Lead Levels in Blood: Insights from Autopsy Cases of Urban India| Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 7

 

Lead is a widely used heavy metal known for its toxic effects on the human body, with prolonged exposure leading to a condition known as plumbism. The generally accepted reference range for blood lead levels in humans is up to 25 µg/dL. This cross-sectional autopsy-based study aims to estimate blood lead levels in the population of South Delhi. A total of 250 blood samples were collected from autopsy cases at a tertiary care centre. From each case, 5 mL of blood was drawn, digested, and analysed using a Trace Metal Analyser (TMA) for accurate quantification of lead content. The study population included 173 males and 77 females. The mean blood lead level among males was found to be significantly higher at 16 µg/dL, compared to 0.41 µg/dL in females. Further age-wise analysis revealed that individuals in the 41–60 years age group had the highest mean blood lead concentration, measured at 20.73 µg/dL. These findings highlight a concerning level of lead exposure in specific demographic groups, particularly adult males and middle-aged individuals, underscoring the need for environmental and occupational health interventions in the region.

 

Author(s) Details

Rajesh Kumar
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.

 

Ajay Kumar Patel
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v7/5820

Analysis of Strontium and Lead Isotopic Ratios in Environmental Matrices Using ICP-MS | Chapter 7 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 8

Determining the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic ratio in environmental samples by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-Q-MS) can be performed to explore this ratio as a tracer of the pollution source. The isotopic ratios of Sr in environmental samples have strong regional variations usually controlled by the underlying geology. This fact allows the creation of methodologies by which these elements can be used as traceability indices to determine the origin of metals. Lead isotopic ratios are often monitored to identify the isotopic fingerprint and as tracers to differentiate natural and anthropogenic lead.

This work presents the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotope compositions of 40 samples of river waters and sediments from regions of Romania using the ICP-MS technique. This method makes it possible to determine isotopic compositions precisely, which is important for researching processes like environmental change, geological origins, and pollution tracing. Studying isotope ratios can reveal important information about natural versus man-made influences in a variety of environmental settings.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Cezara Voica
National Institute for Research and Development for Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

 

Andreea Maria Iordache
National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI, Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v8/4862

Analysis of Some Specific Elements and Speciated Compounds Commonly Found in Fishes in the New Calabar River of the Niger Delta Area, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

Elements like mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium are well-known to have major human health problems. Elements exist in various forms. While some of these forms are toxic, others are not. The primary purpose of this work was to shed light on the concentrations of these toxic elements since people depend on this river for their source of fish and to also determine their speciated forms in these three fish species. The flesh of Guinean and blackchin tilapia, and mullet found in the New Calabar River (also called Choba River) were collected for elemental studies of mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel and speciated forms. The analytical method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used for the elemental studies while a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the speciated forms. The result revealed that 4.3 mg/kg was the highest concentration of cadmium observed in black chin tilapia. The three fish species all contained about 0.5 mg/kg of arsenic and 1 mg/ kg of mercury. 1.7 mg/kg of lead was detected in mullet while 7.3 mg/kg of nickel was detected in blackchin tilapia. Organometallic compounds found were nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Guinean tilapia, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium(iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in blackchin tilapia and [µ-(ƞ6-benzene)] bis (ƞ5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ hydrodi-vanadium. Borane carbonyl was found in the mullet. The results showed that toxic elements are present and that the quantity of fish in this river that is consumed is important

 

Author (s) Details

 

Owhonda, Ndubuisi Kingsley
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3445

Three Harendong Plants from West Java as a Model for Phytoremediation | Chapter 5 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 7

 In Indonesia harendong are more usually known as Melastoma, ultimate widely known variety is M. malabathricum and M. affine D. Don. Several studies utilizing harendong as subjects frequently called M. malabathricum and M. affine D. Clothe as two different types, but in additional studies referred to it as a synonym. In an work to make harendong as phytoremediation powers, taxonomy question becomes very main, because the plant structure and metabolism of each different type of plant will be various. This research aims to study the morphological alternative and cytogenetic of three harendong plant samples from some places in West Hot beverage made from beans of a tree. The study was conducted on the semantic analysis of flowers, leaves, and ancestries. Observations were carried out during the whole of the flower petals covering the course of rotation, the construction of flower parts. Genetic reasoning was performed by counting the number of chromosomes from root samples utilizing squash accompanying Aceto-carmine staining methods. Based on semantic and cytogenetic study, M. malabathricum is suitable for phytoremediation power. In order to carry out a preliminary showing on the potential of this plant as a phytoremediation power, M. malabathricum L. were grown hydroponically in a mineral solution accompanying different concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu). The plant’s skill to accumulate those weighty metals in root, stem and leaves were also persistent. Fourty eight stems were divided into ten groups contain control group, treatment groups that was administered with PbCl2 (25, 50, 75 μM), CdCl2 (20, 100, 200 μM), CuCl2 (10, 45, 130 μM). The tumor of plant were observed formerly every three era for a month. The remark include measurement of plant climax, root length, and amount of leaves that were produced. The amount of Pb, Cd, and Cu that were accumulated in plant fabric was also calculated at the end of research. Based on cytogenetic reasoning three harendong samples are three different class which are Melastoma malabathricum L., M. affine D. Clothe, dan Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don The study also illustrated that M. malabathricum L. showed undisturbed tumor with 25, 50 and 75 μM PbCl2 situation. The accumulation study result indicate that M. malabathricum is the Pb hoarder plant. This finding may help the development concerning this plant for remediation of Pb-contaminated lands.

