the phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3K) / Akt pathway, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kβ) pathway play important roles in development, progression and metastasis of melanomas. This article focuses on how such signalling pathways could be possible therapeutic targets for treatment of melanomas by the use of natural phytochemical compounds. Studies indicate that many natural phytochemical compounds such as all-trans retinoic acid, kaempferol, curcumin, betulinic acid, parthenolide and epigallocatechin gallate appear to have good potential to act as signalling pathway inhibitors for melanoma therapy. As many of these phytochemicals and their plant sources are already a part of human diet, using these natural compounds could help in reducing side effects and lowering treatment costs. Thus, targeting cellular signalling pathways with natural phytochemical compounds could lead to development of effective clinical strategies for melanoma treatment.

Author(s) Details:

Indira Chakraborty,
Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, 30 Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata 700016, West Bengal, India.

Aniruddha Banerji,
Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, 30 Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata 700016, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13760

A Review on the Antibacterial Property of Curcuma longa L. | Chapter 1 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

 The utilization of herbal products as therapeutics and nutraceuticals is becoming more prevalent in today’s world. Novel medicinal plants with their natural biomolecules are being analysed to provide effective alternative to the synthetic chemical drugs being used in disease treatments. The present review is a comprehensive enumeration of the reports of antibacterial potential of turmeric - Curcuma longa L., which also has a number of other various pharmacological activities. The significant pharmacological properties of the plant are by virtue of the polyphenolic compounds, curcumin. The investigations already done by different workers have emphasized the remarkable potential of turmeric extract, both aqueous and alcoholic, to inhibit bacterial growth. The essential oil extract of the rhizome and leaves of turmeric have been reported to show remarkable inhibitory effect on a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This plant proved to be a promising candidate for usage as an antibacterial product in many endodontic treatment cases. The evidences provided in this review would encourage more experimental approaches regarding the antibacterial activity of C. longa in diverse fields using modern techniques like nanotechnology.

Author(s) Details:

Sonali Ray,
Department of Botany, Surendranath College, Kolkata-700009, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13758

Exploring Farmers' Perspectives on the Accessibility, Adequacy, Relevance, and Quality of Agricultural Support Services (ASS) in Oshikoto Region, Namibia | Chapter 13 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

This study investigates the challenges facing agricultural support services (ASS) in the Oshikoto region of Namibia, highlighting inefficiencies, unreliability, and a lack of responsiveness to the diverse needs of farmers within a context of limited resources. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the research purposively sampled 200 farmers across commercial, communal, and small-scale sectors to assess their perceptions of the ASS's quality, relevance, and adequacy. The findings reveal significant disparities in the provision of services, with a small number of providers adequately meeting the needs of a limited segment of the farming community. Particularly, communal farmers experience a more pronounced service gap compared to their commercial counterparts, with many having little to no contact with ASS providers for extended periods. Standout performers, including Agricultural Mentors, NGOs, and Private Extension Providers, highlight effective models for service delivery. These insights pave the way for improving ASS-farmer collaborations and contribute to the formulation of a comprehensive Agricultural Extension Policy in Namibia, designed to meet the nuanced needs of the farming community and ensure the involvement of all relevant stakeholders.

Author(s) Details:

Jona Cecilie N,
Department of Animal Production, Agribusiness and Economics, University of Namibia, Namibia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13919

The Potential Role of Plants Growth Promoting Rhizobium Species from Organic Base Bio Fertilizer Production from Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria: A Sustainable Approach for Developing Countries | Chapter 12 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Purpose: One of the challenges of globalization to developing countries is how to increase agricultural production that will take care of the rapid increase in population. This can be achieved by the use of plant growth promoting rhizobium (PGPR) which are various species of beneficial microorganisms grown in the rhizosphere, participating in nutrient cycling and the production of plant growth promoting substances.

 

Aim: The present study highlights the potential role of plants growth promoting rhizobium species from organic base bio fertilizer production from nitrogen fixing bacteria.

