Securing Water in Himalayan Towns in the Context of Rapid Urbanisation and a Changing Climate |Chapter 7 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 5

 

Towns and cities in the Himalayan regions of India and Nepal, and the Asian continent in general, which is home to over a fifth of the world’s population, are undergoing rapid expansion and urbanisation. The population in this region is increasingly becoming concentrated in urban and peri-urban areas.  Population growth, changing lifestyles, rising economic status, and the effects of climate change are all coalescing to cause acute water shortages, particularly during the dry season, leading to a situation of water insecurity in the region. This chapter examines the factors leading to water stress in the central and western Himalaya of Nepal and India, respectively, in view of the potential future impacts of climate change. The four towns of Dhulikhel and Dharan in Nepal, and Mussoorie and Haldwani in India, representative of urban areas in the lower Himalaya that are dependent on springs, streams, rivers and groundwater for meeting domestic and commercial water needs, facing a multitude of challenges in securing water, were chosen for this study. The most important cause of water scarcity in the study cities is the rapid population increase. In the cities, population growth and interlinked factors such as migration from rural areas, tourist influx, unscientific construction and degradation of recharge zones are causing serious threats to water security, disasters and pollution. Land-use change has further contributed to declining water availability in streams, springs, and groundwater reserves. The final factor that is influencing water availability, and can be expected to impact future water supply, is a change in climatic patterns. The present circumstances and trends indicate that ensuring adequate supplies of acceptable quality water for these cities will become ever more challenging in the decades to come unless city-specific climate-adaptive and equitable water supply measures are employed effectively.  Moreover, certain segments of city dwellers face greater difficulties in gaining access to potable water due to socio-cultural and economic factors. Therefore, to achieve sustainable, equitable and climate resilient water management, measures such as, protection of critical urban water zones, stream bank and gully stabilization, water harvesting and groundwater recharge will be needed along with augmentation of infrastructure, increased storage capacity, appropriate policies and institutional arrangements at local, state, and national levels for effectively addressing the issues of equitable water access to each of the households in the cities. Strategic engagements with the private sector and innovative solutions, as well as policy measures, are key imperatives to meeting the challenges in securing water for these Himalayan towns.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Roshan M. Bajracharya
Southasia Institute of Advanced Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal.

 

Ngamindra Dahal
Southasia Institute of Advanced Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v5/6904

Exploring the Unique Structure and Properties of Liquid Water | Chapter 4 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 11

 

Water was and remains the most unusual substance on Earth. Until very recently, the structure and abnormal properties of water have caused heated discussions among both domestic and foreign scientists of different generations. This is primarily due to the complexity of the object of study, the ability of water, even with minor external influences, to easily transition from one metastable state to another. Of course, the state of water at the triple point in the phase diagram is of particular interest. In this regard, the paper considers the features in the pressure-temperature coordinates of some substances in the liquid aggregate state. The authors hypothesized that all substances in the liquid aggregate state should have common features, despite their original individuality. It seems to us that a universal feature that unites all possible aggregate states of water is the ability of the systems under consideration to smoothly transition from a homogeneous to a heterogeneous state, from a single-phase to a two- or more-phase system, characterized by the appearance of a phase interface under certain conditions, that is, the formation of a dispersed system. It is emphasized in the work that until now when analyzing the transitions of water from one aggregate state to another, the time factor of the existence of a phase in equilibrium or metastable states, as well as the time of existence of the dispersed system itself, has not been taken into account. The rapid development of water sciences has led to the discovery of unique properties of water in extreme conditions, for example, the ability of water not to freeze even with ultra-deep cooling, much lower than the freezing point of liquid nitrogen, or the experimentally proven fact that at -68°C water acts as a mixture of two liquids of different densities and others. Further advances in the study of the properties and conditions of water are inevitably associated with the convergence of natural sciences.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Ju. S. Sarkisov

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

N.P. Gorlenko

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

O.A. Zubkova

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

D. Ju. Sarkisov

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk, 634003, Russia.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v11/1752

 

Computational Probe on Hydrogen Bonding Interaction of Some Aliphatic Alcohol and Water | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 5

 

Hydrogen bonding interactions in low molecular weight alcohols or lower alcohol (viz. methanol and ethanol) with water molecules are quite common. But, due to the presence of bulky groups in higher alcohol (viz. propanol, butanol and pentanol etc.) and their isomers, the hydrogen bonding interactions between alcohol and water molecules is significantly different. In alcohol-water heterodimer complexes, water plays an important role in the stability of such a system, alcohol will be interacting with water molecules either as proton donor or proton acceptor mode. The aim of this study is to understand the Hydrogen Bonding Interaction and Structural Change in Some Aliphatic Alcohol-Water Complexes. We have studied the hydrogen bonding interactions between some aliphatic alcohol-water complexes by computational methods. All the models were constructed by using GaussView 5.0. The interaction energy (IE) and natural bond orbital (NBO) calculations for some common aliphatic alcohol-water complexes (e.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol) and their isomers are computed by using the MP4 method. All alcohol-water complexes can form hydrogen bonds either through proton accepting or proton donor mode of interaction. Calculation of the interaction energy of such complexes reveals that the proton acceptor (RHO---H2O) hydrogen bonding mode is always more favorable than that of the proton donor (ROH---H2O) mode of interaction.

