Role of Hygiene, Sanitation and Behavior Handler Food with Existence Bacteria Escherichia coli in Children's Snacks in Elementary Schools and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) | Chapter 08 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Food is a basic human need that requires good management to prevent it as a medium for disease transmission. Street snacks are a source of bacterial contamination, and many snacks do not meet health requirements. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the role of sanitation hygiene and food handlers' behavior in the occurrence of Escherichia coli contamination in food served to children at elementary schools and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI). This study employed an analytical survey method with a cross-sectional design. A population consisting of 78 individuals selling children's food during the January 2023 period was used for the study. The sample consisted of 43 food vendors, selected using purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria were respondents who sell food in Elementary Schools and MI, while the exclusion criteria were those who sell covered or packaged food. Data were collected through observation sheets and interviews. Data analysis involved both univariate and bivariate methods using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that 31 respondents (72.1%) adhered to sanitary hygiene requirements, 33 respondents (76.7%) fulfilled the criteria for food handlers' behaviour, and nine respondents (20.9%) had their food contaminated with Escherichia coli. Of the 43 food samples studied, more than half (65.1%) were snacks. A relationship exists between sanitation hygiene and Escherichia coli contamination in children's food in Elementary Schools and MI (p-value = 0.0001). Additionally, a relationship was observed between food handlers' behaviour and Escherichia coli contamination in food served at both types of schools (p-value = 0.0001). There was no relationship between the kind of food and Escherichia Coli contamination in children's snacks, p = 0.615. These results emphasized the importance of street food vendors consistently prioritizing and implementing proper food sanitation, hygiene and healthy practices. This method was crucial to prevent Escherichia coli contamination and ensure the safety of food served to children.

 

Author(s) Details :-

 

Cucu Herawati
College of Health Sciences Cirebon, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia.

Heni Endayani
College of Health Sciences Cirebon, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia.

Suzana Indragiri
College of Health Sciences Cirebon, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia.

Iin Kristanti
College of Health Sciences Cirebon, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia.

Supriatin
College of Health Sciences Cirebon, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia.

Nuniek Tri Wahyuni
College of Health Sciences Cirebon, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia.

Awis Hamid Dani
College of Health Sciences Cirebon, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia.

Isna Hikmawati
Muhammadiyah University Purwokerto, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v7/539

Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Relatedness of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fecal Poultry and Bovine Housed in Tunisian Farms | Chapter 1 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

This study aimed to investigate the presence of integrons in commensal E. coli isolates from animal origins (poultry and bovine) housed in farms located in four different governorates of Tunisia (Sousse, Tunis, Bizerte and Gbeli), with a focus on antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and phylogroups as well as genetic characterization of genes encoding sulphonamides, tetracycline resistance (owing to their high rates of resistance in our collection and their excessive use in veterinary medicine in Tunisia). Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons are able to disseminate genes encoding antibiotic resistance by horizontal transfer, and play an important role in the evolution and dissemination of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

 

Little detailed documentation has been researched on the excessive use of antimicrobials such as tetracycline and sulfonamides in veterinary medicine in Tunisia, and more studies are needed. A total of 58 commensal Escherichia coli isolates recovered from faecal samples of healthy poultry (n=31) and bovine (n=27) recovered from farms in Tunisia were examined for 20 antimicrobials as well as researched the presence of integron, variable regions (VRs), phylogroups, tetracycline (tetA, tetB, et tetC) and sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, and sul3) resistance genes. The most frequent resistance in poultry origin was to tetracycline (94.3%), sulfonamide (70.69%), nalidixic acid (61.29), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin with 64.51%, to amoxicillin and ticarcilline with 58%. Whereas, for the bovine isolates, it noted high resistance to streptomycin (55.5%) and moderate resistance to tetracycline (37%) and amoxicillin (18.5%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 20, 6 isolates for poultry and bovine, respectively, as well as class 2 integrons were found in 2 and 1 isolates, respectively. Class 1 integrons were significantly associated with poultry origin (p=0.001). For poultry, sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes were detected in 14 (46.2%), 7 (23.8%), and 4 (8.9%) resistant isolates, respectively. Whereas, for bovine, 5 isolates were resistant to sulfonamide and sul1 and sul2 genes were detected in 4 and 1 isolates, with an absence of sul3 genes. and tetracycline genes tetA, tetB genes were observed in 27 (84.37%) and 8 (25%) resistant isolates, respectively, while TetC was not detected amongst our isolates. Seven arrangement gene cassettes were detected; dfrA1-satA1-aadA1 in one identical DNA fragment with approximate size of 2000 bp, and six arrangements of resistance gene cassettes of class 1 integron were detected; dfrA1+aadA1 (5isolates); for dfrA17+aadA1, dfrA12+ orfF+aadA2 each one two 2isolates; one isolate for aadA1 and dfrA5, respectively. In poultry, 16 isolates were found to belong to phylogroup A (subgroupA1: 12, subgroupA0: 4); 9 to B1, 1 to B2 and 5 to phylogroup D. However, in bovine 9 isolates have the phylogroups A1, 7 isolates B1, 4 isolates B2, and 3 isolates found to phylogroup D. Our results showed that the prevalence of resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry was much higher than that observed in bovin. This is worrisome for global human health, especially with the increasing consumption of poultry meat in Tunisia and in another part of the world owing to its relatively lower cost compared to red meat.