 

Methodology: Soil samples were collected from 12 sites, four from each of the study areas viz; NARICT farm land, Yankusa Land fill, and Sakadadi agricultural farm land. The total chromium content was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Physiochemical analysis of the contaminated and control landfills were also determined. The parameters determined were color, odor, pH, temperature, Nitrogen, % potassium and % phosphorus etc.

 

Results: All parameters were found to be higher than the WHO limit except % Nitrogen, % Potassium and % Phosphorus that falls beyond. Further investigations were carried out to checkmate the proximate analysis of some nutritional values of Chemical fertilizer A and B as control while C for biofertilizer (treated) Most of the results computed shows there were significantly higher values in both macronutrient and micronutrient in Biofertilizer(C) production than those of the Chemical fertilizer (A and B). In view of the current investigation, bacteria isolate like those of (Rhizobium sp.) namely; Rhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium lupine etc., were isolated as nitrogen fixing bacteria from root nodules of soya bean. Thus identification, and characterization rhizobia sp. for the production of biofertilizer in selective modified (MYEMA) through which propagation of bacteria mass cells were accentuated in-situ: To this effect, the propagated mass cells of the bacteria were therefore meticulously and circumspectly mixed with multiple carrier base materials; for further utilization in the soils to increase its nutrient quality naturally after combining it with the soil. For nitrogen is one of the important components which acts as a building blocks of most biomolecules, but this inert nitrogen cannot be utilized by plants so the Rhizobium bacteria helps to fix the atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia which can be utilized by plants.

 

Novelty: In view of this study the production of biofertilizer from nitrogen fixing bacterial strains as well as utilizing them in the organic farming is a well come development that would protect and sub guide both develop and developing countries from decay as well as maintaining self-reliance (prestige)( no more Aligo Dangote Chemical fertilizer recipe( unhealthy to human organelles) that is only depended on mass importation, and thereby given credit to other men countries. Thus, naira value has drastically fallen down 1 US Dollar is equivalent to 900 naira only or so.

Author(s) Details:

Silas David Emmanuel,
Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun Wada, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

I. M. Bugaje,
National Board for Technical Education (NBTE), Nigeria.

E. M. Okonkwo,
Former DG/CEO NARICT Basawa Zaria, Nigeria.

S. Umar,
Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun Wada, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

M. Tanimu,
Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun Wada, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

M. C. Adeyeye,
National Agency for Food, Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13918

Correlation and Path Analysis Studies in Groundnut under Different Dates of Sowing | Chapter 11 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Research on the genotypic and phenotypic associations among agricultural crop traits can be used to design, evaluate, and develop selection criteria for desirable traits. Yield is a complex quantitative trait largely influenced by the environment. Direct selection for grain yield is less efficient in improving groundnut productivity. The selection efficiency can be enhanced by exploiting the relationship between yield and its related traits. In the present study strong positive association was noticed between pod yield per plant and kernel yield per plant, oil yield per plant and significant and negative association with late leaf spot severity and rust incidence irrespective of the environments. Pod yield was also correlated with 100-kernel weight, plant height and oil content in environment III. The magnitude and direct association of pod yield with other characters varied from environment to environment. Inter correlation estimates for yield components revealed that plant height, 100-kernel weight, kernel yield per plant, oil yield per plant, late leaf spot severity, number of matured pods per plant, harvest index and plant height were significantly associated with one another and also with pod yield per plant which indicated that these characters were important components for improvement of pod yield in groundnut. This indicated that selection of genotypes based on oil yield per plant and kernel yield per plant is advantageous than the other characters. The direct effect of kernel yield per plant in all the three environments followed by shelling percentage, rust incidence, oil yield per plant, number of branches per plant in environment I and plant height in environment I and III. The direct effect of other characters fluctuated between negative and positive values indicating the influence of environment on these traits.

Author(s) Details:

Venkataravana P.,
College of Sericulture, Chintamani, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru (Karnataka), India.

Sowjanya, B. A.,
College of Sericulture, Chintamani, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru (Karnataka), India.

