Involvement of APMC Women Labourers in Post-Harvest Activities of Dry Chilli- A Comparative Study in Guntur and Byadgi APMCs | Chapter 11 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

 Agriculture shapes family custom, societal interactions, and gender roles across India. Because more than 80% of women in rural India rely on agriculture for their living, the role and contribution of women is no longer a point of controversy. Agriculture is India's most populous economic sector and plays a key part in the country's overall socioeconomic structure. Approximately 70–75 percent of rural households rely on agriculture for their livelihood, either directly or indirectly.

Author(S) Details

Bojjagani Jhansi
Department of Extension and Communication Management, College of Community Science, UAS, Dharwad, India.

Bojjagani Jhansi
Department of Extension and Communication Management, College of Community Science, UAS, Dharwad, India.

Shobha Nagnur
Department of Extension and Communication Management, College of Community Science, UAS, Dharwad, India.

Mahantesh R. Nayak
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India.

Bojjagani Babitha
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, ANGRAU, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

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Bio Active Solvent Free Synthesis of 7,7-dimethyl-4-Phenyl -Tetra Hydro Quinazaloine-(1H,3H)- 2,5-Diones Derivatives Employing Methanesulfonic Acid | Chapter 11 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 Due to its broad variety of biological activities, such as antibacterial and fungicidal activity, the synthesis of 7,-dimethyl-4-phenyl tetrahydroquinazalones- (1H, 3H)-2, 5-diones derivatives has received a lot of attention. The current investigation of an efficient and cost-effective method for the synthesis of 7,7-dimethyl-4-phenyl tetrahydroquinazalones-(1H,3H)-2,5-diones derivatives using dimedone, urea, and substituted aromatic aldehyde using Methanesulfonic acid as catalyst under solvent free conditions is part of our research work in this area. Chemical, analytical, and spectral investigations were used to characterise and structurally elucidate the products. 1H-NMR and 13CNMR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectral and elemental analysis, were used to examine the newly synthesised compounds. Various strains were used to test the antimicrobial capabilities of the named compounds, which showed mild to moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Author (s) Details

Chinnayya Setty
Department of Chemistry, Gitam University, Visakhapatnam India.

N. Krishnarao
Department of Chemistry, PRISM DG&PG College, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

B. V. Durgarao
Department of R&D, ONGC, Rajahmundry, India.

V. Narasingrao
Department of Microbiology, PRISM DG&PG College, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

P. Ramalakshmi
Department of Microbiology, PRISM DG&PG College, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.

Shaik Lakshman
Department of Chemistry, Gitam University, Visakhapatnam India.

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Spectral Analysis of 4f-4f Transitions for the Interaction of Nd(III) with L-Histidine in the Presence and Absence of Zn(II) in Different Organic Solvents | Chapter 10 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 Using their absorption spectra as a probe, various parameters such as percent covalency (), the Slater-Condon (FK), the Nephelauxetic ratio (), bonding parameters (b1/2), and Lande orbit-spin coupling (4f) have been determined for the Nd(III)-L-histidine complex. The influence of the Zn(II) ion in the complexation was examined using a variety of solvents, including acetonitrile, DMF, methanol, and dioxane. The changes in these parameter values reflect and reveal the development of a connection between L-histidine and Nd (III). In comparison to the other solvents tested, the bond formation confirms that the DMF solvent boosts the 4f-4f dipole electric intensities. The electronic dipole transition is given by the Judd-Ofelt parameter, T ( = 2,4,6), and theoretical calculations have been performed to obtain the oscillator strength for Nd(III) complexation with L-histidine in the presence and absence of Zn(II) in various organic aquated solvents, such as acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF), and methanol.

Author (s) Details

Dr. N. Mohondas Singh
Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram, India.

Mr. Jogat Gogoi
Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram, India.

Ms. Lallianmawii
Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram, India.

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Ion Association Constants and Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters of N-[(benzoyl-amino) thioxomethyl] Serine Copper (II) Chloride in Methanol + Water Mixed Solvents | Chapter 9 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 Conductance values of a complex, N-[(benzoyl-amino) thioxomethyl] serine copper (II) chloride was estimated in methanol-water mixed solvents, viz.,  X_methanol =0.0000 – 1.0000 at temperature ranges

283.15 to 313.15 K. From the experimental results, the ion association constants (K_A) and limiting equivalent conductance (^₀)  were determined by analyzing conductivity data concerning Shedlovsky
equations for the electrolytes. The Walden product, (^₀Ƞ₀) values were calculated in various water + + methanol mixtures at 283.15 to 313.15 K .It was observed that the increase in the percentage of values were calculated in various water methanol mixtures at to . It was observed that the increase in the percentage of methanol results in an increase in association constant values. It was also found that with the increase in K_A values dielectric constant values were also increased. Increase in K_A values with the increase in the dielectric constants of the mixtures. ^₀  values linearly increased as the increased in temperature. Thermodynamic factors were calculated from the K_As and the results we got were examined.        