Author(s) Details:

R. Yuniati,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

A. Salamah,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

P. A. Miranda,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

R. Oktarina,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

Y. Astrini,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

W. Handayani,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V7/article/view/12898

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Speciated Organometallic Compounds in Tilapia guineensis, Sarotherodon melanotheron and Liza falcipinnis Found in Choba River (New Calabar River), Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Newest Updates in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 The overweight part of blackchin tilapia (Sarotherondon melanotheron), guinean tilapia (Tilapia guineensis), and mullet (Liza falcipinnis) in Choba waterway were collected and resolved for the presence of cadmium, planets orbiting sun, arsenic, lead, nickel and speciated organometallic compounds utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Gas chromatography-bulk spectrometer (GC-MS) respectively. The results obtained demonstrated that of all the elements cadmium in Sarotherodon melanotheron had the best concentration (4.3mg/kg). The angle species all held about the same aggregation of arsenic (0.5mg/kg) and mercury (1mg/kg). The best concentration of lead was in the direction of mullet (1.7mg/kg) while the highest aggregation of nickel (7.3mg/kg) was in the direction of Sarotherodon melanotheron. The organometallic compounds detected were smaller currency in exchange for larger tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl in Tilapia guineensis, nickel tetracarbonyl, borane carbonyl and germanium (iv) pthalocyanine dichloride in Sarotherodon melanotheron and [μ-(η6-benzene)] bis (η5-2,4-cyclopentadien-yl) di-µ-hydrodi-vanadium and borane carbonyl in mullet.

 Author(s) Details:

N. K. Owhonda,
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, African Regional Aquaculture Centre, Aluu, P.M.B 5122, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUAVS-V4/article/view/10108

Deterioration of Hundred Years Old Coated Steel Bridges: Experimental Investigations | Chapter 11 | Research Aspects in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 1

 Early in the nineteenth century, steel bridges were popular. To protect the buildings from consistent air degradation, lead-based coatings were used. These have proven excellent resistance to degradation over time. In general, the rivets that connected the structural components exhibited less corrosion than the steel pieces. The damage was concentrated in places directly affected by rainfall or water flux. Crater formation and exfoliation were only seen in a few places. Organic deposit enrichment enhanced humidity stability, which had a detrimental effect on steel conservation. In these conditions, the overall coating thickness decreased somewhat, and long-therm protection was no longer possible. Lead's content has a harmful environmental impact. As a result, during the removal and disposal of the pollution, restoration activities must take into consideration the contaminant's effect. The current study covers the primary deteriorating difficulties associated with historic steel bridges, which, on the whole, are still in pretty excellent condition.

Author(s) Details:

C. Paglia,
University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland, DACD, 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland.

S. Antonietti,
University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland, DACD, 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland.

C. Mosca,
University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland, DACD, 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACMS-V1/article/view/7109

A Chalcone Based Flourescent Organic Material (FOM): Efficient Sensing of Lead Ions in Semi-Aqueous Medium| Chapter 8 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol.7

 Using standard spectroscopic and analytical techniques, a chalcone receptor 1 derived from pyrene has been developed, synthesised, and characterised. In semi-aqueous conditions, the probe 1 is used as a lead ion sensor. Over other competing heavy and transition metal ions, Receptor 1 showed a highly selective and sensitive detection of Pb2+. Other metal ions do not interfere with the turn "off-on" fluorescence detection of Pb2+ by 1. For the "off-on" fluorescence amplification, a putative PET mechanism is given. For the 1-Pb2+ complex, the detection limit of sensor 1 was found to be 0.11 10-6 M-1, and the association constant was found to be Ka = 1.18 x 105 M-2. In addition, the effects of time, pH, and the sensor's reversibility were studied.

