Evaluating the Validity of Ahara and Vihara in Ayurveda: Non-Adherence to their Principles as Risk Factors for Disease | chapter 7 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

The chronic disease crisis has afflicted humanity for many years. As an insight, diseases related to metabolic syndrome such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are proving particularly costly, with costs predicted to spiral out of control, particularly in countries in South and East Asia. In Ayurveda, such disease crisis are explained in terms of imbalances in patients’ physiological regulatory systems. Life-style habits—such as smoking, alcohol intake, no exercise etc.—are well-known risk factors for disease, often understood as effects of particular molecules. Patients’ life-styles tend to create ongoing strain on physiological regulation, so that restoring patients’ regulatory systems to states of natural homeostatic and allostatic balance is necessary to restore health. Systems of traditional medicine advise on habits like Yoga practice, timings of meals, retiring to bed and rising. This study present a non-rigorous demonstration of how such influences can be subject to usual contingency table risk-factor analysis. Data were collected from patients at Rasähära Kendra clinics in the city of Bhopal, who completed questionnaires on life-style and health-related habits, health history and current status. Supplementary data was obtained from independently interviewed citizens of Bhopal. Classic risk factor analysis was carried out by using categorical Yes/No variables answering the two questions. The data were analyzed using Excel and pad. The result indicated that a variety of diet and lifestyle factors considered important in South Asian Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine (TCAM) systems of medicine like Ayurveda and Yoga may be shown to influence values of BMI considered important in metabolic syndrome, and various aspects of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Although non-rigorous, results demonstrate how such methods may validate life-style factors from traditional medicine: not observing them increases disease susceptibility. The study concluded that it is practical to obtain and analyse data testing influences of lifestyle factors on the aetiology of various diseases and their complications, as suggested by Ayurveda, and indeed other TCAM systems. Further, more rigorous research should be implemented to validate these findings.

 

Author (s) Details

Purnima Datey
S-VYASA, Bangalore, India.

 

Alex Hankey
S-VYASA, Bangalore, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v2/5406

 

Mechanistic Contributors to Subclinical Hypothyroidism in obesity: Review of Molecular Evidence for Impaired Thyroid Hormone Receptor Affinity and Actions from Rat Studies | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 13

Obesity and its pathophysiologic sequela have become a burgeoning medical issue not only in Africa but worldwide. Obese and overweight patients may sometimes present with symptoms suggestive of disordered carbohydrate metabolism and thyroidal parameters including hypothyroidism. However, when the usual routine thyroid battery of labs comes back, they may identify markers of insulin resistance but often fail to identify any obvious abnormal findings in their hypothalamic-thyroidal axis. To determine the potential for subclinical thyroidal actions as a contributing factor for hormonal regulation of energy balance and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome, studies of resting and catecholamine stimulated metabolism, in vivo thyroid hormone half-life, thyroid hormone binding characteristics and weight gain, groups of lean and obese congenic LA/Ntul//-cp rats were offered stock or high energy diets and in vivo and in vitro parameters of thyroid hormone action determined. The obese phenotype demonstrated impaired thermic responses to diet and environment and cold-induced thermoregulation, in association with decreases in plasma T3 but not T4 concentrations. Administration of I-131 T4 and I-131 T3 in the obese phenotype of corpulent rats resulted in clearance rates for T3, but T4 clearance was consistently prolonged by approximately 50% among the obese phenotype. The plasma half-life of T4 was ~50% longer in obese than in lean littermates, while the half-life of T3 was similar in both phenotypes. Measures of nuclear thyroid hormone receptor density were similar in both phenotypes, but receptor affinity for T3 was diminished in the obese phenotype, consistent with impaired thyroidal actions as a contributing factor for subclinical hypothyroidism in the obese phenotype of this strain. In conclusion, the current trends in the increasing prevalence of obese and overweight conditions will in all likelihood become a pressing global priority to identify and more fully characterize at the molecular, tissue and organ system levels of effective resolutions to the critical issues of overweight and obese conditions. A doable solution must be found, as urgency is emerging that signals that a metabolic and global healthcare epidemic is tantamount to a tsunami if left unattended.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Orien L Tulp
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK, Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, USA and Department of Natural Medicine, East West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota FL, USA.