Priyadarshini, S. K.,
College of Sericulture, Chintamani, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru (Karnataka), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13917

Assessment of the Constraints to Poultry Production among Poultry Farmers in Delta State, Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

The present study assesses the constraints to poultry production among poultry farmers in delta state, Nigeria. The poultry industry as a profitable factor to boosting food security and nutrition, has become the leading supplier of efficient, high-quality animal proteins to the world. Poultry meat and eggs which is high in protein, provides several advantages relative to other sources of animal-based foods. Data were collected using structured questionnaire from 109 poultry farmers selected from the twenty-five (25) Local Government Areas of Delta State using simple sampling technique. Percentage and mean were used in data analysis. The poultry farmers reared predominantly the domestic fowls with greater emphasis on layers managed mainly in deep litter system of intensive production. The findings of this study revealed that the farmers reared mixed poultry species comprising in order the domestic fowls, turkeys, ducks and guinea fowl. The result is an indication that the domestic fowl was the poultry species predominantly reared in the state. The major constraints to poultry production were high cost of feeds and ingredients (M = 4. 66), high interest on loan (M = 4.57), inadequate finance (M = 4.47, unsteady power supply (M = 3.32), scarcity of farm credit (M = 4.19), absence of grandparent stock for quality day-old chicks (M = 4.11), inadequate livestock extension agents contact (M = 4.11). Other constraints were short term loan re-payment period (M = 3. 80), poor quality of commercial feeds (M = 3. 71), absence of requisite training (M = 3. 68), absence of collateral (M = 3.61), absence of processing and storage facilities (M = 3.61), high cost of vaccines and medication (M = 3.53), influence of climate (M = 352), losses due to predators, thieves and management hazards (M = 3,50), mortality due to poor management (M = 3.48), incidence of diseases and parasites (M = 3.46) and poor and inaccessible' public veterinary service delivery system (M = 3.33). It is well known that poultry may be utilized to alleviate poverty, and each endeavor and the choice to increase poultry production has a direct influence on the status of women. Recommendations for sustainable poultry production in Delta State and elsewhere were made. Keywords: Constraints, poultry production, Delta State, Nigeria, Africa.

Author(s) Details:

Momah, Lilian Nkemdilim,
Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocational Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.

Eze, Maryann Ogochukwu,
Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocational Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.

Okechukwu, Frances Obianuju,
Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocational Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.

Uzoka Iwalewa Omokhekpe,
Department of Agricultural Education, School of Vocational Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13916

Efficacy of Castor Oil as a Biopesticide for Treatment of Leucinodes orbitalis Guenee L., a Pest of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) | Chapter 9 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee L. is a pest of eggplant. It is currently managed using synthetic chemical s. However, certain plants with insecticidal properties can be used to control Leucinodes orbonalis in eggplant. To study the efficacy of the castor oil solution on Leucinodes orbonalis, a trial was carried out at the ISAV in Faranah from 08/05 to 20/08/2023.Castor oil was extracted using a press machine with a yield of 0.41 l/kg. It was carried out at the station and in the laboratory. The experimental set-up used was a complete randomised block design with four replicates and five treatments. The treatments were D0 = 0 l/ha (control); D1 = 2.5 l/ha; D2 = 5 l/ha and D3 = 7.5 l/ha. The parameters monitored were: incidence of attack, number of plants leafed out and productivity. The survival of Leucinodes orbonalis larva after treatment was also estimated in vitro. The results showed that the incidence of attack after treatment was 68% for the control. However, this incidence was 10, 4 and 2% for doses D1, D2 and D3 respectively. With regard to the number of leafless plants, the rates were 68% for the control, 33% for D1, 17% for D2 and 8% for D3. Productivity was: 3.00 t/ha for the control; 5.00 t/ha for D1; 8.00 t/ha for D2 and 11.02 t/ha for D3. Survival of Leucinodes orbonalis larvae after application of the castor oil solution was 92%, 20%, 10% and 0% respectively for the control, D1, D2 and D3. Analysis of the results shows that the 7.5 l/ha dose of castor oil can be a good biopesticide for controlling Leucinodes orbonalis.