Author(s) Details:

S. Suresh,
Fluorensic Materials Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641 114, India.

K. Velmurugan,
Fluorensic Materials Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641 114, India.

J. Prabhu,
Fluorensic Materials Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641 114, India.

R. Nandhakumar,
Fluorensic Materials Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore-641 114, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V7/article/view/5924

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Soils and Sediments of La Villa River Basin, Panama | Chapter 5 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 The goal was to find out how much heavy metal was in the water, sediments, and crops in the La Villa river basin in the provinces of Herrera and Los Santos in Panama. In the wet season of 2016 (May to November) and the dry season of 2017, the La Villa river basin in Panama's south central region was photographed (December to April). Twenty-two sediment and water samples were taken in the upper, middle, and lower basins using the systematic method, which entails selecting sampling stations at uniform distances and crops. The sampling was restricted to a preferably rectangular area of 10.0 m x 30.0 m, on which 15 sub-samples were taken on each grid, at a depth of 0.20 m. A rod with a clean plastic bottle was introduced against the current of the river to gather water samples. The content of heavy metals (As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cd) in sediments and crops was determined using USEPA (25) technique (3051A) digestion (SW-846). Heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and manganese, which can be found in irrigation water, are a hazard because they can build in agricultural soils. Cu (upper and lower basin) and Mn (all levels) values in the sediments were found to be above the USEPA Standards during the wet season. Mn was detected in significant concentrations in the middle and lower basins, Cr in the upper and lower basins, and As in all parts of the basin during the dry season. High quantities of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb were identified in the waters of the basin's rivers during both rainy and dry seasons. The primary crops at each elevation of the basin were examined, with high levels of As and Cr in the top basin, and Cr and Cd in the middle and lower basins. Because 90% of the agrochemicals entering the country are meant for agriculture, it is vital to monitor the levels of heavy metals in sediments of the La Villa river basin. Each Panamanian utilises 3 kilogramme of agrochemicals per year, which is more than six times the amount used in Central America. These soils are rich in copper, manganese, and arsenic due to their geological origins, the latter being related with iron oxides and sulphides, but there is also a strong influence of anthropogenic activity, agriculture, and industry. Lead and arsenic, for example, have a low solubility in water but a high concentration in sediments. Water is the source of chromium and cadmium in crops.

Author(S) Details

José Villarreal Núñez
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Adolfo Santo Pineda
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Jhon Villalaz Pérez
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Iván Ramos Zachrisson
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPPSR-V4/article/view/5196

Determination of Blood Serum Lead and Cadmium Level during Pregnancy in Gas Flaring Communities of Bayelsa State Nigeria | Chapter 4 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 The amount of serum lead and cadmium in pregnant and non-pregnant women living in selected gas flaring localities in Bayelsa State, Nigeria is determined and compared in this study. This study included 200 pregnant women who appeared to be in good health and 100 non-pregnant women who served as controls. In non-pregnant and pregnant subjects, the prevalence of elevated serum lead (>0.1ppm) beyond the World Health Organization permitted level was 2% and 5%, respectively, whereas the prevalence of elevated serum cadmium (>0.0012 ppm) was (11.33%) and (19.66%). However, the cumulative prevalence of increased heavy metals in non-pregnant and pregnant patients was 6.66 percent and 6.66 percent, respectively (12.33 percent ). The non-pregnant control group had a non-significant higher concentration of lead (0.07 ppm) than the pregnant (0.05 ppm) group, with no difference in their cadmium (0.01 ppm) levels. The study found a non-significant increase in the level of lead in the pregnant test group (0.06 ppm) during their third trimester as compared to those in their first and second trimesters (0.05 ppm), as well as a non-significant increase in cadmium blood levels (0.02 ppm) in the third trimester. The longer the period of exposure to gas flares in years, the higher the quantity of lead and cadmium in the blood of pregnant and non-pregnant women in Bayelsa state, Nigeria, according to this research.

Author(S) Details

Solomon M. Uvoh
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Arthur N. Chuemere
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Charles Nnamdi Ngaikedi
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

E. Kiridi Emily Gabriel
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Niger Delta University, WILBERFORCE Island Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V12/article/view/4670

Study on Distribution Pattern of Pb among Plant Parts at Selected Growth Stages of Roadside Grown Wheat and Maize at Kadawa, Kano State| New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 5