Author(s) Details

Mrinal J. Bezbaruah
Department of Applied Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, India.

Bipul Bezbaruah
Department of Applied Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v5/12598F

Zoonotic Schistosomiasis in Naujan Lake, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines: The Role of Environment, Animals and Community Practices | Chapter 6 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 6

 

Aims: To identify endemic zones, locate intermediate host sites, and validate predictive screening parameters to support early detection and integrated disease control strategies. Likewise, to correlate and formulate models using environmental and epidemiological factors, ruminant faecal contamination, and presence of Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi snails to predict Schistosomiasis prevalence around Naujan Lake, Oriental Mindoro.

 

Study Design: Cross-sectional observation combining parasitological, malacological, and ecological assessments with statistical modelling for disease prevalence prediction.

 

Place and Duration of Study: Barangay in municipalities of Socorro, Pola, Victoria, and Naujan surrounding Naujan Lake, Oriental Mindoro, between October 2022 and May 2023.

 

Methodology: Formalin Ethylene Acetate Sedimentation Digestion (FEA-SD) technique and direct microscopy were conducted on ruminant faeces and Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi (Katsurada 1904) snails. Environmental factors (i.e., water pH, temperature, humidity, and air temperature) were recorded at each site. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between Schistosomiasis prevalence and environmental variables. A predictive model was developed based on significant parameters.

 

Results: Schistosome-positive faecal samples significantly overlapped with snail sites. High-risk transmission areas were confirmed in Socorro and Pola, with carabaos identified as major contributors to parasite proliferation by defecating, particularly in 34 snail-positive sites. Environmental conditions associated with high disease prevalence included water pH 7.51–7.61, humidity 75.33–76.29%, water temperature 23.55–26.19°C, and air temperature 31.47–32.80°C. Formulated model for Schistosomiasis prevalence (Pₛₕᵢₛₜₒₘᵢₐₛᵢₛ) was predicted with 93% accuracy through the equation: Pₛₕᵢₛₜₒₘᵢₐₛᵢₛ = 5.85013(SF - presence of Schistosomes in faeces) – 0.08091(WTEMP - water temperature) – 0.09910 (ATEMP - air temperature).

 

Conclusion: Findings emphasise the strong influence of environmental conditions on disease proliferation. Thus, systematic monitoring of snail sites and environmental parameters to support control programs is recommended. To further mitigate disease transmission, collaborative efforts with local administrative and health agencies are crucial. Results will be translated into community-based awareness campaigns and used to inform local policy development for continuous surveillance and early detection in the four municipalities. Moreover, policy frameworks at both the local and provincial levels should be formulated and implemented to support the integrated control and eventual eradication of Schistosomiasis.

 

Author(s) Details

Dave Christopher G. Viňas
Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, 76GW+335, Strong Republic Nautical Hwy, Barcenaga, Naujan, 5204, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines.

 

Nora C. Cabaral-Lasaca
College of Agriculture and Allied Fields, Mindoro State University; 555P+4R2, Alcate, Victoria, 5205, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v6/5892

Determining the Effects of Water Sources on Concrete Properties | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 6

This study investigates the effects of water sources on concrete properties. Water alone as a factor comes with impurities that may interfere with the setting of the cement paste and adversely affect the strength of the concrete. Some solvents in water also cause staining on the surface of the concrete as well as lead to corrosion of the reinforcements embedded in the concrete and thereby render the building structure susceptible to decay or eventual failure. A mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 with 0.5w/c was used in mixing the concrete. Water from the Stream, the hand-dug well, and the borehole were used for the experiments with pipe-borne water serving as the control. Cubes and beams were cast and tested for compression and flexural strengths respectively at 7-day and 28-day curing ages. The chemical and physical properties of the water samples were also tested. The results indicate that the chemical impurities of all the water types were within the limits given in GS 175-1:2009, EN 1008, ASTM C94, and AS 1379. Notwithstanding the fact that the required physical specifications for all the specimens were satisfactory, the specimens mixed with stream water however, were seen to be yellowish and this can be attributed to the quality of the stream water, The water sources had no significant effect on the workability of concrete.  Except for specimens obtained from the stream water effects of efflorescence were not observed on hardened concrete specimens obtained from the water sources. Concrete Specimens mixed with water from the hand-dug well had the highest compressive strength. Flexural strengths gained from mixing concrete with the use of water from alternative sources should compete with values obtained when potable water is used. Although these Water samples that were studied did not attain the maximum parameters in terms of specifications for water fit for drinking as well as for mixing concrete, they, with the exception of samples from the stream water, did not show any signs of staining nor efflorescence.

