Waterborne Bacterial Pathogen: A Global Health Issue for Sustainable Development | Chapter 5 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 2

In developing countries, people depend heavily on animals for food, which increases the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases, especially in rural communities, as a result of the frequent interaction between humans, livestock and poultry. Zoonose infections are among the major public health issues concerning, as pandemics emerge intermittently causing significant global human and economic losses. The aim of this review is to summarize the most prominent waterborne bacterial pathogens of zoonotic origin, along with basic prevention methods. Excretions and waste products are the most common sources of waterborne zoonotic pathogens, as these substances are used as a means of transmission from the animal to the aquatic environment. Water is one of the ways of transmission of infection, especially through drinking water. Among these life-threatening bacterial pathogens are Bacillus anthracis, Campylobacter jejuni, which causes enteritis in humans and animals, Escherichia Coli which causes hemorrhagic enteritis, Salmonella enterica which leads to enteritis, and Vibrio cholera which causes gastroenteritis and blood poisoning, may lead to death. To prevent these pathogens, efforts must be unified worldwide to solve the problem of proper disposal of animal waste, and to protect surface water from contamination with animal waste. In this review, we concluded that it is necessary to apply strategies to prevent waterborne zoonoses and to unify the efforts of various responsible disciplines, such as human health, animal health, and the environment.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ozdan Akram Ghareeb
Department of Pharmacy Techniques, Medical Technical Institute/ Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Iraq.

 

Qahtan Adnan Ali
Department of Environment and Pollution Technologies Engineering, Kirkuk Technical College Engineering, Northern Technical University, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v2/3267

Groundwater Quality Assessment in Ranjangaon Shenpunji Village of Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India| Chapter 3 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

 The present study was carried out to in Rajangaon Shenpunji village for assessment of groundwater quality. Thirty groundwater samples were collected from dug and bore wells for this water quality analysis and eleven physico-chemical parameters i.e. PH, EC, TDS, CL, TH, Mg, Ca, HCO3, Na, K and SO4were calculated by using standard methods and instruments. From the water quality analysis 100% groundwater samples are exceeding maximum permissible limit except TDS 40%, Cl 30%, Mg 73.33% and Sulphate 76.67% is exceeding maximum permissible limit as per WHO and BIS standards level for drinking water.Plot the major cations and ions in the piper triangular diagram and it shows that 100% groundwater samples are fall in Ca-Cl water type. This study provides information for groundwater chemistry in Rajaongaon Shenpunji village industrial area. Its need to focus on the specific contamination source and it migrate in groundwaters.

Author(s) Details:

Kamble S. N.,
Department of Geology, Government Institute of Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

Sirsat S. K.,
Department of Geology, Government Institute of Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V9/article/view/13831

Assessment of Physicochemical Quality of Groundwater in Haryana, India | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Water an important natural resource is a prime requirement for human, plants, animals, and industries. A nation’s economic growth depends on its industrial growth which directly or indirectly depends upon quality of water. Water quality is determined by physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, carbonate, bicarbonate, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity, all of which should be investigated. Water hardness and dissolved oxygen content varies depending on the source, treatment procedure as well as on pipeline condition. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture has led to deterioration of groundwater quality. 1/3 of world population depends upon ground water for its daily need as it is a replenishable source. In this study, the quality of groundwater and municipal water for drinking purposes in the villages of Ambala District (Haryana) was assessed. Ground water and municipal water samples were obtained from various villages in the Ambala District of Haryana, and their physicochemical parameters were studied. The quality of groundwater was assessed by analyzing physiochemical parameters and comparing them to the standard desirable limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). According to the data available from study of various water resources total dissolved solids, total hardness, and magnesium all exceed the maximum acceptable and maximum permitted ranges for drinking purposes and it is recommended that water should be treated well before human consumption to avoid the ill effects of it on human health.

Author(s) Details:

Amita Garg,
Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana-133207 (Ambala), Haryana, India.

Radhika Khanna,
Department of Chemistry, Babu Anant Ram Janta College, Kaul (Kaithal) 136021, Haryana, India.

Devansh Gupta,
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed to be) University, Patiala-147004, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDSTSF/article/view/13388

Choosing a Drinking Water Source Pattern in India: A Study of Households | Chapter 5 | Recent Trends in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 6

 In India, freshwater chance is projected expected 1545 m3/year per person, that is below the opening of minimal demand and create drinking water a valued resource. In the next ten years, water stress is expected to reach epic fractions because India is home to about 16 percent of the experience's population but just 4 percent of allure water resources. More news about the preferred water beginning for families is wanted in order to increase the success of water transfer programmes. Using nationally representative dossier on urban households from the Indian Human Development Survey from 2005, we attempt to foresee the choice of drinking water beginning in urban India in this research. Our judgments indicate that monetary capability and benefit knowledge.