 The purpose of this study was to understand the extension participation of National Horticulture Mission beneficiaries and to analyse the extent of participation of National Horticulture Mission beneficiaries in various extension programmes in all six blocks (taluks) of Davanagere district in Karnataka state, India. The sample size was 144 beneficiaries of the National Horticulture Mission from 24 villages who were chosen at random. For this study, an ex-post facto research design was used. According to the findings, family members (34.26 percent), neighbours (33.56 percent), friends and relatives (33.45 percent), and other service providers, fellow beneficiaries, and NHM workers are the most common sources of information for NHM recipients. Farm magazine (66.21 percent), radio (57.87 percent), newspapers (55.10 percent), internet source (44.44 percent), WhatsApp (42.36 percent), and mobile SMS (42.36 percent) are the top five sources of information (32.27 percent ). When it came to contacting extension professionals, 42.82 percent of recipients spoke with an agricultural assistant, 36.11 percent with an assistant agriculture officer, 30.09 percent with a veterinary officer, and 28.70 percent with an agriculture officer. According to the extended participation data, 33.45% of beneficiaries attended group meetings, 33.10 percent attended krishi melas, 31.02 percent attended field visits, and 28.47 percent attended training programmes. In all, 40.97 percent of recipients went to town or cities twice a week, 38.18 percent went once a week, and 16.67 percent went once every two weeks.

Author (S) Details

Anongo, M’ember Catherine

Environmental/Plant Protection, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, P.M.B. 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria. and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, P.M.B. 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria.

D. N. Iortsuun

Plant Physiology and Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

M. A. Tafida

Environmental/Plant Protection, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, P.M.B. 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria. and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, P.M.B. 1020, Taraba State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V5/article/view/4117

Study on Virtual Screening of Treated Pistachio vera Shell Powder as a Potential Sorbent in Sequestering Ubiquitous Divalent Metal Ions from Aqueous Matrices | Chapter 2 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 3

 Water contamination caused by poisonous heavy metals such as Hg(II), Cr(VI), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions, among others, has gotten a lot of attention recently. Because of their toxicity, accumulation, and biomagnification, increasing quantities of heavy metals in the ecosystem poses a serious health risk. Lead pollution of drinking water is a serious concern due to lead pipes, plating units, and other sources. A firm covering surrounds the nut kernels in the pistachio vera shell (PVS). The current study examines the feasibility of powdered Pistachio vera shell (PVSP) - a bio waste - in sequestering Pb(II) ions after being treated with 0.1N HCl / NaOH to improve sorption efficacy (TPVSP). For material characterization, SEM, FTIR, and microscopic studies are recorded. The sorbent material's competence is experimentally verified in Batch mode under a variety of operating conditions, including particle size and dosage of TPVSP, agitation time interval between TPVSP and Pb(II) ions, initial concentrations of Pb(II) ions, pH of the adsorption medium, effects of cations, anions, and co-ions, and temperature influence on the Pb(II) – TPVSP system. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer is used to determine the residual amounts of Pb(II) ions in aqueous solutions (SHIMADZU-AA-6200). The adsorption capacity is described using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. To ensure the quantitative estimate of TPVSP, column experiments are undertaken, in which 40 mg TPVSP at a flow rate of 100 ml/10 mins removes 99 percent of Pb(II).

Author (S) Details

N. Muthulakshmi Andal
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India.

N. Shyamala Devi
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, India.

K. Vivithabharathi
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V3/article/view/2948

Analysing the Heavy Metal Profile in Bottled Water and Sachet Water Samples from Various Markets in Lagos, Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 2

 Water is an essential component of the body's metabolic activities. The World Health Organization has established criteria for drinking water. Water is a life-sustaining beverage that is required for all species to survive. A major public health priority is the provision of safe drinking water. The intake of polluted water causes the majority of ailments in impoverished countries. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, the amounts of six heavy metals and six trace metals in sachet water samples and bottled water samples collected in Lagos markets, Nigeria, were measured (AAS). Except in the Bevap sachet water, Osan bottled water, Christo bottled water, and Cway bottled water samples, lead contents were below the maximum permitted values. Except for Pringad bottled water, Sunar bottled water, and Cway bottle water samples, as well as Nimbus satchet water, cadmium was not discovered in majority of the water samples. These levels were higher than the WHO's maximum allowed limits. Chromium was detected in trace quantities in all of the water samples tested. All of the other heavy metals tested were below the maximum allowable values. Iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were also found at non-toxic quantities in the water samples. Heavy metals were found in five sachet water tests and seven bottle water samples, as well as concentrations of lead and cadmium in three satchet water samples and three bottled water samples. This could be hazardous if the population consumes it over an extended period of time.