 

Author (s) Details

Wisdom D. Adzraku
College of Technology Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana.

 

Peter P. Yalley
College of Technology Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana.

 

Kennedy Appiadu-Boakye
Presby College of Education, Akuapem, Akropong, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v6/1911

Analysis of Strontium and Lead Isotopic Ratios in Environmental Matrices Using ICP-MS | Chapter 7 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 8

Determining the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic ratio in environmental samples by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-Q-MS) can be performed to explore this ratio as a tracer of the pollution source. The isotopic ratios of Sr in environmental samples have strong regional variations usually controlled by the underlying geology. This fact allows the creation of methodologies by which these elements can be used as traceability indices to determine the origin of metals. Lead isotopic ratios are often monitored to identify the isotopic fingerprint and as tracers to differentiate natural and anthropogenic lead.

This work presents the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotope compositions of 40 samples of river waters and sediments from regions of Romania using the ICP-MS technique. This method makes it possible to determine isotopic compositions precisely, which is important for researching processes like environmental change, geological origins, and pollution tracing. Studying isotope ratios can reveal important information about natural versus man-made influences in a variety of environmental settings.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Cezara Voica
National Institute for Research and Development for Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

 

Andreea Maria Iordache
National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI, Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v8/4862

Reliable Analysis of Uranium in Natural Waters Using Laser-induced Fluorimetry/LED-fluorimetry in the Presence of Fluoride and Diverse Humic Substances in Hot Arid Regions: Challenges and Future Perspectives | Chapter 4 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 5

 

The present study highlights the challenges for reliable analysis of uranium in natural waters using laser-induced fluorimetry/LED-fluorimetry in the presence of fluoride and diverse humic substances in hot arid regions. Uranium is present in the environment as a result of leaching from natural deposits, release in mill tailings, and emissions from the nuclear industry, the combustion of coal and other fuels and the use of phosphate fertilizers that contain uranium. Complete preservation of samples, whether domestic wastewater or natural water, is a practical impossibility. After sample collection, changes in dynamic equilibrium cause the physico-chemical and biological changes to continue unavoidably. This justifies the requirement for the application of a mobile geochemistry laboratory for rapid on-site water sample analysis, ideally completed the same day. Laser-induced fluorimetry/pulsed LED-fluorimetry is a well-documented, highly sensitive, and versatile technique for the determination of uranium in water samples at µg L−1 levels, and in fact, it is more challenging due to a wide variety of water samples differing in total dissolved salts including saline water, diverse humic substances and fluoride content especially in hot arid regions as well as due to the practical impossibility of preserving natural water samples. As a result, in hot, dry climates, the most important criterion for an accurate uranium assay is the amount of time that passes between sample collection and analysis.  Greater variance in major cations and anions, as well as uranium concentration, is observed in water samples with high TDS in relation to the time interval between sample collection and analysis. Furthermore, approved reference material for these matrices is unavailable, making it difficult to double-check or guarantee the accuracy of the results. Beyond doubt, LED-fluorimetry is a portable device more suitable for field conditions as well as in control laboratory, easy equipment calibration/standardization, high sensitivity, better reproducibility, cost-effective, eco-friendly, traceability, comparability.

Author(s) Details:

D. P. S. Rathore
Department of Atomic Energy, Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Jaipur 302033, Rajasthan, India.

 

P. K. Tarafder
Department of Atomic Energy, Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Jamshedpur 831002, Jharkhand, India.

 

V. Balaram
CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/STRUFP-V5/article/view/14864

Assessing the Quality of Undeveloped Spring Water Consumed Directly by the Local Population of Kasaï in the Democratic Republic of Congo | Chapter 6 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 2

Objective: The present study assesses the quality of undeveloped spring water consumed directly by the local population of the province of Kasaï in the D.R. Congo in order to satisfy sustainable access to drinking water in the province of Kasaï.
 