Author(s) Details:

Camara Mamadi Mariame,
Joseph KI-ZERBO University of Burkina Faso / Environmental Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, 03 BP: 7121, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and Higher Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Plant Protection Laboratory, BP: 131, Faranah, Conakry, Republic of Guinea.

Savadogo Paul Windinpsidi,
Joseph KI-ZERBO University of Burkina Faso / Environmental Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, 03 BP: 7121, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research / Institute for the Environment and Agricultural Research (CNRST/INERA), Soil-Water-Plant Laboratory (SEP), 01 BP, 476 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.

Sangaré Lanciné,
Higher Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Plant Protection Laboratory, BP: 131, Faranah, Conakry, Republic of Guinea.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13915

Tolerance of the Resistant Biotype Monochoria vaginalis against Different Mode of Action Herbicides | Chapter 8 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Native to temperate and tropical Asia, Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl is an aquatic herbaceous plant in the Pontederiaceae family. In East Asia and the USA, the species is frequently found in paddy fields as a noxious weed that significantly lowers rice output. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the resistance levels of M. vaginalis against three chemical groups of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides and two other groups of herbicides. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the mutations in the ALS gene of the resistant biotype of M. vaginalis. Herbicide dose–response experiments showed that the resistant biotype of M. vaginalis was highly resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, moderately resistant to bispyribac-sodium, had low resistance to penoxsulam and 2,4-D dimethyl ammonium, and was susceptible to sulfentrazone. The nucleotide sequences of the ALS gene of resistant and susceptible biotypes showed 14 base substitutions, which caused two amino acid substitutions: Val-143-Ile and Val-148Ile. It is the first report of the substitutions of amino acids Val-143-Ile and Val-148-Ile in ALS protein. Those mutations may give different resistance spectra against three ALS-inhibitor herbicides: bensulfuron-methyl, bispyribac-sodium, and penoxsulam. It is necessary to elucidate the molecular basis of target-site resistance mechanisms such as the transformation of the ALS gene of M. vaginalis. The employment of herbicide mixtures and/or the rotation of herbicide sites of action should be considered in order to control the biotype of M. vaginalis. Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular basis of target-site resistance mechanisms such as the transformation of the ALS gene of M. vaginalis. It is also necessary to evaluate herbicide mixtures and/or the rotation of herbicide sites of action to control the resistant biotype of M. vaginalis.

Author(s) Details:

Denny Kurniadie,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Ryan Widianto,
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Dedi Widayat,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Uum Umiyati,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Yayan Sumekar,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Ceppy Nasahi,
Department of Pest and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Santika Sari,
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya, Bandung Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

Abdul Shukor Juraimi,
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Hisashi Kato-Noguchi,
Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13914

An Assessment of the Structure of Vegetables Farming and Farmer’s Perception of Soil and Water Degradation in Two Periurban Areas in Yaounde Cameroon | Chapter 7 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

In peri-urban areas of Yaounde, Cameroon, vegetable farming plays a significant role in the local agricultural economy. This study aims to assess the structure of vegetable farming and farmers' perceptions of soil and water degradation in two peri-urban areas in Yaoundé, Cameroon, namely Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson. Peri-urban areas are characterized by the interface of urban and rural activities and are often subjected to various environmental challenges due to rapid urbanization. Understanding the dynamics of vegetable farming and farmers' perceptions of soil and water degradation is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management. Results of our investigation in Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson Peri-urban areas in 2016 and 2023 showed that most vegetable farmers (75%) lack training in agriculture, while up to 90% didn’t benefit from training on the management of pesticides. Spreading and landfilling of amendments are the most popular ways of applying fertilizers. It is interesting to note that the majority of fertilizers (90%) are applied at planting time, indicating that farmers commonly apply fertilizers just before or during the planting phase. Besides, young plots are more exploited (52.4% and 30%) compared to older ones (2.4% and 5%) in Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson, respectively, as they are more responsive to fertilizer application. As a consequence, excessive and unbalanced fertilizer is applied to the oldest farms, which can lead to nutrient imbalances, environmental pollution, and negative impacts on soil health. For irrigation water, it usually comes from streams or small wells that are often highly polluted. The farmers’ perception of degradation is seen through the degradation of soil properties with time in the order of 14.3% to 60% and 15% to 44% at Nkolbisson and Nkolondom III respectively, resulting in a gradual decrease in crop production (up to 50%). It is also seen by introduction of contaminants into the soil through polluted water, affecting the quality of crops and potentially posing a risk to human health.