 

Author (s) Details

Hajer Kilani
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Mohamed Salah Abbassi
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Sana Lengliz
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Application, LR11ES22, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Rim Dhifalli
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Bouraoui Jihene
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Riadh Mansouri
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Noureddine Ben Chehida
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Ilhem Boutiba-Benboubaker
Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia and Department of Microbiology, Hospital of Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/1613

Formulation and Antibacterial Assessment of a Herbal Cream Containing Biophytum sensitivum D.C.| Chapter 1 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 8

 

Aim: Biophytum sensitivum DC Oxalidaceae is a traditional medicinal plant for treating bacterial infections. The goal of the current study was to create and assess an antibacterial cream of hydroalcoholic extract from Biophytum sensitivium DC.

 

Materials and Methods: This plant was extracted using the hydroalcoholic method and further evaluated for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) by agar well diffusion method.

 

Results: The presence of phenols and flavonoids in the extract of Biophytum sensitivum DC Oxalidaceae exhibited significant activity on E. coli organism and activity which is compatible with standard antibiotics.

 

Conclusion: The chemical constituents were tested to identify phenols and flavonoids. The use of hydroalcoholic extract resulted in antibacterial activity, and an antibacterial cream was further formulated.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Haripriya G
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

 

Krithika R
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

 

LisMaria Joseph
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

 

Suresh J
Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v8/6111

Isolation and Characterisation of Antibiotic Resistance Escherichia coli from Wild Animals kept at Bikaner Zoo Rajasthan, India | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 

Antimicrobial resistance is a matter of great concern due to the reduced efficacy or failures of antibiotics to treat various bacterial infections. At present, there are few reports available on the isolation and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes on E. coli found in wild captive animal species. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic properties of E. coli isolates obtained from wild captive animals at Bikaner Zoo in regard to their antibiotic resistance. In the present study, a total of 41 E. coli isolates obtained from Boselaphus tragocamelus (5), Antelope cervicapra (18) and Gazella gazelle (18) maintained at Bikaner Zoo (Rajasthan) were subjected to antibiogram determination against 15 antibiotics belonging to four different classes and were also genotyped for detecting presence of blaTEM, sul-2, strA and aadA genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by the agar disc diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction was carried out with a Veriti 96 well thermocycler to detect the presence of the identified genes amplified through specific primers. Antibiogram study revealed the highest efficacy of ciprofloxacin (90.2%) followed by nalidixic acid (75.6%) and chloramphenicol (68.4%) and high resistance to \(\beta\) lactam, Sulfamethoxazole and Aminoglycoside antibiotics. The overall presence of blaTEM, sul-2, strA and aadA genes was detected in 95.12%, 80.48%, 60.97% and 87.8% in isolates. This study's findings reveal that wild captive animals may act as a reservoir of antibiotic resistant genes which may be mobilized into other ecological populations. The data from the present study accounts for the critical need for regulation of antimicrobial drug usage in wild captive animals and highlights for continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance.

 

Author(s) Details

Sophia Zaidi
Government College, Deshnok-334801, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v5/349

Pathogen Detection on Inanimate Surfaces in Healthcare Institutions: Phenotype and Genotype Detection Methods | Chapter 3 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 12

Aims: The persistence and transmission of microorganisms, especially in hospitals and other healthcare-associated facilities, are critical concerns in addressing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI). This comprehensive chapter addresses various facets of environmental hygiene and pathogen detection. Emphasis has been made on the importance of effective sanitation practices and advanced detection methods in mitigating healthcare-associated infections based on the results of 10 of our previously published studies on the detection and survival of pathogens on surfaces.

