Electronic Energy Levels and Intra-Band Transitions in the Conduction Band of a Zn1-xMgxO /ZnO/Zn1-xMgxO Quantum Well Heterostructures | Chapter 9 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 3

 

In the last few years, semiconductor-based quantum well structures have been intensively investigated because of their interesting optical and electrical properties. This paper studies a quantum well heterostructure made up of a zinc oxide (ZnO) thin layer (well) sandwiched between two Zn1-xMgxO layers acting as potential barriers. The material is chemically and thermally stable, non-toxic and abundant in nature. Setting the width of the well to a = 10 nm, the allowed quantum states in the conduction band (CB) and the wave function profiles are examined for two values of magnesium concentration: x = 0.1 and x = 0.2. The calculated wavelengths corresponding to intra-band transitions in the conduction band are in the infrared domain of the electromagnetic spectrum. These wavelengths depend on x, allowing to control the optoelectronic properties of the quantum well by adjusting the concentration x during the growth process. This suggests that it is possible to control the optoelectronic properties of a quantum well by adjusting the concentration during the growth process, in order to obtain the desired wavelength for a semiconductor laser.

 

Author(s) Details

Moustapha Thiam
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Aminata Diaw
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Amaky Badiane
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

 

Omar Absatou Niasse
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

 

Amadou Diao
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Moulaye Diagne
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Bassirou Lo
Groupe de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Bassirou Ba
Laboratoire des Semi-Conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v3/1974

Influence of Zinc, Vitamin A and Magnesium Supplements on the Thyroid Function in Hypothyroidism Patients | Chapter 1 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 9

Background: An inadequate thyroid hormone synthesis slows down the body's metabolism and causes a host of crippling symptoms, such as weight gain, weariness, cold sensitivity, and cognitive decline. Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine illness. Hormone replacement medication is the usual treatment for hypothyroidism, but new research indicates that shortages in some micronutrients, including zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium, may be important in the development and course of the condition. Supplementing these micronutrients could be an adjuvant approach in the treatment of thyroid dysfunction because they are necessary to produce thyroid hormones, metabolism, and immunological regulation.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to look at the potential therapeutic effects of magnesium, zinc and vitamin A supplements on oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and thyroid function in people with hypothyroidism. The goal of the study is to ascertain whether treating deficits in these micronutrients can boost thyroid hormone production, reduce symptoms, and strengthen the immune system and metabolism in individuals with hypothyroidism.

Methods: A detailed review of peer-reviewed literature, including clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses, was conducted to explore the role of zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium in thyroid health. The studies selected for review included both placebo-controlled interventions and observational data on micronutrient supplementation in hypothyroid patients. Key variables such as serum levels of thyroid hormones (TSH, FT3, FT4), oxidative stress markers (hs-CRP, MDA), and overall clinical outcomes were analysed to assess the effects of supplementation.

Results: The review emphasised a constant positive relationship between better thyroid function and supplementing with zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium. It has been discovered that taking zinc supplements helps boost thyroid hormone synthesis by improving free and total thyroxine (T4) levels and improving TSH regulation. The antioxidant qualities of vitamin A have been found to lower oxidative stress and stabilise thyroid function; on the other hand, magnesium supplementation has improved energy metabolism and decreased inflammatory indicators. Overall, the patients who received these micronutrients showed changes in the balance of thyroid hormones, reduced inflammation, and improved metabolic function, all of which point to important therapeutic advantages.

Conclusion: In summary, the results highlight the possible function of magnesium, zinc, and vitamin A supplements in the treatment of hypothyroidism. These micronutrients assist in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which are frequently linked to thyroid diseases, in addition to aiding in the production and control of thyroid hormones. Patients with hypothyroidism who take these supplements as part of their treatment plan, especially if they have known deficits, may experience a better quality of life and more efficient symptom management. It is advised that larger sample sizes and longer trial lengths be used in future clinical studies to confirm the effectiveness of this strategy and provide standardized procedures for micronutrient supplementation in hypothyroid treatment.

