The Implementation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Sick Children with Diarrhea | Chapter 5 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 8

According to the United Nations International Children's Fund and World Health Organization (UNICEF, 2017), Integrated Management of Childhood Illness is the standard for Integrated Management of Sick Child when the caregiver brings the child to a health facility. Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) is a program that focuses on the main childhood diseases that occur in children under five years of age with a focus on pneumonia (acute respiratory infection), diarrhea, malaria, measles, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), ear and malnutrition. Diarrhea is a global health problem that causes high morbidity and mortality in developing countries due to poor environmental sanitation and hygiene, inadequate water supply, poverty and limited access to education. IMCI is a strategy that focuses on the child as a whole, not on a single disease or condition, but on a combination of illnesses that need to be treated in an integrated manner at home and in primary health care facilities. Based on the Becora Community Health Center report cases handled using the IMCI strategy totaled 2,204 cases in 2021, 4,273 cases in 2022 and 3,160 cases, from January to June 2023. Diarrhea cases ranked first, namely 584 cases in 2021, and in 2022 experienced an increase to 758 cases and until June 2023 cases of diarrhea reached 416 cases. The purpose of this residency is to know the management of cases of diarrhea by using IMCI strategies at the Becora Health Center, Dili, Timor Leste. Using descriptive studies because they only wanted to know the frequency distribution of cases handled with IMCI and specifically wanted to observe the management procedures in cases with diarrhea. Based on the results residence from 17-29 July 2023, 598 cases were not handled according to the IMCI strategy, of which 10.37% (n=62) cases had diarrhea and 0.5% (n=3) dysentery cases. In accordance with the results of observations the IMCI management procedures are not in accordance with ministry standards or policies issued by the Ministry of Health Timor Leste. During residence, it appears that health professionals conducting consultations are more directed to using general consultations than using the IMCI strategy. In conclusion, IMCI is a national program and has contributed to reducing morbidity and mortality in Timor Leste, namely until 2030, it could drop to 15/1000 live births. Lack of support for facilities and infrastructure and a lack of trained IMCI personnel can affect the management of IMCI.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Joaquim Pinto
National University of Timor Lorosa'e, Timor-Leste.

 

Sayekti Wahyuningsi
Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia.

 

Yenny Puspitasari
Strada Indonesia University, Indonesia.

 

Joaquim Gregorio de Carvalho
National University of Timor Lorosa'e, Timor-Leste.

 

Novita Ana Anggraini
Strada Indonesia University, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v8/4793

Prevalence and Susceptibility of Diarrheagenic Pathogens in Under-Five Children in Zanzibar, Tanzania | Chapter 3 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Escherichia coli, Diarrhea, prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, children under five yearsBackground: Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of death, poor health and disability among children aged under five years in developing countries.

Aims: This study aimed at providing evidence of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns towards Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli among under-five children in Unguja – Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Study Design: This cross-sectional design was used to collect samples from stools of children suffering from diarrhoea.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Zanzibar's western urban region between October 2019 to February 2020.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to February 2020. Random samples were collected to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli. The samples were cultured using Hektoen Enteric (HE) and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results: A total of 159 stool samples were collected in the study; Salmonella spp. was identified 12/159 times (7.5%) of the total samples. Shigella spp. and E. coli were identified in 7/159 samples (4.4%) and 6/159 (3.7%), respectively. The age range of 1- 3 years were more susceptible to diarrhoea caused by Salmonella spp. 12 (7.5%) than Shigella spp. 7 (4.4%) and Escherichia coli 6(3.7%) These results indicated that there is no statistically significant relationship between the age of patients and identification of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli (chi-square with four degrees of freedom = 2, p = 0.064). Children between 49 and 60 months showed low prevalence, while a high peak prevalence was reported for children between 7–12 months. All Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli species identified were sufficiently susceptible to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone, with a varying pattern to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The multiple drug resistant (MDR) patterns of Shigella and E. coli exhibited to four antibiotics trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, ceftriaxone and nalidixic acid while Salmonella isolates showed low resistance pattern to three antibiotics nalidixic acid, azithromycin and ampicillin. The correlation between the total identification of microbes and the date collected stools is significant at p = 0.020. ANOVA test used a linear relationship. The relationship between isolated pathogenic bacteria and the date of collected diarrheagenic stools was positive (3.515), based on the t-value (2.506) and p-value (0.02). The study benefit to guide the first-line and second-line drug choice in the treatment of diarrhoea in the subsequent reviews of the Zanzibar Standard Treatment Guideline (ZSTG) for Diarrhoeal diseases, as needed by Ministry of Health, 2016 and to initiate a long-term surveillance program to monitor and identify the changes in the rate of antimicrobial patterns of these bacteria of public health concern. Future research should extend the study to include other regions of Zanzibar and conduct molecular data, this will provide a more comprehensive understanding prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of diarrhoeagenic pathogens.