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the province of Kasai, in the villages of Kamupafu, Kabilowa, Kayonga, Kankondo, Kankala, Lunyanya and Kumbikumbi in the town of Tshikapa. The study covered the period from September 29 to October 24, 2022.
 
The water samples taken (27) were prepared in the laboratory according to standard procedures and a series of physico-chemical and microbiological characterization analyzes were carried out in the field and in the laboratory. The data collected was processed and analyzed using SigmaStat 11.0 statistical software.
 
Results: Among other results obtained, it appears that the average pH was between 4.6±0.15 and 6.96±0.43; the EC between 12.91±0.51 µS.cm-1 at the Dido/Milonga spring and 26.87±3.00 µS.cm-1 at the Tshitenga spring. The turbidity, the soluble ion (NO3-, F-), and arsenic (As) contents in the water reveal that with the exception of the turbidity in the Kamitutungulu spring (10 ± 1.04 NTU), the concentration of the other elements in the water from all the springs studied complies with WHO recommendations for drinking water quality. In addition, the average values (CFU 100 mL-1) of total coliforms vary between 18 (KAMANKONDE/ROBERT) and 81 (KATOKA 3) for the water of all the springs.
 
Conclusion: Scientific support is therefore suggested for the various actions carried out by numerous organizations or research centers in terms of drinking water supply and hygiene through the establishment of village water supply structures, communication for a change in behavior and socio-economic actions in favor of disadvantaged grassroots communities in a sustainable perspective.

Author(s) Details:

Céline F. Nyembo,
Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Ecosystem Health, Environmental Biotechnology and Microbiology of the Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Camille I. Nsimanda,
Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Ecosystem Health, Environmental Biotechnology and Microbiology of the Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Emmanuel M. Biey,
Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Ecosystem Health, Environmental Biotechnology and Microbiology of the Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Dieudonné E. Musibono,
Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Ecosystem Health, Environmental Biotechnology and Microbiology of the Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAEGES-V2/article/view/14301

The Electrophysical Properties of the Surface of Radiation – Thermally Treatment Beryllium in a Water Medium | Chapter 1 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 7

 The electro physical properties of the surface of metallic beryllium were studied before and after radiation-thermally treatment in a water medium at temperatures 473 ... 773K by influence of gamma quanta. On the features of the curves current-voltage characteristics it is established that radiation-thermally modification of the surface of a beryllium is accompanied by the formation of oxide structures, defects which are determined by the temperature and time of irradiation. It is shown, that the formation of continuous oxide layer with dielectric properties leads to the increase of the surface resistivity by order. It was a comparative study the kinetics of changes in the values of surface resistivity from of contact time for radiation - thermally and thermally oxidized beryllium samples. It was revealed a stimulating role of radiation at relatively low temperatures in the oxidation process. According to the AFM - surface morphology studies radiation - thermally oxidized metallic beryllium, with formation of a thin oxide film involving nanoparticles of one species of 150 nm, and the formation of a continuous oxide layer - equally spaced with different kinds of nanoparticles 400-600 nm in size.

Author(s) Details:

N. N. Gadzhieva,
Institute of Radiation Problems, Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan, AZ1143, Baku, B, Vahabzadeh 9, Azerbaijan.

F. N. Nurmamedova,
Institute of Radiation Problems, Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan, AZ1143, Baku, B, Vahabzadeh 9, Azerbaijan and Baku Engineering University, AZ0101, Khirdalan City, Hasan Aliyev Str., 120, Azerbaijan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V7/article/view/13844

An Assessment of the Structure of Vegetables Farming and Farmer’s Perception of Soil and Water Degradation in Two Periurban Areas in Yaounde Cameroon | Chapter 7 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

In peri-urban areas of Yaounde, Cameroon, vegetable farming plays a significant role in the local agricultural economy. This study aims to assess the structure of vegetable farming and farmers' perceptions of soil and water degradation in two peri-urban areas in Yaoundé, Cameroon, namely Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson. Peri-urban areas are characterized by the interface of urban and rural activities and are often subjected to various environmental challenges due to rapid urbanization. Understanding the dynamics of vegetable farming and farmers' perceptions of soil and water degradation is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management. Results of our investigation in Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson Peri-urban areas in 2016 and 2023 showed that most vegetable farmers (75%) lack training in agriculture, while up to 90% didn’t benefit from training on the management of pesticides. Spreading and landfilling of amendments are the most popular ways of applying fertilizers. It is interesting to note that the majority of fertilizers (90%) are applied at planting time, indicating that farmers commonly apply fertilizers just before or during the planting phase. Besides, young plots are more exploited (52.4% and 30%) compared to older ones (2.4% and 5%) in Nkolondom III and Nkolbisson, respectively, as they are more responsive to fertilizer application. As a consequence, excessive and unbalanced fertilizer is applied to the oldest farms, which can lead to nutrient imbalances, environmental pollution, and negative impacts on soil health. For irrigation water, it usually comes from streams or small wells that are often highly polluted. The farmers’ perception of degradation is seen through the degradation of soil properties with time in the order of 14.3% to 60% and 15% to 44% at Nkolbisson and Nkolondom III respectively, resulting in a gradual decrease in crop production (up to 50%). It is also seen by introduction of contaminants into the soil through polluted water, affecting the quality of crops and potentially posing a risk to human health.