Author(s) Details:

Yvette Clarisse Mfopou Mewouo,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso and Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Mamadou Traore,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Amina Aboubakar,
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Jules Remy Ndam Ngoupayou,
University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Didier Begoude,
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Zacharia Gnankambary,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Hassan Bismarck Nacro,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13913

Determination of Yield and Economics of Three Chili Hybrids (Capsicum annuum L.) in Cuatro Caminos, San Gabriel, Jalisco, Mexico | Chapter 6 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

This study analyze the performance, investment and profitability of three chili hybrids of the Company “González Produce RESE SPR DE RL”, in Cuatro Caminos, San Gabriel, Jalisco, Mexico. The chili pepper is consumed fresh within the country and is also exported to the United States. Different species and varieties of chili peppers are grown,5 from broad, jalapeños, serranos (green), poblano, mirasol (known as dry guajillo), bell or bell pepper, anaheim and caloro. The experimental unit was one hectare per hybrid, with fertigation and mulching. The beds were 1.20 m wide, with double-row planting and 0.30 m of separation between plants. The yield (t ha-1) was calculated with the number of harpillas harvested, multiplied by 30 kg for Caloro and Jalapeño, and 25 kg for Serrano. Economic income, cost / benefit ratio, equilibrium point and invested weight gain were estimated. Chile Serrano registered 1,658 arpillas ha-1, equivalent to 41 t ha-1, surpassed Caloro and Jalapeño by 8.39 and 36.0%, respectively. Caloro’s production cost was $ 32,631.66 USD ha-1 (Exchange rate 1 dollar = 17.0493, 10 February, 2024), 34 and 51% higher than Serrano and Jalapeño. The income obtained from the sale of Serrano pepper was $ 56,838.11 USD, 3.9 and 31% higher than Caloro and Jalapeño. The C / B ratio for Serrano was 1.85; Caloro, 1.74 and Jalapeño, 1.26. The equilibrium point was reached for Caloro at 7.08 t ha-1, Serrano – Platino and Jalapeño –Valquiria with 10.21 and 20.72 t ha-1, respectively. The prices of chili, as with most agricultural products, are a function of the demand and supply in the market and the harvest season, that is, the first harvests have a higher value in the market.

Author(s) Details:

González Mateos Ricardo,
Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and Master in Competitiveness and Sustainability of the Center for Innovation in Competitiveness and Sustainability, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico.

González Tiburcio Gregorio,
Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and Master in Competitiveness and Sustainability of the Center for Innovation in Competitiveness and Sustainability, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico.

Pereyda Hernández Juan,
Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and Master in Competitiveness and Sustainability of the Center for Innovation in Competitiveness and Sustainability, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico.

González Zavaleta Sandra Vianey,
Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and Master in Competitiveness and Sustainability of the Center for Innovation in Competitiveness and Sustainability, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13775

Risk Management in Indian Agribusiness: Types and Coping Strategies | Chapter 5 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

