Surgical Management in Autoimmune Thyroidal Disorders: A Review | Chapter 2 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 

Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) are autoimmune thyroid disorders, with patients experiencing mild to debilitating symptoms. GD is characterised by hyperthyroidism, which can lead to functional disturbances, compressive symptoms and orbitopathy. HT is often associated with hypothyroidism, localised painful symptoms, and has a stronger link to differentiated thyroid cancer. While both diseases are primarily managed medically, surgery becomes the definitive treatment option in cases where either other treatments are ineffective or poorly tolerated, or when compressive symptoms, pain, or coexisting malignancy are present. Total thyroidectomy, which is obligatory for coexisting malignancy, has proven to be the most effective intervention for symptomatic relief in both diseases. Although excision of the thyroid gland in these cases can be technically challenging, the rate of permanent complications remains acceptably low when the operations are performed by experienced surgeons in high-volume centres.

 

This review explores the indications for surgical intervention in autoimmune thyroid disease, highlighting both the clear benefits and potential risks of  surgery, as well as emphasising the need to enhance access to high-quality surgical care.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Eirini Avgoustou
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece.

 

Constantinos Avgoustou
Surgical Department, General Hospital of Nea Ionia ‘‘Constantopoulion-Aghia Olga-Patission’’, Athens, Greece.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v6/6110

Hypothyroidism: Study of Prevalence and Environmental Exposures as Risk Factors | Chapter 7 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 

Background: Thyroid diseases are common worldwide. In India too, there is a significant burden of thyroid diseases and 42 million people in India are estimated to suffer from them. Environmental factors pose a significant risk of thyroid dysfunction under certain circumstances which may be intentional, inadvertent, or accidental. The need to investigate the potential harm posed by these factors in the quantities commonly encountered is emphasized. And along with this, there is ignorance and a lack of perception about this problem.

Objective: To study the prevalent risk factors (non-modifiable and modifiable) of hypothyroidism and to estimate the strength of the association of these risk factors and the occurrence of the disease.

Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted at a teaching hospital, in Punjab, India. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of 108 cases with hypothyroidism and 107 control subjects were included in this study.

Results: About 54.33% of hypothyroid cases were observed to be lying in the age group of > 40-50 years out of which 6.14% were male and 93.8% female cases. There was a significant association between modifiable risk factors (pollution, type of diet and cooking oil) and hypothyroidism, while non-modifiable risk factors (age, weight) were not significantly associated.

Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is a common prevailing disorder in the adult Indian population. Hypothyroidism is a disease of multifactorial causation.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Jagminder Bajaj
Department of Pharmacology, PIMS, Jalandhar, India.

 

Shalini Salwan
Department of Pharmacology, PIMS, Jalandhar, India.

 

Poonam Salwan
Department of Pharmacology, FMHS, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v8/11878F