Author(s) Details:

Yvette Clarisse Mfopou Mewouo,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso and Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Mamadou Traore,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Amina Aboubakar,
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Jules Remy Ndam Ngoupayou,
University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Didier Begoude,
Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon.

Zacharia Gnankambary,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Hassan Bismarck Nacro,
University Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V5/article/view/13913

Demographic and Socioeconomic Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Occurrence of Diarrheal Disease among Paediatric Age Group in Abia State | Chapter 14 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Potable water, good sanitary conditions, good hygienic practices are essential for the survival and development of children.

Objective: The study aimed to determine the demographic and socioeconomic effect of water; sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the occurrence of diarrheal disease among paediatric age group, Aba Abia State.

Methods: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design to assess the environmental sanitation in the selected study areas. The survey was designed with the use of questionnaire which was administered to a sample size of 360 participants. The collected data was entered into computer Software called Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0 and analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis.

Results: The results were displayed in frequency tables and charts. The relation between variables were determined with Pearson Chi-Square test and the findings showed that 267(74.2%) of the participants reported they have had 1-5 times episodes of diarrhea per year and the episode of diarrhea was more common among male children with 204(56.7%) compared to female with 156(43.3%). Also, 204(56.7%) of the participants agreed that they have available water supply and the major source of water supply was borehole with 227(63.1%). In terms of water treatment, 255(70.8%) reported they don’t boil water before use; 100(27.7%) don’t wash hands after defecation, 225(62.5%) don’t wash hands after touching pet animals and only 32(8.8%) reported they don’t wash fruits/vegetables before eating or cooking. From the findings, 175(48.6%) heard about WASH and 264(73.3%) have the knowledge of treating children with diarrhea at health centre.

Conclusion:  In conclusion, the findings showed that water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) had impact in the occurrence of diarrhea disease among paediatric age group in relation to demographic and socioeconomic factors. Again, the available and functional sanitary facilities do not meet the required standards set by the Ministry of Health, EHORECON and WHO guidelines. Therefore, there should be organized workshops; seminars and conferences periodically on the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices in all local Governments in Abia State and beyond.

Author(s) Details:

Ohanenye C. A.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Ede A. O.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamadi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria.

Nwazunku A. A.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamadi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria.

Orji S. M.,
Department of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

Okoronkwo N. C.,
Paediatric Department, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria.

Iro K. O.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Offiah A. U.,
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Amadi A. N.,
Department of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13235

The Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Brackish Water, Sediments, and Medaka Fish (Oryzias sp) of Citarum Irrigation System, Pakis Jaya, Karawang, Indonesia | Chapter 4 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 5

 Fifteen arrangement polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the sediments and salt solution of Citarum Irrigation Structure (CIS), Pakis Jaya, Karawang Regency. The samples were analysed with liquid-liquid ancestry for brackish water, soxhlet extraction for sediments, and Oryzias chum. As a part of bioindicator incident to recognize pollutants accompanying small fish of the type Oryzias, this study was conducted to determine the baseline status of PAHs allocation and sources in water containing salt, sediments, and Oryzias fish. The ecological risk of PAHs in sediments was further evaluated. Concentrations of fifteen USEPA PAH based on GCMS study in seawater, sediments, and Oryzias angle vary from 1782 to 2386.88 ng/L, 113 to 405 ng/g, and 5.39-16.47 ng/g, respectively. Established the diagnostic ratio of PAH compounds, the potential beginnings of PAHs originated principally from pyrogenic sources. The status of waste from this Oryzias fish habitat was thought-out to be depressed polluted with PAHs.