This chapter dives deep into the intricate landscape of risk management in agribusiness, recognizing the ever-evolving challenges faced by the agricultural sector. The multifaceted nature of risks, including production, market, regulatory, financial, and human resource risks, underscores the complexity of decision-making for farmers. Drawing on diverse socio-economic backgrounds, farmers' risk perceptions significantly influence the adoption of risk management strategies, with factors like age, education, culture, and institutional support playing pivotal roles. The chapter identifies and explores the types of risks prevalent in Indian agribusiness, elucidating the dynamics of production risks influenced by weather, pests, and technological advancements, market risks arising from price fluctuations, regulatory risks tied to governmental actions, financial risks associated with credit and exchange rates, and human resource risks linked to personnel unavailability. A comprehensive analysis of risk management strategies is presented, encompassing crop insurance, crop diversification, water management, technology adoption, market linkages, credit and financial management, capacity building, and policy support. While farmers employ these strategies to navigate uncertainties, the chapter acknowledges that implementing risk management practices incurs costs and may impact productivity. Ongoing research and dialogue are deemed essential to refine and optimize risk management approaches, ensuring the resilience and sustainability of agribusinesses in the face of evolving challenges.

Author(s) Details:

Ashish Ashok Uikey,
Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13770

Evaluating the Growth Performance and Mortality in Pre-Weaning Burmese Piglets Reared under Field Condition of Aizawl, India | Chapter 4 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

The highest tribal population of Mizoram among the North Eastern states is one of the reasons for the high demand for pork in the state. Large White Yorkshire, Hampshire, Mizo local and their crossbreds could not suffice the demand in the state so rearing of Burmese pigs gained popularity. The studies on the growth performance and mortality of Burmese piglets were conducted under the field conditions in Aizawl district of Mizoram. The data of 35 male and 40 female piglets were studied for a period of 11 months (July 2009 to May 2010). The result revealed that sex had a significant effect (P<0.05) on piglet body weight from birth till 8th week, males had higher body weight at all ages than females however the fortnightly body weight gain was higher in females than males; 155.85 gm and 168.60±0.01 gm in male and female respectively. For both male and females, fortnightly body weight gain increased from FN1 to FN2, however, it declined from FN3 to FN4. Pre-weaning mortality percentage was found to be 21.33% and Classical Swine Fever was the main cause of mortality.

Author(s) Details:

C. Lalremruata,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Serchhip District, North Vanlaiphai, Mizoram-796184, India.

Joy Lalmuanpuia,
Department of Veterinary Public Health, C.V.Sc, CAU, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796014, India.

T. Vanlalngurzauva,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Serchhip District, North Vanlaiphai, Mizoram-796184, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13769

Evaluation of Diverse Sorghum Genotypes under Varying Doses of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Semi-Arid Regions of Pakistan | Chapter 3 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Pakistan ranks among the nation’s most vulnerable to the ongoing and anticipated impacts of climate change. Cropping in Pakistan is bearing various climate challenges like temperature extremes, drought, flood, heavy rains, hails, wind storms increase in Co2, greenhouse gases and CFCs. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a predominant crop in arid regions. A field experiment involving six sorghum cultivars and three distinct nitrogen levels was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan during the Kharif season of 2017. The cultivars, nitrogen levels, and their interactions had a significant influence on plant height (cm), leaf area (cm²), crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1), panicle elongation (cm), number of grains per panicle, grain weight (g), biomass production (kg ha-1), and economic yield (kg ha-1). The sorghum genotype JS-263, with an NPK dose of 120:75:60 kg ha-1, exhibited the highest grain yield and yield-related parameters. This high-yielding sorghum cultivar and optimal nitrogen level could be utilized for enhanced yield and productivity.

Author(s) Details:

Iqtidar Hussain,
Department of Agronomy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.

Zuhair Hasnain,
Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture, University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Hafiz Basheer Ahmad,
Sugarcane Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13768