 

O F Obidi
Department of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

 

T C Oyesile
Department of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Frantz Sainvil
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK, Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, USA and Department of Medicine, Broward College, Davie FL, USA.

 

Rolando Branly
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK and Department of Medicine, Broward College, Davie FL, USA.

 

A Sciranka
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK.

 

Syed AA Rizv
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK and Department of Medicine, Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, USA.

 

Aftab Awan
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.

 

Michael Anderson
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK.

 

George P Einstein
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK and Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, USA.

 

Syed AA Rizvi

Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK and Department of Medicine, Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v13/5230

Influence of Zinc, Vitamin A and Magnesium Supplements on the Thyroid Function in Hypothyroidism Patients | Chapter 1 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 9

Background: An inadequate thyroid hormone synthesis slows down the body's metabolism and causes a host of crippling symptoms, such as weight gain, weariness, cold sensitivity, and cognitive decline. Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine illness. Hormone replacement medication is the usual treatment for hypothyroidism, but new research indicates that shortages in some micronutrients, including zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium, may be important in the development and course of the condition. Supplementing these micronutrients could be an adjuvant approach in the treatment of thyroid dysfunction because they are necessary to produce thyroid hormones, metabolism, and immunological regulation.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to look at the potential therapeutic effects of magnesium, zinc and vitamin A supplements on oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and thyroid function in people with hypothyroidism. The goal of the study is to ascertain whether treating deficits in these micronutrients can boost thyroid hormone production, reduce symptoms, and strengthen the immune system and metabolism in individuals with hypothyroidism.

Methods: A detailed review of peer-reviewed literature, including clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses, was conducted to explore the role of zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium in thyroid health. The studies selected for review included both placebo-controlled interventions and observational data on micronutrient supplementation in hypothyroid patients. Key variables such as serum levels of thyroid hormones (TSH, FT3, FT4), oxidative stress markers (hs-CRP, MDA), and overall clinical outcomes were analysed to assess the effects of supplementation.

Results: The review emphasised a constant positive relationship between better thyroid function and supplementing with zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium. It has been discovered that taking zinc supplements helps boost thyroid hormone synthesis by improving free and total thyroxine (T4) levels and improving TSH regulation. The antioxidant qualities of vitamin A have been found to lower oxidative stress and stabilise thyroid function; on the other hand, magnesium supplementation has improved energy metabolism and decreased inflammatory indicators. Overall, the patients who received these micronutrients showed changes in the balance of thyroid hormones, reduced inflammation, and improved metabolic function, all of which point to important therapeutic advantages.

Conclusion: In summary, the results highlight the possible function of magnesium, zinc, and vitamin A supplements in the treatment of hypothyroidism. These micronutrients assist in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which are frequently linked to thyroid diseases, in addition to aiding in the production and control of thyroid hormones. Patients with hypothyroidism who take these supplements as part of their treatment plan, especially if they have known deficits, may experience a better quality of life and more efficient symptom management. It is advised that larger sample sizes and longer trial lengths be used in future clinical studies to confirm the effectiveness of this strategy and provide standardized procedures for micronutrient supplementation in hypothyroid treatment.

 

Author (s) Details

Misbah Arshad
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Muntaha Jaffar
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Farah Khanum
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Noor Fatima
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Alina Akbar
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Ghulam Rubab
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v9/2585

Hypothyroidism: Study of Prevalence and Environmental Exposures as Risk Factors | Chapter 7 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 

Background: Thyroid diseases are common worldwide. In India too, there is a significant burden of thyroid diseases and 42 million people in India are estimated to suffer from them. Environmental factors pose a significant risk of thyroid dysfunction under certain circumstances which may be intentional, inadvertent, or accidental. The need to investigate the potential harm posed by these factors in the quantities commonly encountered is emphasized. And along with this, there is ignorance and a lack of perception about this problem.

Objective: To study the prevalent risk factors (non-modifiable and modifiable) of hypothyroidism and to estimate the strength of the association of these risk factors and the occurrence of the disease.

Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted at a teaching hospital, in Punjab, India. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of 108 cases with hypothyroidism and 107 control subjects were included in this study.