Methods: Studies on the detection of pathogens on surfaces are conducted using various phenotype and genotype methods using different databases. For the detection of pathogenic bacteria and fungi on surfaces, several incubation-based methods like contact plates, swabbing, elution, and some other methods can be used. In contrast, genotype methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offer a rapid alternative to phenotype incubation methods. The detection of viruses is mainly conducted using PCR for gene amplification, followed by virus isolation in cell cultures.

Results and Discussion: Hospital surfaces can harbour microorganisms for extended periods, significantly contributing to nosocomial infections. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 became paramount. Implementing rigorous sanitation measures and continuous hygiene monitoring, including regular employee education on hand hygiene are crucial in preventing recontamination. Hospital laundries are potential hotspots for pathogen transmission if textiles are not properly disinfected and handled. Microorganisms can survive on surfaces for various periods at different temperatures. Traditional methods for assessing surface cleanliness, involving surface sampling and classical incubation, are time-consuming methods that may take 2-4 days to analyse the results.

Conclusion: This chapter emphasizes the critical need for robust environmental hygiene protocols, advanced detection methods, and continuous monitoring to mitigate the risk of HCAIs. Implementing stringent sanitation measures, educating healthcare workers, and utilizing sensitive detection technologies are some of the essential strategies for the ongoing battle against healthcare-associated pathogens.

 

Author (s) Details

Sabina Fijan
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

Urška Rozman
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

Sonja Šostar Turk
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna Ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v12/2626

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf and Seed Extracts of Moringa oleifera on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

The aim of the study was to ascertain the antimicrobial activities of the extract of Moringa oliferea leaf and seed, to compare the size of the inhibition zone on bacteria isolates, and to ascertain the different concentration of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf that shows inhibition. For thousands of years, ancient people depended mostly on flowers, barks, leaves and fruits of plants for medicine. Only recently have synthetic drugs, most of which are similar to compounds identified in plants, come into use. Information on the activities and curative actions of medicinal plants was obtained from the introduction of the European scientific method. Specifically, this study focused on the antimicrobial activity of alcohol (ethanol) and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plant material of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds used in this study was collected from Dilomat Farms and Service Limited in Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu–Oroworuwku, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the seed and leaf at a concentration of 10g/100ml and the diluted ethanol and aqueous extracts at concentrations of 0.1g/ml, 0.2g/ml, 0.4g/ml, 0.6g/ml and 0.8g/ml were impregnated into sterilized filter paper discs. Also, ethanol alone was impregnated into sterilized filter paper discs and used as a control. The agar disc diffusion method was adopted to obtain zones of inhibition. The zones of inhibition obtained for ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera seed for Staphylococcus aureus was 12 mm, Escherichia coli was 13 mm and Pseudomonas aerucginora was 10 mm. The ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaf gave an inhibitory zone of 11 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 10mm for Escherichia coli, and 9mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Different degrees of inhibition were observed for the diluted ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera seed. The diluted ethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf were resistant to the test organisms at concentrations of 0.1g/ml, and 0.6g/ml but were sensitive at concentrations of 0.8g/ml. The aqueous and diluted aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf were resistant to the test organisms. The zones of inhibition obtained for ethanol alone on the test organisms ranged between 8mm and 10mm. The degree of the zone of inhibition differs, however, the ethanol extracts exhibited the highest inhibitory effect than the aqueous extracts. This study revealed that Moringa oleifera seed and leaf extracts are potential antimicrobial agents. It should be used successfully for treating food poisoning, wound, diarrhea, dysentery, boil, sexually transmitted diseases and arthritis caused by the test organisms. The addition of Moringa oleifera to meals is highly recommended. Additionally, there is a need for detailed scientific study of traditional medical practices to ensure that valuable therapeutic knowledge of some plants is preserved and to provide scientific evidence for their efficacies.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mbata Christian A
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

 

Adegoke O. Adebayo
Madonna University Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

Nwagu Chinyere
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.

 

Dimkpa Cecilia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v7/2470

Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Extracts from Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaves against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria | Chapter 8 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 4

With the increasing rate of antibiotic/multidrug resistance and the growing demand for plant-based therapies, Azadirachta indica (neem) emerges as one of the leading medicinal plants due to its wide range of compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. This study analysed the A. indica leaf methanol extract for its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria using the agar diffusion assay with methanol extracts of varying concentrations (5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%) initially for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Later, methanol extracts with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% were used for S. aureus and E. coli. Gentamicin was used as a positive control. The results indicated the antibacterial activity of the A. indica leaf methanol extract against all three bacteria, irrespective of the concentration used. However, compared to gentamicin, the antibacterial activity of A. indica was relatively lower. These findings indicate the potential of A. indica as a plant-based antibacterial agent, offering an alternative or complementary treatment strategy to combat antibiotic/multidrug resistance. Further clinical studies/trials on the leaf extract are required to ensure its safety for human use.