Author(s) Details:

Subhalakhsmi Paul,

Ananda Mohan College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata – 700009, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTASS-V6/article/view/11411

Determining the Effects of the Fires in the Mountains of Cordoba on the Quality of Water in the Reservoirs | Chapter 7 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 9

 With a population of more than 1,450,000 people in 2020, Córdoba and its environs are one of Argentina's most major cities. The San Roque and Los Molinos reservoirs provide water to this city. The hydrological cycles in the region are extremely variable. Furthermore, the city's and its hinterland's constant population development in recent years has resulted in water supply conflicts that have been prolonged by droughts, floods, and changes in land use. Furthermore, fires in the basin on a regular basis severely harmed both reservoirs' routing, with grave repercussions. The goal of this study is to estimate the damage done to the San Roque and Los Molino lakes each year as a result of the fires that occurred in the Sierras de Córdoba. It also aims to figure out how much sedimentation has increased in both reservoirs. The Djorovic & Gavrilovic [1] model was used to compute the specified degradation in the basin. The time it takes to reach total siltation of the reservoirs owing to fires in the upper basin has decreased, according to the findings.

Author(S) Details

Santiago Reyna
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Argentina.

Teresa Reyna
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Argentina.

María Lábaque
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Argentina.

Fabián Fulginiti
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Argentina.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V9/article/view/4943

Presence of Strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Detected in Drinking Water in Lalo, Benin: Assessment of Their Sensitivity to Commonly-Used Antibiotics | Chapter 9 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

 Benin has a high coverage rate of improved water sources. However, the vast majority of the population does not have access to safe drinking water at home. In the absence of a home piping system, the population devises methods to ensure that drinking water is available at home. As a result, water is extracted from its source, transported, and stored. This strategy is not without consequences because it favors microbiological contamination of the water. Unfortunately, the majority of antibiotics are resistant to bacteria that indicate fecal contamination. In terms of drinking water, fecal contamination indicator bacteria such as E. coli and enterococci are now antibiotic resistant; as a result, several infections can no longer be effectively treated. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of commonly used antibiotics against the germs responsible for microbiological contamination of drinking water in the district of Ahomadégbé, municipality of Lalo, Benin. Antibiotic efficacy was tested on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from thirty-five (35) drinking water samples. In Escherichia coli strains, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, imipenem, and pristinamycin showed complete sensitivity. Isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains, on the other hand, were Cephalosporin resistant. Cyclins and Macrolides are resistant to Pristinamycin (Streptogramins). Most common antibiotics are not effective against strains of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. To reduce the risk of infection in populations and to limit the spread of microbial resistance to antibiotics that can still act on these strains, it is critical to educate people about good hygiene practices, which are the most effective ways to reduce the risk of infection.

Author (s) Details

Roch Christian Johnson
Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

Gratien Boni
Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IREGES-V9/article/view/1513

Quality of Drinking Water in Benin (West Africa): Analysis of the Potential Use of the “Songhaï” Ceramic Filter | Chapter 6 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

 Benin's public health issues stem from a variety of sources. Domestic water plays an important role in households, but it is contaminated by biological and physicochemical pollutants. Household water purification devices, such as ceramic filters, can be used as a solution. “Filtre Songha” is a ceramic filter that is simple and easy to use and is sold in Benin. The purpose of this research is to examine the use of the “Filtre Songha” in the treatment of domestic water in a periurban area of Porto-Novo (Benin). A collective well and a pond in Porto-5th Novo's district were used to collect samples. Before and after filtration, physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were measured. The results showed that the use of filters resulted in a 97.5 percent reduction in total coliform in well water and a 99.05 percent reduction in water from the lagoon. In both cases, the reduction in Escherichia coli and fecal streptococci is 100 percent. Given the device's dependability and accessibility as a result of its lifetime use, this device can be recommended to households for drinking water, particularly for children under the age of five, who are the most vulnerable to water-borne diseases. At the conclusion of this study, it is discovered that using the “Filtre Songha” allows for a significant improvement in the microbiological properties of water. Later research is required to improve the filtration speed of the “Filtre Song-ha.” More research is needed to improve the filtration time of this device.

Author (s) Details

Roch Christian Johnson
Laboratory of Hygiene, Sanitation, Toxicology and Environmental Health, Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development, University of Abomey-Calavi (CIFRED-UAC), Cotonou, Benin.

Gratien Boni
Laboratory of Hygiene, Sanitation, Toxicology and Environmental Health, Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development, University of Abomey-Calavi (CIFRED-UAC), Cotonou, Benin.