Results: About 54.33% of hypothyroid cases were observed to be lying in the age group of > 40-50 years out of which 6.14% were male and 93.8% female cases. There was a significant association between modifiable risk factors (pollution, type of diet and cooking oil) and hypothyroidism, while non-modifiable risk factors (age, weight) were not significantly associated.

Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is a common prevailing disorder in the adult Indian population. Hypothyroidism is a disease of multifactorial causation.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Jagminder Bajaj
Department of Pharmacology, PIMS, Jalandhar, India.

 

Shalini Salwan
Department of Pharmacology, PIMS, Jalandhar, India.

 

Poonam Salwan
Department of Pharmacology, FMHS, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v8/11878F

Vitiligo and Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders: Is There Any Correlation? | Chapter 8 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Background: Within the landscape of rising skin disorders, a substantial portion is rooted in autoimmune etiology, often showcasing manifestations of systemic pathologies. This chapter explores the intricate association between autoimmune thyroid disorders and Vitiligo, a skin condition marked by progressive melanocyte loss.  Emphasis is placed on elucidating the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in vitiligo patients, specifically Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO Ab) and antithyroglobulin (anti-TG Ab) Antibodies. 

Research Methodology: A comprehensive hospital-based case-control study encompassing 60 participants was conducted to unravel the complex relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and dermatological disorders, such as psoriasis, melasma, atopic dermatitis, and Vitiligo.  Noteworthy findings indicate a robust association between autoimmune thyroid disorders and Vitiligo, with elevated thyroid Antibody levels observed in vitiligo cases compared to controls.

Key Results: The prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in vitiligo patients surpasses that of the general population, underscoring the imperative for systematic screening and heightened awareness.  In-depth biochemical analyses unveil significant disparities in thyroid hormone profiles and Antibody levels between vitiligo cases and controls, hinting at a potential role of thyroid dysfunction in the etiopathogenesis of Vitiligo.

Conclusion and Implications: This chapter contributes substantively to the burgeoning body of evidence supporting the nexus between autoimmune thyroid disorders and Vitiligo.  Exploring underlying mechanisms and shared genetic factors is a foundation for informed clinical practices.  The insights from this study pave the way for enhanced patient care and the development of tailored treatment strategies for those navigating the complexities of coexisting autoimmune conditions.  The imperative of early detection and management of thyroid autoimmunity in vitiligo patients is emphasized, offering practical guidance to healthcare professionals engaged in the nuanced care of individuals grappling with autoimmune skin disorders.

Author(s) Details:

Praveen Prashant,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt BD Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Usha Kataria,
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, BPS GMC for Women Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India.

Sonia Vashist,
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Tripti Hospital, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Piyush Bansal,
Department of Biochemistry, BPS GMC for Women Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India.

Abhishek Bansal,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt BD Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13216

Inflammatory Indicators Associated with Hypothyroidism | Chapter 9 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

 Emerging controlled evidence has suggested that changed thyroid hormones can influence lipid metabolism and lead to dyslipidemia in hypothyroid sufferers. Inflammatory markers are more important factors to recognize and prognoses the status of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a dispassionate syndrome resulting from the inadequacy of thyroid hormones, which results from lowered secretion of both T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine), heedless of the cause, resulting in a statement slowing unhappy of metabolic processes. Numerous findings suggest that hypothyroidism was a very influenced accompanying TNF-α, IL 6, and IL 1. In this chapter, we review the role of instigative markers in hypothyroidism. It seems that for early disease and prevention, these markers maybe used in hypothyroidism so that improve their prognosis.

Author(s) Details:

Jaswant Kaur,
Department of Biochemistry, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, India.

Mridula Mittal,
Department of Physiology, Adesh Medical College, Bathinda, Punjab, India.

Jaspreet Kaur,
Department of Biochemistry, North Delhi Municipal Corporation Medical College, Hindu Rao Hospital, Malka Ganj, New Delhi, India.

Navdeep Kaur,
Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Jammu, India.

Rajesh Kumar,
Department of Anatomy, NC Medical College & Hospital, Panipat, Haryana, India.