 

Author (s) Details

Neema Kumari
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India and Department of Microbiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram, Hyderabad-500055, Telangana, India.

 

Niketa Jaiswal
Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Mamta Sharma
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Poonam
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Pranjul Asthana
Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v4/3012

Prevalence and Susceptibility of Diarrheagenic Pathogens in Under-Five Children in Zanzibar, Tanzania | Chapter 3 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Escherichia coli, Diarrhea, prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, children under five yearsBackground: Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of death, poor health and disability among children aged under five years in developing countries.

Aims: This study aimed at providing evidence of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns towards Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli among under-five children in Unguja – Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Study Design: This cross-sectional design was used to collect samples from stools of children suffering from diarrhoea.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Zanzibar's western urban region between October 2019 to February 2020.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to February 2020. Random samples were collected to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli. The samples were cultured using Hektoen Enteric (HE) and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results: A total of 159 stool samples were collected in the study; Salmonella spp. was identified 12/159 times (7.5%) of the total samples. Shigella spp. and E. coli were identified in 7/159 samples (4.4%) and 6/159 (3.7%), respectively. The age range of 1- 3 years were more susceptible to diarrhoea caused by Salmonella spp. 12 (7.5%) than Shigella spp. 7 (4.4%) and Escherichia coli 6(3.7%) These results indicated that there is no statistically significant relationship between the age of patients and identification of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli (chi-square with four degrees of freedom = 2, p = 0.064). Children between 49 and 60 months showed low prevalence, while a high peak prevalence was reported for children between 7–12 months. All Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli species identified were sufficiently susceptible to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone, with a varying pattern to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The multiple drug resistant (MDR) patterns of Shigella and E. coli exhibited to four antibiotics trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, ceftriaxone and nalidixic acid while Salmonella isolates showed low resistance pattern to three antibiotics nalidixic acid, azithromycin and ampicillin. The correlation between the total identification of microbes and the date collected stools is significant at p = 0.020. ANOVA test used a linear relationship. The relationship between isolated pathogenic bacteria and the date of collected diarrheagenic stools was positive (3.515), based on the t-value (2.506) and p-value (0.02). The study benefit to guide the first-line and second-line drug choice in the treatment of diarrhoea in the subsequent reviews of the Zanzibar Standard Treatment Guideline (ZSTG) for Diarrhoeal diseases, as needed by Ministry of Health, 2016 and to initiate a long-term surveillance program to monitor and identify the changes in the rate of antimicrobial patterns of these bacteria of public health concern. Future research should extend the study to include other regions of Zanzibar and conduct molecular data, this will provide a more comprehensive understanding prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of diarrhoeagenic pathogens.

Conclusion: We found Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli isolates in the stools of children ≤ 5 years from Unguja, Zanzibar, but all the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone but partially resistant to other tested antibiotics. Identifying resistant bacteria in this age group should be a concern for the public health authorities and trigger research into finding the cause.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Kheir M. Kheir
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

 

Bernard Mbwele
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Dar es Salaam –Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box-608, Mbeya, Tanzania.

 

Khadija N. Omar
Zanzibar Livestock Research Institute (ZALIR), Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, Natural Resources and Livestock, PO BOX 104, Kizimbani Zanzibar, Tanzania.

 

Modester D. Nkungu
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

 

Lucy A. Namkinga
Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Dar es Salaam – Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v9/3726

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Direct Crude Extracts of Carica papaya Leaves and Allium sativum Cloves Alone and in Combination against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Strains | Chapter 10 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 

Aim: Medicinal plants have potential pharmacological effect and Screening of natural extracts is a focused intensive study that aims to find active principles sorted from plant resources both safe and environmental friendly.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of direct crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple drug resistant strains.

Methods: The antibacterial potency of each plant extract individually and in combination was evaluated using five bacterial strains causing infections. Two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and three strains of Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum using Agar Disk Diffusion Method.

Results: The results revealed that Carica papaya leaves extract and Allium sativum cloves extracts were potentially effective in suppressing microbial growth with variable potency. The combination of extracts of both plants was found to be most effective combination in retarding microbial growth of all tested pathogenic bacteria at concentration of 10 mg/disc than individual extracts.