Fish Catch Composition and Its’ Bearing on the Income of Fishers: A Case Study of Chandakhal Wetland, Dhubri, Assam, India | Chapter 2 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Fishing is a traditional economic activity with tremendous socio-economic impact in the rural sector of India. In the state of Assam (India), the fishers are distinctive communities who are associated with the fish and fisheries of the region for their livelihood from time immemorial. The present study aims to know the fish catch composition of Chandakhal wetland of Dhubri district in the state of Assam, India and its’ bearing on the income of the fishers dependent on the wetland. The study is based on the data of fish catch composition (in Kilogram) and the fishers’ income (in Indian National Rupee) followed by its suitable statistical analysis using SPSS (Version 16.0). The findings bring about the result that 93.6% of the Fishers’ income’ is explained only by Catch of intermediate fish. At the same time the finding also shows that there is variation of 96.8% in the Fisher’s income being influenced by the variations in the catch of Intermediate and Minor fishes together. While there is 98.6% variation in the Fisher’s income being expressed by the variations in the Catch of Intermediate, Minor and Major fishes jointly. It is inferred from the present study that the income of Fisher of the study area is highly dependent on the catch of intermediate fish group followed by the minor fish group and major fish group.

Author(s) Details:

Sheikh S.,
Department of Zoology, B.N. College, Dhubri, Assam, India.

Goswami M. M.,
Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13767

Influence of Biological Indicators on the Process of Increasing Biological Activity to Improve the Quality of Paddy Fields in Jatipurno District, Wonogiri | Chapter 1 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

This study provides appropriate solutions regarding good soil quality, especially the influence of biological indicators on the process of increasing biological activity to improve the quality of paddy fields and increase rice production. Soil quality provides physical, chemical, and biological requirements for soul productivity, food quality and health, environmental safety of the animal and human plants. Increased rice needs in an extensive use of paddy fields in the Jatipurno, Wonogiri. Managing rice fields can reduce soil quality. Proper management can improve soil quality, Jatipurno has management such as organic, semi-organic and inorganic paddy field management which have a real effect on soil quality. Physical, chemical, and biological indicators are used to assess the quality of soil; the effects of each aspect vary. While each measure has the potential to be the primary indicator, chemical indicators are frequently utilized as the primary indicators for assessing soil quality. So, biological indicators can play indicators. The main indicators are obtained from the correlation test (p-values ≤ 0,05 - < 0,01) and Principal Component Analysis with high value, eigenvalues > 1 have the potential to be used as Minimum Data Sets. The result is biological can be able to use as the Minimum Data Set such as microbial carbon biomass, respiration, and total bacterial colonies. The Soil Quality Index (SQI) of various paddy management practices shows very low to low soil quality values. The management of organic rice systems shows better Soil Quality Index with a score of 0,20 compared to other management. The practice of organic rice management shows that it can improve soil quality. The quality of paddy soil in Mangunharjo Village managed organically has better soil quality compared to semi-organic and inorganic management with soil quality index values respectively 0.20, 0.17 and 0.15.

Author(s) Details:

Supriyadi,
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia.

Widyatmani Sih Dewi,
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia.

Widya Aryani,
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13766

Genetic Research in Type 2 Diabetes: Moving Beyond GWAS | Chapter 13 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

The present study highlights the results of recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which have significantly underestimated the disease heritability and present a challenge for ongoing and future investigation. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the fifth greatest cause of death worldwide and one of the most difficult issues of the twenty-first century. There is a lot of data to support the complex nature of T2D and its substantial hereditary component. Nearly 400 susceptibility loci linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related metabolic characteristics have been effectively found and replicated by recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), primarily in European populations but also in some African and South Asian populations. The GWAS serve as a starting point for future genetic and functional studies since the mechanisms of action by which these associated loci influence disease is still unclear, and it is difficult to predict the potential implications of these findings in clinical settings. It is imperative to develop a deeper understanding of genetic, epigenetic, environmental, cultural, and social factors that may interact to cause progression to T2D and are responsible for the declining health of the fastest developing nations of the third world. Despite extensive replication, no study has unequivocally demonstrated their clinical role in disease management beyond progression to T2D from impaired glucose tolerance. However, these studies are revealing new molecular pathways underlying diabetes etiology, gene-environment interactions, epigenetic modifications, and gene function. This review highlights evolving progress made in the rapidly moving field of T2D genetics that is starting to unravel the pathophysiology of a complex phenotype and has the potential to show clinical relevance in the near future.

Author(s) Details:

Dharambir K. Sanghera,
Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.

Piers R. Blackett,
Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V4/article/view/13836