Rishu,
Department of Microbiology, Guru Gobind Singh Government Medical College, Faridkot, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V1/article/view/12306

Correlation of Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions with Thyroid Dys-Function in Adults by Cold Pressor Test: A Prospective Case-Control Study | Chapter 3 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

 The objective of the episode is to judge the cardiac autonomic status in adult hyperthyroid and hypothyroid victims by Cold Pressor Test (CPT) and to study the correlation middle from two points thyroid status and the autonomic functions managing cardiovascular (CV) system. Changes, in thyroid rank, have pronounced effects on cardiovascular scheme reflecting individual dysfunction and increased morbidity. Exact interplay between individual nervous activity and thyroid hormones is dubious. Prospective case–control study done by dispassionate examination and serum levels of (T3, T4 and TSH). Three groups hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and control group were classification and blood pressure (BP) answers to CPT were evaluated in these groups. Statistical analysis was acted using student’s t-test. In hypothyroidism, basic sympathetic tone is raised to compensate for thyroid birth control method deficiency, and this reduces reflex incitement of sympathetic whole during stress, which exhibits crippled sympatho - excitatory responses superior to aortic stiffness and opposition. This prevents fall in systolic pressure and further results in hypofunctioning of parasympathetic volume. Hence, rise in systolic BP after CPT sank but statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). In hyperthyroidism, the rise in systolic BP after CPT is considerably decreased (P < 0.01) that suggests unbalanced sympathovagal volume, i.e., diminished parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. In hypothyroidism, a meaningful rise in diastolic BP after CPT (P < 0.01) implies impaired response to testing receptors, over activity of beginning receptors and endothelial dysfunction resulting in increased minor resistance. In hyperthyroidism, rise in diastolic BP following in position or time CPT is insignificant (P > 0.05) which implies direct action of thyroid birth control method on vascular smooth muscles causing vasodilatation. In addition skilled is reduced vagal & agreeable activity. Thus, the study revealed thyroid dysfunction leads to sympathovagal inequality affecting cardiac unrestrained politically function.

Author(s) Details:

Sunita Milind Tiwale,
Department of Physiology, D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Padmaja Rajey Desai,
Department of Physiology, D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V3/article/view/11985

Pre-eclampsia like Syndrome, a Hypothyroidism Rare Complication: Update on Realities and Controversies | Chapter 6 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 Pre-eclampsia like condition(PLS) or “atypical”/”uncommon” pre-eclampsia(PE) or “very early” PE or PE “copier” is a rare, severe gestation complication, accompanying onset from 14 to 20 weeks, or after 48 hours postpartum, various to “conventional”/”canonical” PE accompanying onset after 20 weeks or in the first 48 hours postpartum. PLS was first characterized in multipara, elder women, suffering from hypothyroidism, and later in partnership to chronic hypertension, kidney and autoimmune ailments- inclusive Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, antagonistic-phospholipid syndrome, triploidy, trophoblastic disease, multicystic covering layer, primipaternity, COVID-19 or no previous/associated gestation disorder. PLS in known/unknown hypothyroidism is from persistent hypertension, under hypotensive drugs, proteinuria aggravated from day–to–day. growing systemic and cavities edema. The patho- means, less analyzed distinguished to other PE types, are different from those of “unoriginal” PE. Overt/subclinical hypothyroidism, isolated hypothyroxinemia induce a very early endothelial instigative dysfunction with vasoconstriction/high arterial inflexibility in systemic and kidneys’ circulation, and a diastolic disorder, accompanying changes in plasma volume; extreme TSH are correlated to endothelin extreme levels. Plasma volume changes are initiating capacity-dependent mechanism of lowered plasma renine activity, and growing proteinuria as nephrotic syndrome, with raised excretion of thyroxine and thyroid-binding globulins, difficult expected compensated, and hypothyroidism annoyance. One may record association of hemolysis, raised liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP syndrome). The disease is a challenge to distinguish hypothyroidism driven to PLS from additional “atypical” PEtypes, to primary glomerulopathies, in accordance with interplay between hypothyroidism and PE: uterine channels/ both affecting animate nerve organs arteries Doppler studies at 11-14 weeks gestation, dissolved fms-like tyrosine kinase–to– placental growth determinant serum ratio, and primarily TSH assessment with correct long-term interpretation, sometimes kind’s biopsy form the differences. High doses levothyroxine are mandatory, frequently liothyronine may save motherly life, not fetuses, mothers bearing high risks for future cardiovascular, metabolic events, cancers, - joined to adult population cardiometabolic phenotypes.