Conclusion:  The extracts have the potential to serve as natural alternatives for preventing food poisoning and preserving food while avoiding the potential health risks associated with the use of chemically antibacterial agents.

Author(s) Details:

Srividya Lonkala,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beside LMD Police Station, Thimmapur, Karimnagar-505481, Telangana, India.

Prasadaswamy Thirunahari,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beside LMD Police Station, Thimmapur, Karimnagar-505481, Telangana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V7/article/view/13776

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern in Escherichia coli Isolated from Children Admitted at Selected Health Care Facilities in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

 This episode aims to determine the predominance and pattern of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from infants admitted at picked health care facilities in Moshi city, Tanzania. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between Gram negative bacteria has become a important public health concern general. The currently available news on the prevalence and patterns of AMR to various geographical domains has demonstrated that it is on rise. This explanatory cross sectional study was transported during October 2017 to April 2018.The study sought to answer the following questions:  What are the delivery of freight rates of Escherichia coli among juveniles admitted at selected well-being facilities in Moshi city, What is the resistance rates of Escherichia coli unique from children against the commonly secondhand antibiotics in Moshi Municipality and What is the predominance of the Extended spectrum beta lactamase bearing Escherichia coli isolates from children granted at health facilities in Moshi city?In this investigation, Escherichia coli was labeled from all 282 cultured archived rectal swabs, and so forth isolates were sensitive to amikacin and meropenem. Extended range beta lactamase builders made up 13.1% of the total, while non-extended range beta lactamase builders made up 86.9%.  Antimicrobial resistance was discovered in 282 isolates on the commonly secondhand antimicrobial agents: ampicillin (83%), trimethoprim (75.9%), cefuroxime  (32.6%), ceftriaxone (30.1%), ceftazidime (29.4%), ciprofloxacin (27.7%), medicine/clavunic (24%), gentamicin (21%), chloramphenicol (16.3%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (8.1%). Ampicillin resistance was about all Extended Spectrum beta lactamase generating isolates. Amikacin and meropenem are wait the antibiotics of choice for second-line healing of E. coli infections. The most of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim. Both ESBL and non-ESBL bearing Escherichia coli displayed opposition to routinely used medicines; therefore, more research is wanted to understand the processes employed by non-ESBL bearing Escherichia coli to develop opposition.

Author(s) Details:

Mzelifa Daud,
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O.Box 2240, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Balthazar Nyombi,
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P.O.Box 2240, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V8/article/view/12489

Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli from Chickens and Humans: One Health Approach | Chapter 6 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 4

 This branch presents the findings of a inclusive study conducted in Trinidad and Tobago to characterize comprehensive-spectrum being tested-lactamase (ESBL) and extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) associated resentment genes in isolates from, chickens and humans. The study was devised as a cross-sectional analysis over a three-temporal length of event or entity's existence period, all the while which a total of 471 isolates were collected and recognized from humans discussed at a regional tertiary ward and chicken caecal samples from "pluck shops" in Trinidad & Tobago. The ESBLs and resentment genes in the isolates were determined utilizing conventional and molecular microbiological means, including polymerase chemical reaction (PCR) analysis. The chapter climaxes the prevalence and allocation of ESBL and virulence-associated genes in the Escherichia coli isolates from two together human and chicken beginnings and discusses their potential implications honestly health. And this is again in keeping with a description of individual health approach to well-being.

Author(s) Details:

Chandrashekhar Unakal,
Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.

Patrick Eberechi Akpaka,
Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V4/article/view/11975

In-silico Determination of Some Conditions Leading to Glycolytic Oscillations and their Interference with Tryptophan Synthesis in E. coli Cells | Chapter 2 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 Numerous microorganisms exhibit the phenomenon known as independent oscillations of species levels in glycolysis, that demonstrates the self-control concerning this crucial cellular road that is any of the central carbon absorption (CCM). Living cells oscillate their levels of glycolytic go-between in response to their surroundings and internal processes, particularly the ATP improvement system.  As long as most of the glycolytic go-between are involved in various basic metabolic pathways belonging to the CCM, determining the environments that lead to the incident and maintenance of the glycolytic oscillations, and evaluation of the movement and average level of its intermediates is of extreme importance, by giving immediate practical requests, due to glycolysis connections accompanying most of cell syntheses. Based on our glycolysis energetic model, validated in previous everything, this paper is aiming to in silico (math model-located) identify referring to practices or policies that do not negatively affect the environment conditions and cell determinants leading to the incident of stable glycolytic oscillations in the E. coli cells. Such an reasoning can be used to design genetic reduced micro-organisms (GMO) containing certain ’motifs’ of useful interest. As an example, interactions 'tween the glycolytic oscillations and the oscillatory TRP synthesis (through the PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) joint node) is here analysed.