Conclusion: We found Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli isolates in the stools of children ≤ 5 years from Unguja, Zanzibar, but all the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone but partially resistant to other tested antibiotics. Identifying resistant bacteria in this age group should be a concern for the public health authorities and trigger research into finding the cause.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Kheir M. Kheir
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

 

Bernard Mbwele
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Dar es Salaam –Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box-608, Mbeya, Tanzania.

 

Khadija N. Omar
Zanzibar Livestock Research Institute (ZALIR), Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, Natural Resources and Livestock, PO BOX 104, Kizimbani Zanzibar, Tanzania.

 

Modester D. Nkungu
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

 

Lucy A. Namkinga
Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Dar es Salaam – Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v9/3726

Exploration, Collection & Characterization of Genetic Diversity of Chironji (Buchnania lanzan) through Use of Morphological Analysis in Chhattisgarh, India | Chapter 10 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 7

 In the present study, Exploration, Collection & Characterization of genetic diversity of Chironji through use of the morphological analysis from Chhattisgarh was studied on the basis of seed. Conservation and sustainable use of this type of species is an important necessity for ecologically sustainable development, food security and development of socio-economically poor communities of the nation. Buchanania lanzan Spreng, commonly known as Chironji, belongs to family Anacardiaceae This significant non-woody tree species is found in Northern, Western, and Central India's deciduous regions, primarily in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh. Currently, it grows in forests as an underutilized fruit that provides a monitory reward to the nation's tribal group and appears to be a benefit for them. It is a highly heterozygous plant so lots of variation to study. In present research, from three agro climatic zones total 27 wild Chironji genotypes with three replicates of nine trees were selected for the study of six Morpho-Physiological attributes in all of Chhattisgarh. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all characters. Comparative study of all characters among the provenances revealed zone - 1 Bastar plateau zone with more vigorous growth of seeds and better survival rate for those from Raipur plane and Northern Hill. This may constitute better materials for afforestation. Furthermore, this variability appeared to be geographically structured so these results should be helpful for afforestation of Chironji. This study provides a roadmap for researchers to identify specific traits that are genetically controlled, heritable, and offer potential for meaningful genetic improvement.

Author(s) Details:

Chaitali Niratker,
ITM University, Raipur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V7/article/view/13810

Demographic and Socioeconomic Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Occurrence of Diarrheal Disease among Paediatric Age Group in Abia State | Chapter 14 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Potable water, good sanitary conditions, good hygienic practices are essential for the survival and development of children.

Objective: The study aimed to determine the demographic and socioeconomic effect of water; sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the occurrence of diarrheal disease among paediatric age group, Aba Abia State.

Methods: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design to assess the environmental sanitation in the selected study areas. The survey was designed with the use of questionnaire which was administered to a sample size of 360 participants. The collected data was entered into computer Software called Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0 and analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis.

Results: The results were displayed in frequency tables and charts. The relation between variables were determined with Pearson Chi-Square test and the findings showed that 267(74.2%) of the participants reported they have had 1-5 times episodes of diarrhea per year and the episode of diarrhea was more common among male children with 204(56.7%) compared to female with 156(43.3%). Also, 204(56.7%) of the participants agreed that they have available water supply and the major source of water supply was borehole with 227(63.1%). In terms of water treatment, 255(70.8%) reported they don’t boil water before use; 100(27.7%) don’t wash hands after defecation, 225(62.5%) don’t wash hands after touching pet animals and only 32(8.8%) reported they don’t wash fruits/vegetables before eating or cooking. From the findings, 175(48.6%) heard about WASH and 264(73.3%) have the knowledge of treating children with diarrhea at health centre.