 

Author (s) Details

Misbah Arshad
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Muntaha Jaffar
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Farah Khanum
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Noor Fatima
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Alina Akbar
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Ghulam Rubab
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v9/2585

Zinc, Copper, Magnesium and Glycated Haemoglobin Levels in Obese Individuals | Chapter 3 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 Background: Obesity is a key risk determinant for a variety of weighty disorders linked to minor element metabolism. Zinc, copper, and magnesium all play catalytic, fundamental, and regulatory duties in the body. Obesity can impair their bioavailability.Aim: It is fault-finding to understand united states of america of these elements in obesity in consideration of recognize their connection in obesity difficulties.Materials and Methods: The study included 86 corpulent people and 50 control persons. A abstaining venous sample of 5ml was taken, accompanying 3ml dispensed into a simple container and the remaining 2ml sink a lithium heparin container for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) calculation. The clotted sample was spun, and the antitoxin was extracted for minor element analysis. HbA1c was premeditated using the Karunamnayake and Chandrasekharan method. The Mann and Yoe method was working to estimate magnesium, whereas AAS was utilized to measure policeman and zinc.Results: The mean metallic mineral level of controls was higher than that of corpulent people (p = 0.017). The mean level of corpulence in Class 111 was lower than in Class 1 but not in Class 11 (p = 0.05). Copper's profit decreased in a non-significant habit when BMI increased. Magnesium levels shortened (p = 0.043) as BMI increased. Similarly, as BMI raised, so did HbA1c aggregation (p = 0.019).Conclusion: Obese people have zinc, policeman, and magnesium deficiencies, signifying the necessity to judge trace element concentrations for fear that deficient states and following health consequences.q

Author(s) Details:

I. S. I. Ogbu,
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Evangel University, Akaeze, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V4/article/view/10706

Association of High-Sensitive C-reactive Protein and Atherogenic Lipid Levels Among Group of University Students with Habitual Smoking | Chapter 14 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 1

The inflammatory and cardiovascular disease (CVD) marker high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is well-known. Blood levels of non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (n-HDL-C) are closely linked to a lifetime risk of atherosclerotic CVD. According to certain theories, Hs-CRP and atherogenic lipids constitute a key component of cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in smokers. Long-term smoking appears to be associated with high levels of plasma cholesterol, hs-CRP, and LDL-C. The purpose of the study is to assess the plasma levels of hs-CRP, lipid profile, and magnesium in a sample of college students who smoke often. Eighty guys who currently smoke were included in this cross-sectional investigation. The plasma hs-CRP was estimated using the latex immune turbidimetric technique, employing a spectrophotometer, and chemical techniques were employed to calculate the plasma lipid profile and magnesium (Biosystem 310). The plasma levels of hs-CRP, total cholesterol, and LDL-C increased significantly in the test group of students who have smoked for at least 10 years (P 0.05), while HDL-C levels decreased significantly (P 0.05). The results demonstrated that smoking caused substantial changes in hs-CRP and atherogenic lipids, two markers of cardiovascular disease risk in young male smokers.

Author(s) Details:

Ghada A. Elfadil,

Department of Clinical Chemistry, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

Elyasa M. Elfaki,

Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Al-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.

Sulafa O. Madani,

Department of Clinical Chemistry, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

Ezeldine K. Abdalhabib,

Department of Clinical Chemistry, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

Abdelgadir Elmugadam,

Department of Clinical Chemistry, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V1/article/view/7333

Determining the Levels of Glycated Hemoglobin, Serum Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Uric Acid and Microalbuminuria in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | Chapter 15 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 

Background: Over the previous three decades, the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has more than doubled, making it one of the most important public health challenges affecting all countries. As a result, researchers compared HbA1c, serum calcium, serum magnesium, serum phosphate, serum uric acid, and microalbuminuria levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients to normal healthy people.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done in the Department of Biochemistry at SKIMS-MC&H, Bemina, Srinagar. The 300 people who took part in this study were divided into two groups. Group I: consisted of 150 healthy men and women between the ages of 30 and 80. A total of 150 newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the same age group made up Group II. Fasting blood samples were tested for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, uric acid, blood sugar, and HbA1c. To evaluate microalbuminuria, urine was collected for 24 hours and the results were compared to those of healthy people. The standard deviation of the means was calculated, and the significance level was determined using the student t-test.

FBS, HbA1c, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and uric acid levels in the blood were 89.71 9.22, 4.68 0.47, 9.61 0.84, 2.23 0.41, 3.45 0.46, 4.21 1.04 in controls (group-I) and 145.57 76.61, 8.94 2.38, 8.09 0.18, 1.92 0.27, 2.82 0.68, 7.01 0.27 in patients (group-II) (0.001). The mean difference in microalbuminuria between patients and controls was 35.01 41.30 and 15.35 2.60 (0.001).

Conclusion: There is a decrease in serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels, which are all important in blood glucose management. As a result, oral supplementation of all of these ions is recommended in addition to food. Reduced glucose tolerance was linked to higher serum uric acid and microalbuminuria, therefore these parameters should be assessed early in the course of Type-2 diabetes monitoring to help reduce the risk of kidney issues. Glycated haemoglobin levels can also indicate early patient mobilisation to diabetic support services, treatment, and medication response, all of which can help to avoid micro and macro complications associated with uncontrolled Type-2 diabetes.