The analysis allows further TRP production maximization in a semi-continuous bioreactor (SBR).

Author(s) Details:

Gheorghe Maria,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Str. 1-7, Bucharest-011061, Romania and Romanian Academy, Chemical Sciences Section, Calea Victoriei 125, Bucharest-010071, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V5/article/view/10480

Expression of Genetically Engineered Therapeutic Fusion Protein Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/ Shiga-Like Toxin (VEGF/SLT) in Escherichia coli for Targeting Angiogenesis | Chapter 9 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 Angiogenesis is a reserved process of growing new elements vessels under normal degree. However, in a large number of pathologies, in the way that solid tumor tumor, angiogenesis is a crucial component of the affliction process. Therefore, angiogenesis inhibitors are being investigated as potential cure for tumor growth. During angiogenesis endothelial containers of existing ancestry vessels withstand a complex process of reshaping, migration, development and organizing into new bowls. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a central mediator for this process and acts by way of receptors whose expression is limited almost particularly to endothelial cells. Because of its discrimination, VEGF represents a singular vehicle for transfer inhibitors of angiogenesis to endothelial cells. Among potential inhibitors of angiogenesis is Shiga-like toxin-1 (SLT-I) caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and has the advantage that endothelial containers appear to be particularly awake its operation. The hypothesis of joining a SLT-I toxin with VEGF (VEGF/SLT) as a transfer vehicle would present image of a highly selective and alive inhibitor of angiogenesis. To this end, melding proteins containing VEGF121 and two forms of Shiga-like poison-I (A, or A1) were developed and tested In vitro for actions to have the potential to inhibit angiogenesis in vivo. VEGF121/A1 melding protein displayed the talent to induce auto-phosphorylation of the VEGF receptor KDR/flk-1 and presented strong discriminating growth inhibition of experienced cells articulating KDR/flk-1 receptors. These results indicated that VEGF/A1 mixture proteins is promising therapeutic powers that can be grown into powerful and selective inhibitors of angiogenesis.

Author(s) Details:

Osama O. Ibrahim,
Bio Innovation LLC-7434, Korbel, Dr. Gurnee IL. 60031, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V4/article/view/10135

Reducing Bacterial Contamination of Fresh Cabbage Using Vinegar and Salt | Chapter 2 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 3

 Green vegetable has great pertaining to food and therapeutic value and is generally used as the vital element in salads. Unfortunately, they are prone to contamination ahead the value chain. This work proposed to evaluate the microorganisms population in different divisions of green cabbage heads got from five selected markets in Accra and also to decide the most appropriate means for reducing the microorganisms population before consumption. Samples were got from five open markets in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Fresh leaves taken from the samples' exposed, middle, and inner sections were resolved for aerobic mesophilic organisms, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. They were laundered with water from faucet, 5% salt solution, or 50% salt solution solution for 5 brief time period, and the effectiveness of the situations in reducing the bacteria society was determined. The study revealed that the outer portions of fresh green vegetable heads had the highest microbial load, trailed by the middle sections, and the central sections were almost sterile. Coliforms ranged from 104–106 CFU/g for the not cooked outer divisions, 102–104 CFU/g for the untreated middle portions, and 101 CFU/g for the untreated inner divisions. The treatment accompanying 50% vinegar solution was ultimate efficient in lowering the bacteria populace on the samples, followed by 5% salt resolution, and tap water was the slightest effective. The findings concerning this study can be used to raise knowledge about the limited influence of the use of ordinary tap water by caterers to wash cabbages and advance the use of vinegar or seasoning solutions to reduce microbial adulteration in cabbages.

Author(s) Details:

Amy Atter,
CSIR- Food Research Institute, Ghana.

Damian Amewowor,
University of Cape Coast, Ghana.