Cyriaque Degbey
Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.

Karel Togbe
Laboratory of Hygiene, Sanitation, Toxicology and Environmental Health, Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development, University of Abomey-Calavi (CIFRED-UAC), Cotonou, Benin.

Hermione Amoukpo
Laboratory of Hygiene, Sanitation, Toxicology and Environmental Health, Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development, University of Abomey-Calavi (CIFRED-UAC), Cotonou, Benin.


Michel Boko
Laboratory of Hygiene, Sanitation, Toxicology and Environmental Health, Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development, University of Abomey-Calavi (CIFRED-UAC), Cotonou, Benin.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IREGES-V9/article/view/1510

Distribution of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) in Full-scale Drinking Water Utilities of India in Eastern Region - Challenges and Issues | Chapter 11 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 5

 Natural organic matter (NOM) in the water supply system is a major source of concern. It degrades the quality of drinking water and causes the production of cancer-causing trihalomethane (THM) chemicals. The current study looked into the distribution of NOM species (TOC, DOC, UV254, and SUVA) and their problems in full-scale drinking water utility treatment stages. Raw water met the Bureau of Indian Standards in terms of physico-chemical parameters (BIS). During the monitoring process, TOC was discovered to be the most prevalent percentage of NOM, having a significant impact on treatment efficiency. The highest TOC concentration (3.8 mg/l) was found in VWTP's raw water. The study will be of great assistance to the water management body in producing safe drinking water in the case of NOM.

Author(s) Details

Jaydev Kumar Mahato
Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad-826004, India.

S. K. Gupta
Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad-826004, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V5/article/view/991

Research on Performance Evaluation and Improvement of Ifraz-2 Water Treatment Plant | Chapter 2 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 7

 The performance of a water treatment plant (WTP) must be evaluated in all aspects and factors, including physical, chemical, and bacteriological, in order to determine its efficiency and provide consumers with high-quality water. Any WTP's output must be assessed in order to fully comprehend its service, operation, and quality. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of Ifraz 2 WTP units and to identify efficiency issues in the units, as well as to provide appropriate solutions. Raw water, after clarification, filtration, and storage tank water samples were collected for six months. The efficiency of removing turbidity from each unit and the entire WTP was measured and presented. The raw water turbidity values ranged from 51.8 NTU to 1978 NTU, indicating that there is a broad variety of turbidity values. The sedimentation unit, filtration unit, and the entire Ifraz 2 WTP had average removal efficiencies of 92.25 percent, 64.99 percent, and 97.54 percent, respectively. Owing to the lack of an optimal coagulant concentration, the performance of coagulation and flocculation processes varies. Owing to the shallow depth of the filter bed in the filtration phase, the filtration process is of poor consistency. To improve filter performance, an appropriate amount of filter media must be added to the filtration process. Owing to the presence of solids in the storage tank, the turbidity of the treated water increased in half of the samples after disinfection and storage. After coagulation-flocculation and sedimentation tanks, a large portion of the solids is removed.

Author (s) Details

Imad A. Omar
Ministry of Municipality and tourism, General Directorate of Water and Sewerage, Erbil, Iraq.

Shuokr Q. Aziz
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V7/article/view/834

Study on Physico–chemical Properties and Some Heavy Metal Contents in Public Water Sources in Tuzla and Its Surrounding, Bosnian and Herzegovina | Chapter 10 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol. 1

This paper presents the results of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) contents in water sources of public supply of Tuzla and the surrounding area, as alternative sources of water supply. The study area was divided into six (6) sampling sites and their respective position was detected using GPS device (MAGELLAN EXPLORIST 210). The heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), While, the physico-chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbonate, total hardness, nitrate (NO3 -N), nitrite (NO2 N), ammonia (NH3 -N), KMnO4 and chlorides were determined using standard methods. The heavy metal contents: Cu (1-6 μg/L) and Zn (1-2 μg/L). Pb was only detected Simin Han well water at 2 μg/L. Cd was below detection limits in all samples. The levels of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in Tuzla and its surrounding alternative drinking sources are within the permissible limits according to the Regulations on the safety of drinking water of Bosnia and Herzegovina and WHO. The physico–chemical properties of the water samples from the study area are within the recommended level of exposure, except for ammonia in the well of Miladije 2 and pH of Miladije 1. Concentrations of the investigated parameters in samples of drinking water alternative sources of public supply of Tuzla and its surrounding area within the allowed limits according to World.

Author(s) Details

Almir Šestan
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Aida Crnkić
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Aldina Kesić
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Zorica Hodžić
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Indira Šestan
Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

View Book: - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/175