Microbial Resistance Trends in Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Insights from South India | Chapter 7| Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

Objective: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common upper respiratory disease with a significant role of microbes in worsening the disease and its associated co-morbidities. In India, studies on the etiology and antibiotic resistance in CRS are limited, especially in children. Antibiotic administration can facilitate the subsequent proliferation of a variety of bacteria, frequently leading to the emergence of novel multidrug-resistant strains on the mucosal epithelium, with such frequencies and alterations potentially varying according to the type of antibiotics employed, age demographics, and clinical presentations.

Aim: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of common causative microbes and their antibiotic resistance in children and adolescents with CRS in the South Indian population.

Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted on 89 children and 99 adolescents with CRS who visited MAA ENT Hospital, Hyderabad, South India. Conventional and VITEK-2 methods were used for the identification and antibiotic sensitivity of the microbes. The diagnostic criteria for nasal allergy were primarily determined through the presence of symptoms including nasal discharge, nasal pruritus, and sneezing occurring more than five times daily. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression were applied to determine statistical differences between the variables using PASW v. 18.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

Results: The male-female ratio was 2:1 with an average children age of 8.9 ± 3.65 years and 16.1 ± 1.23 years in adolescents. The risk for adenoids was seen in 49.4 % of children (OR; 2.6: 95% CI: 1.63-4.06) while allergic fungal sinusitis (18.1%, OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.12-6.57) and nasal polyps (26.3%, OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.07-4.86) was commonly seen in adolescents. Bacterial culture rate was positive in 46.8% of the total subjects of which Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria (59.1%) followed by Streptococcus pnuemoniae (21.2%), Klebsiella sps (11.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.4%) and β hemolytic streptococci (1.1%). Streptococcus pneumonia (63.2%) was commonly identified in younger children and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (80%) was mostly seen in adolescents. High antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus was seen towards gentamicin (73%) and co-trimoxazole (64%), Streptococcus pnuemoniae to gentamicin (58%), co-trimoxazole (68%) and meropenem (32%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa to co-trimoxazole (100%), cefatoximine (60%) and cefatazidime (50%) while Klebsiella sps to gentamicin (80%) and co-trimoxazole (60%). Streptococcus aureus showed high sensitivity to cefatoximine (95.8%) and Streptococcus pnuemoniae for ofloxacin (100%), ciprofloxacin (89.5%) and cefazolin (89.5%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a high sensitivity for amikacin (100%) and ciprofloxacin (80%) and Klebsiella sps for amikacin (100%). Prompt detection and treatment of bacterial infections may reduce the severity of CRS episodes and enhance patient outcomes. It is also critical to think about how these discoveries may affect treatment plans and public health campaigns in South India.

Conclusion: Significant regional-specific variation and high antimicrobial resistance in the cultures of CRS patients warrant an urgent need for early initiation of personalized interventions for better management of infectious disease. The elevated rates of antibiotic resistance observed in all microbial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella sps underscore the imperative for the prompt initiation of personalized interventions and management strategies in the pediatric and adolescent population suffering from CRS.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Madhavi Jangala
MAA Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India and Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Raja Meghanadh Koralla
MAA Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Santoshi Kumari Manche
MAA Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India and Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Pardhanandana Reddy Penuguluru
MAA Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Jyothy Akka
Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v7/2332

Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in Mastitic Cases from Namakkal District | Chapter 9 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

The study was conducted to identify the prevalence of Staphylococcal mastitis in bovines from Namakkal region and the therapeutic response of antibiotics to Staphylococci by assessing the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in clinical settings. Milk samples (n= 241) were collected from clinical and subclinical mastitic cows which were brought to teaching veterinary clinical complex (TVCC), Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu and subjected to isolation on mannitol salt agar, Gram’s staining and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus at cow level was 61.5 and 57.4 per cent in clinical and subclinical cases, respectively, and at quarter level was 58.8 and 57.4 per cent in the clinical and subclinical cases, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern revealed a high sensitivity to enrofloxacin (100.0%) and a high resistance to methicillin (100.0%) by S. aureus isolates, and multidrug resistance by S. aureus isolates was also observed. Though enrofloxacin was found to be very effective in therapeutic management of most staphylococcal mastitis cases, antibiogram of milk sample from each mastitis cow is essential to monitor the development of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical or subclinical mastitis to the range of antibiotics commonly used. This would help in the early treatment of mastitis with sensitive antibiotics and prevent the case entering into the chronic stage, failure of treatment and loss of the value of cow.