Author(s) Details:

Manuela Cristina Russu,
Dr. I. Cantacuzino Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V8/article/view/10847

Study about Hypothyroidism as an Underdiagnosed Metabolic Disorder | Chapter 3 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 The purpose of this study is to explain why the frequence of hypothyroidism appears to be significantly advanced than that reported in the medical literature. utmost hypothyroidism( low thyroid function) cases go undiagnosed because laboratory tests only identify the presence of thyroid hormone in the blood and can not tell us how important active hormone reaches the natural apkins that bear it for metabolism. The thyroid gland's primary part is to control metabolism. The primary hormone buried by the thyroid is thyroxine( T4), which is physiologically inactive. T4 has to be converted into its active form, triiodothyronine( T3), in order to ply its goods. The body's deiodinase enzymes, which are set up in cornucopia in the maturity of its apkins, catalyse this conversion. Reduced rudimentary metabolism and concurrent hypothyroidism do when inadequate T3 enters body cells. The physiological problem of low thyroid function constantly goes undetected by hormone blood tests. The physiological birth temperature test( BTT), still, is 100 percent accurate at relating hypothyroidism.

Author(s) Details:

David Rowland,
61 Sandstone Drive, Hanwell, New Brunswick, E3E 0C3, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V5/article/view/8436

Can Thyroid Gland Impact Your Fertility? | Chapter 1 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

 

The second most prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age is thyroid illness. Significant links between thyroid conditions and anomalies of the reproductive system have now largely been established. Primary hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in both males and females have both been well-documented to cause varying degrees of gonadal dysfunction (oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, lack of sperms or infertility). The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis interact to modulate neuroendocrine controls over reproductive processes in both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones may cause changes in the male reproductive hormonal environment that lower testosterone levels and worsen the quality of sperm. All aspects of reproduction are impacted by thyroid disorders because they play a role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the development of infertility by interfering with the actions of the follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) on the steroid biosynthesis by specific triiodothyronine (T3) sites on oocytes.

Author(s) Details:

Ehab Tousson,
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt.

Manal Elbandrawy,
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V2/article/view/7740

Thyroid Disease as a Professional Hazard

Workers in the fields of radiation oncology, radiology, cardiology, neurology, doctors, and other paramedical professionals run the danger of being exposed to radiation since the thyroid gland generates thyroid hormones that regulate the body's metabolism. Hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, and auto-immune thyroid disease are among the thyroid conditions caused by radiation. Even in lengthy follow-up studies, cancer has not been linked to occupational exposure. Due to the infrastructure of the health care system in developed nations, radiation-induced thyroid illness is a growing professional risk. Thyroid shield can be used to avoid this risk. The occupational limits of radiation exposure for healthcare personnel are controlled by several organisations and are closely monitored. Thyroid peroxidase is now being studied to develop it as a marker for thyroid damage brought on by radiation. Since the thyroid gland plays a role in maintaining body homeostasis, further research should be conducted by enlisting more healthcare professionals in order to provide guidelines for preventing thyroid exposure and developing therapy guidelines based on early stage signs.

Author(s) Details:

Abhishek Soni,

Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. BDS, PGIMS, Rohtak, India.

Sunder Singh,

Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. BDS, PGIMS, Rohtak, India.

Monica Verma,

Department of Biochemistry, Pt. BDS, PGIMS, Rohtak, India.

Ashok Chauhan,

Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. BDS, PGIMS, Rohtak, India.