Conclusion:  In conclusion, the findings showed that water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) had impact in the occurrence of diarrhea disease among paediatric age group in relation to demographic and socioeconomic factors. Again, the available and functional sanitary facilities do not meet the required standards set by the Ministry of Health, EHORECON and WHO guidelines. Therefore, there should be organized workshops; seminars and conferences periodically on the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices in all local Governments in Abia State and beyond.

Author(s) Details:

Ohanenye C. A.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Ede A. O.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamadi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria.

Nwazunku A. A.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamadi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria.

Orji S. M.,
Department of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

Okoronkwo N. C.,
Paediatric Department, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria.

Iro K. O.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Offiah A. U.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Amadi A. N.,
Department of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13235

Assessment of Early Calves’ Weaning Diet as Milk Replacer for Smallholder Dairy Production Systems in Kenya | Chapter 11 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6

 Kenya's small-scale dairy farmers are becoming more interested in selling milk to augment their income, especially during the dry season when milk prices soar. In smallholder dairy production systems, this results in low calf growth rates, high calf mortality rates, late maturation, and total economic losses. Early weaning formulae as milk replacers developed in a novel way could give a long-term answer for calves' nutrition and household income. The goal of this study was to assess the performance and cost-effectiveness of an early calves weaning formula as a milk substitute in small-scale dairy operations. The effectiveness and economic returns of replacing milk with formulated early calf weaning diets (EWDs) on the survival and overall performance of dairy calves in Kenya would then be determined. Treatments included milk (28 days) + EWD, fortified or not fortified with effective microorganisms (EM), diamond-V, or Diatomite (DT) for up to 105 days (Control) and milk (28 days) + EWD, fortified or not fortified with effective microorganisms (EM), diamond-V, or Diatomite (DT) for up to 105 days (DT). The calves' average daily weight growth was unaffected by the treatments (P>0.05). In contrast, the EM- treatment had considerably higher calve dry matter (DM) consumption (g kg-1) than the other treatment groups (P0.01). The total milk saved for the farmer as a result of EWD feeding was 9 kg-1cow-1day-1, or 945 kg for the 105 period, worth $614. The total milk saved for conventional milk feeding (control) was 5 kg-1 cow-1 day-1, or US$ 341, for the 105 period. Both the control (milk) and Diamond-V enriched treatments had large quantities of diarrhoea. Hair loss and discolouration were seen in DT-fortified EWDs. EWD enriched with this microbial feed additive can be an effective milk-replacer in smallholder dairy production systems, allowing dairy calves to be weaned at 28-35 days with favourable economic and performance results, because EM fortification lowered disease occurrences.

Author(S) Details

M. Syomiti
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O.Box 30148-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

B. Mugo
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O.Box 30148-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

C. Gachuiri
University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 29053-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

D. K. Wamae
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O.Box 30148-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V6/article/view/6252

Moellerella wisconsensis, a Review and Case Study on Rarely Isolated Organism from Clinical and Nonclinical Specimens | Chapter 12 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.1

 Isolation and reporting of rarely found and opportunistic pathogens in the gastro-intestinal tract is not

observed in medical fraternity because of many reasons. Primarily, it could be because of abundant
presence of normal flora, hence the presence of rare organisms might be out looked in routine
practice. Secondarily, it could be due to the limited knowledge and resources to isolate and report
such findings in daily busy practice. Lastly, it could be because of its non-frequent occurrence.
Nonetheless, cases of isolating the organism Moellerella wisconsensis have been reported since its
first report published in 1984, by Hickman Brenner. The chapter discusses the history and reports
Moellerella wisconsensis from a stool sample for the first time in the western region of India
(Ahmedabad, Gujarat) along with other reported incidences from various clinical and non-clinical
sources [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].

Author(s) Details

Anurag Zaveri
Biocare Research (India) Pvt. Ltd., India.

Dr. Lakshmi B.
Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, SMMPISR, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/227