Author(S) Details

Qazi Najeeb Ahmad
Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Anantnag (J&K), India.

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Correlation between the Plasma Magnesium Levels and Glycated Haemoglobin in Sudanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Khartoum State: A Cross Sectional Study | Chapter 2 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 12

 The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the plasma levels of magnesium and HbA1C in (60) type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and (40) seemingly healthy (non-diabetic) volunteers as a control group. Patients were gathered from a variety of hospitals and clinics. In terms of age and gender, the test and control groups were matched. Magnesium levels in the blood were measured using a spectrophotometer (Bio system Company reagents). The levels of HbA1C were determined using NycoCard reagents and devices. The data was analysed using SPSS. The results demonstrated a significant drop in the diabetic group's mean plasma magnesium levels when compared to the control group (p. value 0.05), but an increase in HbA1C in diabetes patients (type 2) when compared to the control group (p. value 0.05). There was a substantial negative link between magnesium plasma levels and HbA1C levels in diabetic patients, as well as a modest negative correlation between magnesium plasma levels and disease duration. The findings showed that uncontrolled diabetes patients are at higher risk of hypomagnesaemia than controlled diabetic patients because plasma magnesium levels had a strong negative connection with HbA1C levels.

Author (S) Details

Tilal Abd El-Hameed Seedahmed
Chemical Pathology, University of Medical Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

Samia Mahdi Ahmed
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

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Studies on Environmental Friendlier Magnesium Fuel from Liquid Waste Bittern | Chapter 7 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 13

Due to a projected need to reduce fossil fuel usage while also lowering greenhouse gas emissions, magnesium metal production is predicted to increase significantly over the next decade and beyond. Bittern is considered a hazardous liquid waste to the atmosphere, posing substantial environmental risks; nonetheless, it has numerous uses in industrial and agriculture, as well as in the production of magnesium and other compounds. To extract pure magnesium oxide from bittern, precipitation procedures utilizing sodium or ammonium hydroxide or oxalic acid solutions were proposed, as well as technological procedures incorporating both. Magnesium metal manufacture is technically difficult and has extremely high production costs. High-temperature reduction, electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride, and other technologies involving the use of a laser and solar radiation are among the most recent methods for creating magnesium metal from oxides. The bittern solution is an example of a valuable resource for magnesium and other low-cost salts that could be created as by-products of Magnesia processing.

Author (s) Details

Dr. M. S. Shalaby
Pilot Plant Department, EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir st.) Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Prof. Dr. Shakinaz A. El-Sherbini
Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.

Rania Ramadan
Pilot Plant Department, EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir st.) Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Prof. Dr. Shadia A. El-Rafie
Pilot Plant Department, EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir st.) Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Prof. Dr. Hanem A. Sibak
Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt


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Effect of Dietary Ingestion of Ca and Mg on Cd and PbCo-induced Liver Damage in Rats | Chapter 5 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol.3

This study was designed to determine the hepatoprotective effect of the combined administration of
calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) co-intoxicated rats. Wistar rats
were obtained from the animal House of Pharmacology Department, University of Jos, allowed to
acclimatized for seven days and then divided into five groups of four rats per group in metabolic
cages. Group one was fed with tap water only, while group two to five were fed with the combination
of 0.327 mg/L Pb and 0.079 mg/L Cd concurrently with graded concentrations of Mg and Ca. Their
food was mashed with the same water meant for each group. All the groups fed and freely drank from
the water for a period of fourteen (14) days. At the termination of the experiments, the rats were
humanely sacrificed under anaesthesia, sample of blood was obtained from each rat by decapitation.
Serum was obtained from clotted blood by centrifugation and kept frozen until required for the
measurement of liver biomarkers, while the liver was identified and fixed in 10% formal saline for
histopathological studies. The animal House of Pharmacology Department, Anatomy and
Biochemistry laboratories, University of Jos, Nigeria, were used for treatments, histochemical and
biochemical analyses respectively. Results showed that liver biomarkers in serum decreased as the
concentrations of Ca and Mg were elevated. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the liver
biomarkers concentrations of all the groups as compared with control. The histochemistry show that
there was mild damage to the liver integrity at the lower concentrations of Ca and Mg but as their
concentrations were elevated, there was no significant difference between the liver integrity of control
and the test groups. This suggests that as the concentrations of Ca and Mg were elevated, so also
the mitigation effect on the hepatotoxicities induced by Cd and Pb in the rats was increased.

Author (s) Details

Jonathan D. Dabak
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria.

Dr.Samuel Y. Gazuwa
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria.

Dr.Samuel Y. Gazuwa
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Nigeria

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