Vivek Kaushal,

Department of Radiation Oncology, Pt. BDS, PGIMS, Rohtak, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V8/article/view/7240

Determination of Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnant Women and the Need for Universal Screening in India | Chapter 04 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women and the necessity for universal screening. Three hundred and eighty pregnant women aged 20 to 32 were enlisted, with gestational ages ranging from 8 to 36 weeks. The levels of free T3, free T4, and TSH in the blood were measured using chemiluminescence. The pregnant women were separated into four groups based on the study's findings: euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroid (SH), overt hypothyroid (OH), and overt hyperthyroid (OH) (OH). The mean SD age (in years) and BMI of all pregnant women in this study were 23.93.9 and 22.91.6, respectively. In both OH and overt hyperthyroidism, maternal age was statistically significant (p0.05). Women with a high BMI were also more likely than women with a normal BMI to develop OH (p0.05). Thyroid dysfunction was discovered to affect 18.7% of the population. Hypothyroidism affected 17.4% of the population, with the SH accounting for 13.4% and overt hypothyroidism accounting for 3.9 percent, but overt hyperthyroidism accounting for 1.3 percent. TSH levels rise with gestational age, with a statistically significant difference (p0.05) between 2.721.85 IU/mL in the first trimester and 3.42.05 IU/mL in the third trimester. Finally, with a relative risk (RR) of 7.64, a 95 percent confidence interval (CI) of 4.62-12.65, and a p-value of 0.0001, it was observed that the prevalence of raised TSH in high-risk pregnant women was higher than in low-risk pregnant women (35.6 percent versus 5.1 percent). However, 14 of the 51 persons with SH (27.5%) were classified as low-risk. This study discovered that 18.7% of pregnant women have thyroid dysfunction, emphasising the importance of screening all pregnant women for thyroid dysfunction, not only high-risk pregnant women, in order to avert both maternal and foetal morbidity.

Author(S) Details

Prabhavathi V
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Sangivalasa, Andhra Pradesh, India

Prasad DKV
Department of Biochemistry, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Sangivalasa, Andhra Pradesh, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V5/article/view/6479

The Use of Free Thyroxine and Free Triidothyronine as an Index for the Assessment of Thyroid Function in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 The laboratory examination performed through blood tests is an important aspect of diagnosing thyroid problems. In order to choose the best treatment options for thyroid disease patients and improve workflow and efficiency, a trustworthy and precise diagnosis is required. Because of the increased late diagnosis of thyroid disease in patients with diverse thyroid problems, this study was conducted. As a result, the goal of this chapter is to introduce concepts related to thyroid illness diagnosis.

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the use of fT3 and fT4 in the diagnosis of various thyroid disorders. Medical professionals who treat thyroid illnesses require the right tools to deal with their patients' issues. Free thyroxine (fT4) and free triodothyronine (fT3) were calculated and utilised as indices for the differential assessment of thyroid function. Between February 2010 and April 2013, nine hundred and seven (907) people were diagnosed with various thyroid dysfunctions at various hospitals and clinics in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The investigation was carried out using the enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. 532 of the 907 patients were females, accounting for 58.65% of the total, while 375 were males, accounting for 41.35 percent. According to the findings, 55.46 percent of patients diagnosed with primary hyperthroidism had elevated serum levels of both total and free T3, T4 with low TSH values, while 3.09 percent of hyperthyroid cases had normal total T4 and T3 but elevated values of fT4 and fT3. 0.88 percent of patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism had normal total T4 and T3 but low serum levels of fT4 and fT3, and were diagnosed clinically. In 9.81 percent of the patients, triiodothyronine (T3) toxicosis was observed, with high fT3 and normal fT4 serum levels. 9.26% of individuals with non-thyroidal disease had low serum fT4 levels. In addition to high blood TSH levels, two patients (about 0.22 percent) with TSH Secreting Tumors exhibited an elevated serum fT4 level. This study discovered that fT3 and fT4 can be used as a diagnostic tool for thyroid problems.

Author(S) Details

F. C. Ezeiruaku
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Collage of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

D. C. Ukaji
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.

E. M. Eze
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria.

C. U. Okeke
Department of Prosthesis and Orthopaedic Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V10/article/view/4631

Electrophysiological Studies in Newly Diagnosed Cases of Hypothyroidism | Chapter 2 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 12

 The goal of this study was to look at how electrophysiological changes in nerve conduction, brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP), and visual evoked potentials (VEP) changed in hypothyroid patients.

Materials and Procedures: Sixty newly diagnosed hypothyroidism patients and an equal number of age-matched controls were enrolled in the study. The latencies, conduction velocities, and amplitude of motor nerves such the median, ulnar, common peroneal, and tibial nerves, as well as sensory nerves like the median and sural nerves, were measured in both hypothyroid patients and controls.All of the participants had their brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded. The data was collated and statistically analysed to see if there were any electrophysiological differences between hypothyroid patients and healthy controls.