Author(s) Details:

Edward,
Research Center for Oceanography (RCO), National Research and Inovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Pasir Putih Raya I, Ancol Timur, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Deny Yogaswara,
Research Center for Oceanography (RCO), National Research and Inovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Pasir Putih Raya I, Ancol Timur, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Ita Wulandari,
Research Center for Oceanography (RCO), National Research and Inovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Pasir Putih Raya I, Ancol Timur, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V5/article/view/12679

An Overview of the Research and Application of Various Activated Carbons and Ash Used in Water Purification Technology | Chapter 7 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 1

 Water is an essential aptitude that nature gives to all living individual. In order to keep all history safe on soil, it is necessary to keep the amount of water in the corpse adequate and enough at all times. Water pollution is growing as a result of differing factors such as study of human population, large-scale urbanization, clear-cutting, and unfair activities in waterways and other water beginnings. Various experts have worked on the result of activated element from renewable energy. This comprises economical technology and merchandise in an eco-friendly way for a assortment of uses. This review article discusses the differing methods secondhand by experts to develop triggered carbon so that minimize water pollution. Peanut coverings, Moringa oleifera seeds, Coconut structures, Rice husk, Lemon peel, Pomegranate peel and Banana peel are all excellent natural resources for treating poisoned water. It was demonstrated that pollutants to a degree pH, colour, DO, conductivity, turbidity, chloride, fluoride, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate, burdensome metals, and total coliforms can be isolated from water utilizing physical, machinelike, and biological techniques.

Author(s) Details:

Ajinkya Ravindra Telgote,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India.

Satish S. Patil,
Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V1/article/view/11827

Development and Validation of HPLC Assay Method of Tofisopam by QBD Approach | Chapter 6 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

The aim of the work is to develop and confirm novel, simple, increased reversed phase chromatography form for assay of Tofisopam in pure and pill form. Quality by design (QBD) refers to the achievement of sure predictable character with desired and fixed specifications. The QbD approach stresses product and process understanding with character risk management and controls, happening in higher assurance of crop quality, regulatory elasticity, and continual bettering. The experimental trial was by Box Behnken design using Design Expert® program 10 version. The attributes picked were peak symmetry, NTP and peak purity. The forecasted data compensated with actual exploratory data. The exploratory design suggested the robust MODR domain for the TF HPLC method development. All the approved parameters were inside the acceptable criteria of ICH directions. The optimized chromatographic environments required quaternary send with travelling phase of Water: Acetonitrile 25:75 v/v at 1 ml/min, microwave temperature at 25oC at 310 nm utilizing C18 (250 X 4.6 mm Id, 5μm) column and PDA detector accompanying a run time of 5 brief time period. In this investigation, three independent variables-peak proportion, retention time, and NTP-were used to decide the concentration of the natural phase, oven hotness, and flow rate. The linearity design, precision, accuracy, and precision were all verified. With an overall average veracity of 99.98%, the approach provided linear reactions spanning the aggregation range of 4 to 24 ppm. Regarding the tofisopam retention time, the approach was trustworthy, repeatable, and precise.

Author(s) Details:

Megha Kokane,
Department of Quality Assurance, Shri. D. D. Vispute College of Pharmacy & Research Center, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410206, Maharashtra, India.

Jeeja Pananchery,
Department of Pharmacognosy, D. Y. Patil Deemed to be University School of Pharmacy, Nerul, Navi Mumbai-400507, Maharashtra, India.

Monika Jadhav,
Department of Quality Assurance, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women’s University, Sir Vithaldas Thakersay, Santacruz West, Juhu, Mumbai-400049, Maharashtra, India.

Ashish Jain,
Shri. D. D. Vispute College of Pharmacy & Research Center, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410206, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V8/article/view/11653

The Unexpected Role of Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Wastewater Treatment | Chapter 10 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 3

 Water's significance for the prevention of food-related noncommunicable diseases has taken more attention currently because of the shift toward use of large proportions of fluids as caloric drinks. Water represents a detracting nutrient, the omission of which will be deadly within days. Recently, increased prominence has been established on the value of water in avoiding noncommunicable diseases linked to weak nutrition. The calculation of total fluid consumption and hydration rank at the population level are areas place there are meaningful information breach. It is poorly understood the belongings of chronic mild aridity and fluid consumption on distinguishing health consequences including obesity. Urolithiasis is the only disorder that has happened consistently guide chronic reduced daily water intake. Water’s thorough capability to discontinue a variety of fragments has earned it the name of “universal solvent,” and it is this skill that makes water specific an invaluable history-sustaining force. The discovery that the human bulk has the previously mysterious ability to convert light strength into chemical energy by dissociating the particle from water, as happens in plants, has likely water a newfound importance. Until recently, water was generally thought of as a universal firm that served to brace the broth of growth inside the cells. The process that we replicated engaged for the first time in 2007, shows a light at the end of the tunnel, in the increasing and serious problem of adulteration of the mysterious and essential liquid that we call water.A characteristic of both draining water and wastewater is low levels of dissolved oxygen. Until now it was idea that it was the result of contaminants in the valued liquid, and that as these contaminators were removed, even incompletely or incompletely, said disappeared oxygen levels would improve instinctively. But such an increase has not took place anywhere in the world and accompanying no known system. Except for the direct injection of oxygen into the water, that is excessively expensive.In this magazine we present a different design to raise dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in either sipping water or wastewater, and surprisingly, by lifting DO levels, the water tends to improve allure quality considerably, since distressing odors disappear, transparency recovers, and basic molecules that can be present likely to disarm, forming plain compounds, which reduces the establishment of toxic mud. Another feature of our method is that it does not demand electricity, nor added projectiles for weaponry, and the average life of our novel material is 25 age.