Author (S) Details

O. E. Bolawa
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria.

O. S. Adelusi
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V2/article/view/2659

Investigating the Effect of Lead on Marsilea minuta Linn. Under Hydroponic Conditions| Chapter 12 | New Perspectives in Agriculture and Crop Science Vol. 3

 

The degree of the concentration of lead (Pb) that induces toxicity in the pteridophytes of lower vascular plants remains unknown. The present study was therefore intended to investigate the degree of Pb accumulation in Marsilea minuta Linn, with its effect on the physiological and biochemical basis of heavy metal tolerance. Mining and smelting operations, Pb2+ containing paints, fuel and explosives, as well as the disposal of urban sewage sludge enriched in Pb and emissions from motor vehicles & industrial plants are the product of lead contamination. Plants were permitted to absorb lead salt at lower concentrations (0 μM, 0.1 μM, 0.3 μM, 0.5 μM and 1.0 μM) during hydroponic culture for 12 days, and significant degradation of plant biomass was recorded. T T However more metals than leaves were consumed by the roots. Changes in leaf area, allocation of biomass, leaf chlorophyll content, total carbohydrate content and protein content have been monitored. Higher concentrations of up to 1.0 μM decreased the quality of biomass and chlorophyll. In the early days of treatment, a significant decrease in total protein content was observed, accompanied by a sharp rise in treatment of 0.3 μM, 0.5 μM and 1.0 μM. The overall carbohydrate content was reduced by 1.0 μM and increased by 0.5 μM compared to control conditions.

Author(s) Details

M. S. Saranya
Department of Botany, Sree Narayana College, Nattika, Thrissur, Kerala 678508 (Affiliated to University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala), India.

Dr. J. Shereena

Department of Botany, Sree Narayana College Alathur, Palakkad, Kerala, 678682, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/293

Focusing on the Quality of Potable Water Available to the Residents of Anambra State, Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 1

 

Public pipe-borne water system had collapsed in Anambra state of Nigeria, for over fifteen years,
challenging the residents of the state to resort to alternative sources of potable water, notably,
boreholes. In this work, two boreholes each in nineteen communities, one from Aguluzigbo, in three
local government areas (Anaocha, Awka-North, Awka-South) in the state were sampled, and tested
for pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Total Suspended Solids, Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, Bacteria and
Yeast loads. The water samples were all soft and mostly acidic. The Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium
concentrations were above the tolerable limits in most communities in Anaocha and Awka-South.
Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium were absent in all the samples in Awka-North except in four communities
where Cadmium was present. Suspended solid contents were also high in all the Local Government
Areas. Overall, the quality of the water consumed by the people in the selected population calls to
question of the water and sanitation component of the public health system.

Author (s) Details

Dr.Chigozie John Onyinye Anarado
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Charity Ebere Anarado
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Benjamin Chimezie Izuagbachukwu
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Uzorchukwu Michael Ogu

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Amarachi Maduka
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Dr. Chinyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Dr. Valentine Ifenna Onwukeme
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/253

Effect of Dietary Ingestion of Ca and Mg on Cd and PbCo-induced Liver Damage in Rats | Chapter 5 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol.3

This study was designed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of the combined administration of
calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) co-intoxicated rats. Wistar rats
were obtained from the animal House of Pharmacology Department, University of Jos, allowed to
acclimatized for seven days and then divided into five groups of four rats per group in metabolic
cages. Group one was fed with tap water only, while group two to five were fed with the combination
of 0.327 mg/L Pb and 0.079 mg/L Cd concurrently with graded concentrations of Mg and Ca. Their
food was mashed with the same water meant for each group. All the groups fed and freely drank from
the water for a period of fourteen (14) days. At the termination of the experiments, the rats were
humanely sacrificed under anaesthesia, sample of blood was obtained from each rat by decapitation.
Serum was obtained from clotted blood by centrifugation and kept frozen until required for the
measurement of liver biomarkers, while the liver was identified and fixed in 10% formal saline for
histopathological studies. The animal House of Pharmacology Department, Anatomy and
Biochemistry laboratories, University of Jos, Nigeria, were used for treatments, histochemical and
biochemical analyses respectively. Results showed that liver biomarkers in serum decreased as the
concentrations of Ca and Mg were elevated. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the liver
biomarkers concentrations of all the groups as compared with control. The histochemistry show that
there was mild damage to the liver integrity at the lower concentrations of Ca and Mg but as their
concentrations were elevated, there was no significant difference between the liver integrity of control
and the test groups. This suggests that as the concentrations of Ca and Mg were elevated, so also
the mitigation effect on the hepatotoxicities induced by Cd and Pb in the rats was increased.

Author (s) Details

Jonathan D. Dabak
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria.

Dr.Samuel Y. Gazuwa
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria.

Dr.Samuel Y. Gazuwa
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/218