The median, ulnar, tibial, and sural nerves had a statistically significant increase in latency, as well as a drop in conduction velocities of all the examined nerves and a decline in amplitude of the median, tibial, and sural nerves in hypothyroid people. There was a statistically significant increase in latencies, interpeak latencies, and decreases in amplitudes of BAEP waves in hypothyroid people, as well as a statistically significant increase in VEP P100 delay.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that peripheral and central neuropathy develops early in hypothyroidism patients, and that electrophysiological investigations of such people can help with early detection and treatment of neurological issues caused by thyroid hormone deficiency.

Author (S) Details

Naveenta Gupta
Department of Physiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot - 151203, Punjab, India.

Monika Arora
Department of Medicine, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot - 151203, Punjab, India.

Rajiv Sharma
Department of Physiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot - 151203, Punjab, India.

Khushdeep Singh Arora
Department of Physiology, Dasmesh Institute of Research and Dental Sciences, Faridkot - 151203, Punjab, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V12/article/view/2693

Association of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase among Thyroid Patients: A Brief Study | Chapter 8 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 Thyroid hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland, and when these hormones malfunction, thyroid diseases occur. They are one of the most common endocrine illnesses in the world, ranking second only to diabetes. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are the two most common thyroid conditions. These disorders are linked to a number of risk factors, including aberrant iodine levels and specific molecular indicators. The goal of this research is to learn more about the link between acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes and thyroid diseases. The hypo and hyper thyroid patients in this study had higher levels of acid phosphatase than the controls. Whereas alkaline phosphate levels are lower in hypothyroid patients than in controls, it is closer to normal levels in both patients and controls in hyperthyroid patients. In the introduction and the results, the linked literature correlation is explored in detail.

Author (s) Details

B. Dharani Priya
Former Coordinator, BVK PG College, Visalakshinagar, Visakhapatnam-43, India.

U. Prathyusha
Former Coordinator, BVK PG College, Visalakshinagar, Visakhapatnam-43, India.

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A Case Report of Thyroid Aplasia Misdiagnosed as Failure to Thrive | Chapter 3 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 The most prevalent cause of congenital hypothyroidism is thyroid aplasia, which is a type of thyroid dysgenesis. One of the most avoidable causes of mental impairment is congenital hypothyroidism. Because of the delay in diagnosis, despite its crippling effect on intellectual development, diagnosing congenital hypothyroidism is difficult in our context. We present a 10-year-old girl who was treated for failure to thrive in the first year of her life due to acyanotic congenital heart disease, but was later diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism after additional screening (thyroid aplasia). She's been on Levo thyroxine since then, and her linear development has been spectacular, but she's had substantial cognitively damage.

Author (S) Details

I. O. Oluwayemi
Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

E. O. Adeniji
Department of Paediatrics, College of Health Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria.

T. O. Ayeni
Department of Paediatrics, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria.

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Influence of Abnormal Thyroid Hormone Changes on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Imbalance in Hypothyroid and Hyperthyroid Patients | Chapter 17 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 The thyroid gland is the body's main metabolic regulator. Normal organ development necessitates thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones in high doses have been shown to change oxygen metabolism in cells and accelerate the formation of free radicals. When compared to normal and hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone has a pro-oxidant action and increases the generation of oxygen free radicals, resulting in a drop in antioxidant status in hyperthyroidism. Oxidative stress is also caused by thyroxin administration. Oxidative stress and hypothyroidism both impair the immune system. The thyroid gland appears to play a key role in the generation of widespread oxidative stress in pathological states. Thyroid hormones are essential regulators of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The goal of this research is to examine at free radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation, and other related topics. and antioxidant levels in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism patients In conclusion, our findings imply that individuals with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have a high generation of ROS and oxidative stress, as well as increased lipid peroxidation and a failure of antioxidant defence mechanisms.

Author(s) Details

Babu Kandasamy
Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, G. N. Mills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Indira A. Jayaraaj
Department of Biochemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, G. N. Mills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Jeganathan Prabhakar
J. P. Thyroid Clinic, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V12/article/view/1379