Wisdom Kofi Amoa-Awua,
CSIR- Food Research Institute, CSIR College of Science and Technology, Ghana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V3/article/view/10233

The First Reference of the Effect of the Syrian Natural Zeolite on Airborne Microorganism Pollution of Broiler Farms | Chapter 5 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 8

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three different levels of Syrian natural zeolite on the bacterial load concentrations in the air of broilers farms for six weeks. The broiler farms are considered as a reservoir of pathogenic microorganism. This research was carried out  in private commercial broiler farm in the Lattakia Governorate, Syria During spring (from March to April) and autumn (from October to November) seasons. In the experiment, commercial broiler hybrid (Roos 308), with a total number (3000), were randomly assigned to four groups. This experiment was created using complete randomization, and each group (750 birds) has three replicates with 250 birds in each replicate (in addition to the control section). The findings revealed that the concentrations value for Staphylococcus spp. during spring, at the sixth week of the fattening period, in the treatment Tz3 (75%) was recorded 7.0×105, while in autumn; the value was 7.4×105 CFU/m3. And for Escherichia coli in spring, was 8.4×103 and in the autumn 8.8×103 CFU/m3. According to the findings, adding Syrian natural zeolite to broiler litter resulted in a significantly (p<0.05) lower concentration of airborne bacteria at the end of the experiment, with a superior effect to Tz3 treatment in the internal air, and the lowest concentration was observed in spring compared to autumn. This result serves as a guide for the optimal use of the various ratios of Syrian natural zeolite, as well as the development of new methods for reducing airborne microorganisms in broiler farms.

Author(s) Details:

Berna Krikor Jilenkerian,
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

Ali Nisafi,
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

Ahmad Kara Ali,
Department of Marine Chemistry, Higher Institute of Marine Research, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

Bushra AI-Eissa,
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V8/article/view/10061

Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in the Liver of Oreochromis niloticus Experimentaly Infected with Escherichia coli| Chapter 7 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

 Fish of Oreochromis niloticus were acted with various concentrations of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) as (103-105, 106-107 109-1010/ml water). The study was carried out to discover the impact of E. coli toxins on Oreochromis niloticus fish during the whole of physiological liver function and histopathological changes in the liver. The principles of GPT, GOT and alkaline Phosphatase categorized between (905.90 IU/L -75.40 IU/L), (4827.7 IU/L - 385.50 IU/L) and (106- 107 CFU /ml - 103 - 105 CFU / ml) for the three liver enzymes individually. When Oreochromis niloticus liver was exposed to Escherichia coli, it displayed signs of fatty degeneration, ballooning deterioration, pyknotic hepatocyte nuclei, necrosis of the hepatocytes and pancreatic acini, haemorrhage, angering WBC infiltration, and hemosiderin shade buildup. The experiment's verdicts showed that the liver of O. niloticus was intensely vulnerable to E. coli contamination, which caused bigger liver enzyme levels, erratic and irreversible liver damage, and eventually the highest aggregation of mortality.

Author(s) Details:

Amal M. Yacoub,
Biology Department, Science College, Taif University, KSA and Pollution Lab., National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt.

Sherifa Mostafa M. Sabra,
Biology Department, Science College, Taif University, KSA and Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Mona Khaled D. Al-Kourashi,
Biology Department, Science College, Taif University, KSA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V1/article/view/8987

Assessment of Disease Management by Vaccination using Escherichia coli Antigens| Chapter 1 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

In the twenty-first century, pathogen resistance is a severe worry for health care, and efficient vaccinations to prevent life-threatening infections are desperately needed. Pathogens have been researched for their potential utility as therapeutic or preventative vaccines in order to discover novel antigens with diagnostic and vaccination potential. The current study used five distinct types of antigens derived from a single pathogen. It also highlights the immune complex and DNA antigen as the best candidates for pathogen vaccine development. During the course of infection, antigens may fluctuate inside the host, as well as antigenic kinds of parasites in the population. Antigenic variation is a key strategy employed by pathogenic microorganisms to avoid the antibody's neutralising and escape actions. Immune complexes and DNA antigens can be utilised as vaccinations, and they can also be employed to construct multi-antigen vaccines. It is also simple to manufacture on a wide scale. Vaccination remains the most effective method of preventing bacterial infections. Using Swiss albino mice (Balb/C) as experimental species, the conditions for preparing antigens of complete natural composition and conformation from Escherichia coli (whole cell and heat killed) were found. A unique vaccine design and production strategy is explored. The fundamental aim behind vaccination technology is to inhibit pathogen escape mechanisms by removing the components that contribute to disease.