Author(s) Details:

Arturo Solís Herrera,
Human Photosynthesis™ Research Centre. Aguascalientes 20000, México.

María del Carmen Arias Esparza,
Human Photosynthesis™ Research Centre. Aguascalientes 20000, México.

Martha Patricia Solís Arias,
Human Photosynthesis™ Research Centre. Aguascalientes 20000, México.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V3/article/view/11609

Wild Plants in the Qatari Peninsula are Hidden Gene Bank for Future Research: Perspectives of Desirable Traits| Chapter 6 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 8

 Wild plants and the joined microorganisms at the Qatari deserts and Sabkhas have many seductive traits for improvement of plant fighting and cope at miscellaneous environmental stresses containing salinity, drought, extreme temperatures, and pollution. Most of native plants are acknowledged and grouped under three main facets: (1) water, (2) solutes, and (3) structures. Plants power have different skills to absorb and store water, and to build and accumulate natural and inorganic solutes, in addition to developing makeups to regulate these parts. Understanding the mechanisms of plant resistance to differing harsh material conditions are of excellent importance in deciding the traits these plants have, which maybe considered as exploratory materials for further new and contemporary studies to develop crop plants accompanying desirable characteristics and well adapted to those environments. Native plants and their associated microorganisms at the Sabkhas and returns are well equipped with miscellaneous traits to handle these harsh atmospheres; these are the hidden deoxyribonucleic acid banks for modern and contemporary future research. Native plants at the marshy line or in the desert of the Qatari peninsula can prevent drought and salinity either by hoarding water or efficiently riveting it, succulent plants, for example, keep have water cells in miscellaneous plant organs to award such means. Water spender plants, on the other hand, can prevent drought by bearing extensive ancestries or intensive stringy root system to increase the active root surface district. Salt regulation and basic solute accumulation in these plants is another important area of research to exploit and improve few traits in crop plants. Organic solutes ability play significant act to protect the sheet and machinery systems from harsh stresses. However, developing transgenic plants by seasoning regulation ability not feasible for crop plants, while the potential of growth of proline and/or glycine betaine in many native plants in Qatar could be a possible characteristic to be used to develop plants that are well suitable under dry and/or saline atmospheres. The microorganisms associated with the native plants might play meaningful roles to present traits and award these plants with many physiognomy against those harsh environmental stresses. Morphological and fundamental features of stormy plants might be a good beginning of traits to be secondhand in the modern deoxyribonucleic acid technology. Some traits of cell divider, cuticle thickness and possibly the synthetic composition of red body fluid membranes should be deliberate.

Author(s) Details:

B. T. Yasseen,
Environmental Studies Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar and 8 James Court, Dunstable Road, Luton, LU4 0HN, UK.

R. F. Al-Thani,
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V8/article/view/10928

Electrodynamic Coherence as a Physical Basis for Emergence of Perception, Semantics, and Adaptation in Living Systems | Chapter 11 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 7

 This work aims to provide a theoretical approach for a truly consistent description of living phase of matter, able to tackle both reducible, microscopic issues (such as biochemistry and biophysical processes) and analogical aspects like memory, adaptation, semantics, behaviour. Despite the successes earned in cataloguing and finding the role of the most of molecular components in living matter, the “biochemical and molecular perspective”, popular in biology, medicine, and genetics, is unable to give account for crucial topics as the faculty of living systems to “feel”, to “perceive” what a given stimulus implies (means, indeed) for their survival. Condensed matter physics too, if bounded to a local, short-range, and perturbative approach, fails dramatically. This is also due to the role commonly assigned to water – actually the main constituent of living matter – deemed for long time to be merely chemical (as “solvent” or a reactant/product). Nonetheless, today many evidences show how living matter can be right conceived as a super-structured coherent water-based matrix, suggesting that the characterization of bio(electro)chemical and physical processes undertaken at molecular level in living matter, would let us unable to answer a question like this: what allows an amoeba, moreover without any neurons, to “know” to get closer to a nutrient or escape away from a toxin? I propose that to pursue such a fundamental inquiry it’s necessary an essentially relational approach, that is: to consider the living being at its grounding as the outcome of a physical history of relationships where symmetry-breakings, dissipation and coherence yield the emergence of the living state of matter, conceivable only as a time-dependent open process, and not as a portraited “body”. The effective tools to build up such an approach may be retrieved in far-form-equilibrium thermodynamics (TD), symmetry-breakings and gauge-fields theory, science of complexity, all the above within the framework of an advanced Quantum Field Theory.