Author(s) Details:

R. Navaneethan,
Kurichi Veterinary Dispensary, Kumbakonam Division, Tanjore District-612 504, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Saravanan,
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Tirunelveli-627 358, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13854

Study on Bacteremia in Hemodialytic Patients and Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern | Chapter 11 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

 Bacteremia is a condition in which bacteria are found in the bloodstream. Because hemodialysis patients are immunocompromised, the most common cause of death is bacterial bloodstream infection. Gram-positive cocci are the most common cause of bloodstream infections in hemodialysis users. Patients on hemodialysis are particularly vulnerable if the infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which has a death rate of greater than 8%.

Methods: For six months, a cross-sectional study was conducted at Nepal's National Kidney Center. Individuals having hemodialysis treatment had their blood samples taken. The collected blood samples were inoculated in a blood culture bottle with BHI biphasic medium and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 18-24 hours (up to 1 week if necessary). The colony shape and hemolytic reactions were detected after it was sub-cultured on blood agar plate. A variety of biochemical experiments were carried out in attempt to identify the isolate species. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using a modified Kirby Bauer technique. All of the data was recorded and analysed using the SPSS software.

The study enlisted the participation of a hundred patients. Gram-positive bacteria were discovered to be the most common (61.5 percent ). Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus (26.9%) and CoNS (88.4%) were often isolated, as were Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli (3.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.8%). The most common Gram-positive isolate among hemodialysis patients was found to be Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin resistance was found in 37.5 percent of the 16 S. aureus isolates, despite the fact that the majority of these bacteria were amoxicillin resistant. Amoxicillin was found to be the least effective antibiotic against most Gram-positive bacteria, whereas ciprofloxacin was found to be the most effective.

Conclusion: The goal of this study is to learn more about the prevalence of bacteria in hemodialysis patients, as well as the antibiogram of the isolates, because it is Nepal's first investigation into bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients. These findings could serve as a springboard for further research into bacteriological infection in hemodialysis patients and antibiogram.

Author (S) Details

Shrestha Prasansah
Department of Microbiology, National College, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Pokharel Nabaraj
Department of Microbiology, National College, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Pant Anil Dev
National Kidney Center, Kathmandu, Nepal.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V1/article/view/3769

Presence of Strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Detected in Drinking Water in Lalo, Benin: Assessment of Their Sensitivity to Commonly-Used Antibiotics | Chapter 9 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

 Benin has a high coverage rate of improved water sources. However, the vast majority of the population does not have access to safe drinking water at home. In the absence of a home piping system, the population devises methods to ensure that drinking water is available at home. As a result, water is extracted from its source, transported, and stored. This strategy is not without consequences because it favors microbiological contamination of the water. Unfortunately, the majority of antibiotics are resistant to bacteria that indicate fecal contamination. In terms of drinking water, fecal contamination indicator bacteria such as E. coli and enterococci are now antibiotic resistant; as a result, several infections can no longer be effectively treated. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of commonly used antibiotics against the germs responsible for microbiological contamination of drinking water in the district of Ahomadégbé, municipality of Lalo, Benin. Antibiotic efficacy was tested on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from thirty-five (35) drinking water samples. In Escherichia coli strains, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, imipenem, and pristinamycin showed complete sensitivity. Isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains, on the other hand, were Cephalosporin resistant. Cyclins and Macrolides are resistant to Pristinamycin (Streptogramins). Most common antibiotics are not effective against strains of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. To reduce the risk of infection in populations and to limit the spread of microbial resistance to antibiotics that can still act on these strains, it is critical to educate people about good hygiene practices, which are the most effective ways to reduce the risk of infection.

Author (s) Details

Roch Christian Johnson
Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

Gratien Boni
Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IREGES-V9/article/view/1513