Author(s) Details:

P. Dhasarathan,
Department of Biotechnology, Pratyusha Engineering College, Tiruvallur-602025, India.

M. Thenmozhi,
Department of Biotechnology, Pratyusha Engineering College, Tiruvallur-602025, India.

Lighty George,
Department of Zoology, Sarah Tucker College, Palayamkottai -627007, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V2/article/view/6573

Meat Quality and Hematological Indices of Oreochromis niloticus Fish Experimentally Exposed to Escherichia coli Toxins: A Recent Study | Chapter 9 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 11

 Humans benefit from the fish since it is a good source of protein. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) doses of 103-105, 106-107, and 109-1010 CFU/ml water were used to treat Oreochromis niloticus [1]. The study was carried out to see how E. coli toxins affected Oreochromis niloticus fish in terms of cell blood counts (WBCs, RBCs, and Platelets), haemoglobin concentration, and muscle histological alterations. The haematological indices of WBCs, RBCs, Platelets, and haemoglobin ranged from (90.70 K/ml -7.10 K/ml), (2.00 m/ml - 0.53 m/ml), (21 K/ml - 3 K/ml), and (8.2 G/dl to 2.50 G/dl). The number of white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets (RBCs) in the In all phases of the trial, platelets and haemoglobin were lower than the control. Degeneration, necrosis, atrophy, and inflammatory infiltration of WBCs were seen in O. niloticus treated with E. coli. The findings demonstrated that high levels of E. coli toxins in the muscles of O. niloticus caused muscular tissue damage, which might be passed on to humans and cause significant sickness. It is recommended that you avoid fishing in sewage-polluted oceans or rivers, as well as using sanitation on farms.

Author (S) Details

Amal M. Yacoub
Biology Department, Science College, Taif University, Saudi Arabia and Pollution Lab., National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt.

Sherifa Mostafa M. Sabra
Biology Department, Science College, Taif University, Saudi Arabia and Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Mona Khaled D. Al-Kourashi
Biology Department, Science College, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V11/article/view/2148

Presence of Strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Detected in Drinking Water in Lalo, Benin: Assessment of Their Sensitivity to Commonly-Used Antibiotics | Chapter 9 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

 Benin has a high coverage rate of improved water sources. However, the vast majority of the population does not have access to safe drinking water at home. In the absence of a home piping system, the population devises methods to ensure that drinking water is available at home. As a result, water is extracted from its source, transported, and stored. This strategy is not without consequences because it favors microbiological contamination of the water. Unfortunately, the majority of antibiotics are resistant to bacteria that indicate fecal contamination. In terms of drinking water, fecal contamination indicator bacteria such as E. coli and enterococci are now antibiotic resistant; as a result, several infections can no longer be effectively treated. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of commonly used antibiotics against the germs responsible for microbiological contamination of drinking water in the district of Ahomadégbé, municipality of Lalo, Benin. Antibiotic efficacy was tested on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from thirty-five (35) drinking water samples. In Escherichia coli strains, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, imipenem, and pristinamycin showed complete sensitivity. Isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains, on the other hand, were Cephalosporin resistant. Cyclins and Macrolides are resistant to Pristinamycin (Streptogramins). Most common antibiotics are not effective against strains of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. To reduce the risk of infection in populations and to limit the spread of microbial resistance to antibiotics that can still act on these strains, it is critical to educate people about good hygiene practices, which are the most effective ways to reduce the risk of infection.

Author (s) Details

Roch Christian Johnson
Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

Gratien Boni
Interfaculty Center of Training and Research in Environment for the Sustainable Development (CIFRED), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IREGES-V9/article/view/1513

Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: Trends in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients | Chapter 4 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 During a 10-year period, we conducted an extended spectrum-lactamase (ESBL) survey among infectious Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates at Tunisia's Bone Marrow Transplant Centre (from 2002 to 2011).

Bacterial identification was accomplished out using biochemical features as well as API identification techniques. The disc diffusion method was used to investigate antibiotic susceptibility on Muller-Hinton agar.

ESBL-producing strains were found in 34.5 percent of 142 K. pneumoniae strains and 11.46 percent of 218 E. coli strains during the study period. The generation of ESBL in the selected bacteria was shown to be on the rise.

Conclusion: In order to guide the use of antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of these pathogens in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient population, screening for ESBL production among infectious K. pneumoniae and E. coli strains is critical.

Author (s) Details

Arij Mechergui
Laboratory Unit, The National Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Tunis, Tunisia.

Wafa Achour
Laboratory Unit, The National Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Tunis, Tunisia.

Assia Ben Hassen
Laboratory Unit, The National Bone Marrow Transplant Centre, Tunis, Tunisia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V8/article/view/1422