Indeed, within a field-view of matter, and of water especially, as it has been developed by a Quantum Electrodynamic (QED) description of condensed matter, it’s possible to give account for a physical basis too such an epistemologically elusive, though crucial, feature of living systems (i.e.: perception and meaning). The emerging landscape allows some important meditations about adaptation, evolution, ecodynamics, and about different conceptions of complexity and “information” in living realm. Furthermore, some neuroscientific themes like consciousness, qualia and their links to artificial intelligence could be supplied with due insights.

Author(s) Details:

Paolo Renati,
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V7/article/view/10517

Assessment of Water Quality in Medical Laboratories | Chapter 17 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

 Water characteristic is an important factor moving the quality of test influence laboratories worldwide. However, till immediately, water quality control is neglected private of the medical laboratories. Only dispassionate grade water can be secondhand in a medical laboratory. Poor quality water can lead to a serious affect quality of reports generated by workshop. In this short communication, we have examined the importance of maintaining correct water quality in diagnostic workshops, various water purification electronics used in addition to evaluation process to choose a higher water purification system for the lab.

Author(s) Details:

Abhik Banerjee,
Apollo Diagnostics, Regional Reference Laboratory, Kolkata, India.

Rajarshi Sil,
Deptartment of Protein Chemistry & Molecular Biology, Allied Scientific Products, Kolkata, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V7/article/view/10083

How Water Retains Information: a.k.a. ‘Water Memory’ | Chapter 9 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 8

 The affair of this phase concerns a great experimental controversy of past decades: claims that liquid water has ‘memory’. Here we disprove that claim by showing that, though water retains news about its earlier states; that should not be named a ‘memory’. Memory indicates that information is available expected recalled, that is ‘remembered’. Such is certainly not the case.Obviously, water cannot store digital facts; that would require a stable substrate that water cannot provide. Water’s tiny structure is doubtful; the make-up of individual fragments changes continuously as hydrogen bonds 'tween them rearrange themselves, uniformly shifting H-atoms from individual O-atom to another. Any ‘news retained’ in water must be stocked differently from Shannon facts; to call it a ‘memory’ would end in controlled rejection – and uprightly so!Certain eminent chemists have, however, argued that, if liquid water’s microstructure is involved, news retention might happen. This chapter shows by virtue of what it becomes attainable. The key is this: in contrast to additional substances, liquid water can be designated two kinds of deterioration. The first is classical, that is macroscopic, allure heat content; the second is quantum that is microscopic and calculated in conditions of microstates of water polymolecules.Comparing these two forms Method. Result: the first exerts limits on the second: numbers of polymolecule are so vast that quantity entropies tend to surpass heat entropies. But those cannot be exceeded. At some temperature, T, forms taken by polymolecules are limited. That restriction, IR(T), comprises an entirely novel form of facts, different from the earlier known four. Arising from restrictions on a variable’s range, it parallels Fisher Information. We have then proposed to name it, ‘Quantum Fisher Information’.Finally, four characteristics are derived that concur Homeopathy lore: reliance on a. initial synthetic; b. method of dilution, containing c. forced quivering; and d. temperature, a maximum.

Author(s) Details:

Alex Hankey,
Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Eknath Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru - 560019, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V8/article/view/9774

Water Treatment by Using Situ Pressure in Reverse Osmosis: Strategies and Implications | Chapter 3 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4

 Desalination is individual of the primary orders used nowadays in many places to get water. Reverse osmosis is ultimate advanced technique for water dribbling. Desalination is necessary in dry countries and in cases place good-quality water is required for industrialized purposes and fresh water is not free. Power pumping is used in this place system to introduce water into semi-membranes, where the pungent water is then distant from the solution. The aim of this study was to determine guidelines for utilizing the pressure generated in situ of gathering water instead of a capacity pump, that creates the pressure required for reverse absorption. These recommendations have existed split into two primary groups: Utilizing the natural pressure that is to say formed, or, by preference, the forces that are brought about by structures built for water harvesting.

Author(s) Details:

Susan Norouzi,
Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Science Education, Farhangian University, Esfahan, Iran.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V4/article/view/9642