Author (s) Details

Dr. Lalrosanga
Department of Chemistry, Government Serchhip College, Serchhip-796181, Mizoram, India.


Dr. N. Mohondas Singh
Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram, India.

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Study on Leaching Pattern of Phosphate Glass Fertilizers with Different Compositions under Soxhlet Distillation Conditions | Chapter 8 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 The goal of this research is to investigate the leaching of phosphate glass fertilisers of various compositions under Soxhlet distillation settings. In the phosphate systems, glass fertilisers were melted at 900-950°C after soaking for 1 hour. Under Soxhlet distillation conditions with distilled water, a leaching investigation of these glasses was done for a maximum of 300 hours. BET surface area was used to assess weight loss and leach rates of glass fertiliser samples. measurements. They were in the range of 6.3x10-3 to 2.3x10-3 g.m-2.h-1 at 90°C. The effect of different modifier ions like Na+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ in the basic phosphate networks on melting and time It has been discovered that there is a lot of melting going on. The pH of the leachate solution was measured at ambient temperature and revealed interesting and regular fluctuations ranging from 4.80 to 7.50. Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were found to be strong candidates as modifiers for quicker leaching in a Soxhlet analysis of such glasses. In terms of ionic size, ionic radius, and hence the ionic potential of the modifier ions absorbed into the glass structure, the findings were confirmed. Glass fertilisers were applied to kharif paddy. The presence of alkaline earth oxides enhances phosphate glass corrosion, whereas the addition of intermediate oxides lessens phosphate glass corrosion. The growth and production of khariff paddy were demonstrated to be better following the application of glass fertiliser than when traditional fertilisers were used.     

Author (s) Details

Tanmoy Das
Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713 104 (W.B.), India.

Biswajit Mandal
Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713 104 (W.B.), India.

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Fabrication of Reusable Ceramic Film Based on Nanostructured Ag/Ag-TiO2 Materials for Photo Catalysis Applications | Chapter 7 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 The goal of this research is to develop low-cost, reusable nanostructured materials based on Ag/TiO2 for photocatalysis. Using a simple oxidation process of a Ti-Ag coating, vertical Agx/TiO2 nanorods were effectively produced. The samples were developed in a phase of ceramic-like materials that can be used for photocatalysis applications multiple times. By spin-coating silver nitrate onto Ti sheets, these ceramic-like Agx/TiO2 nanostructures were created. During the oxidation process, the presence of silver on the Ti sheet's surface aided the formation of one-dimensional nanostructures. By changing the concentration of silver on the Ti-sheet before oxidation, the physical properties of the produced ceramic-like nanostructures were examined. Nanostructures with an average size of 200–500 nm were developed as one-dimensional nanostructures. The nanostructure was vertically directed due to the presence of silver. In contrast to high silver concentrations, where the nanorods were very sparse at 40 mM, the nanorods were abundant at low and medium silver concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mM. Pure TiO2 has an anatase and rutile structure with distinct diffraction lines A(101) and R(110); however, Agx/TiO2 has a dominating A(101) orientation, supporting 1D growth. The existence of TiO2 was confirmed by Raman spectra, which revealed the phonon modes associated with it. Methylene blue (MB) was used as a known target dye to test the photocatalytic capabilities of the produced ceramic-like nanostructures. In comparison to the pure and high-silver-concentration samples, the low- and medium-silver-concentration samples had high photocatalytic activity.

Author (s) Details

Chawki Awada
Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.

Nagih M. Shaalan
Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.

Noura Al Suliman
Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.

Adil Alshoaib
Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.

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Assessment of Inorganic Chemical Composition of PM2.5 Aerosols in Tiaret-City, Algeria | Chapter 6 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 The goal of this study is to determine and quantify the inorganic compounds in PM2.5 aerosols collected in educational establishments in Tiaret, Algeria, using a two-stage Dekati® PM10 impactor. It also planned to track the dispersion of these particles in areas near forests, urban fabric, and metropolitan areas with heavy traffic, as well as to pinpoint the source of this pollution. In Tiaret, 23 elementary schools were chosen as sampling sites. PM2.5 was collected over the course of the winter and summer seasons. The FTiR-ATR spectroscopic analysis revealed that sulphate ions were higher in the summer than in the winter, as well as nitrate and ammonium ions, which did not demonstrate a significant seasonal change. The major species in urban environments are NO3- and SO4-2, which, due to the existence of a significant amount of NOx and SO2, change into nitrate and sulphate ions, respectively, by gas-particle conversion. In areas near to the forest, the proportion of these species is lower. In both sample times, however, the abundance of these ions is in the same order. The primary sources of NOx in urban areas are combustion phenomena, particularly those related to the transportation system, which is characterised by extremely intensive traffic in the city's agglomeration.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Naceur Khadidja
Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and Nutrition in Semi-arid Areas. Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Tiaret, Tiaret BP 78 Zaaroura, Tiaret, Algeria.


Prof. Maatoug Mohamed
Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and Nutrition in Semi-arid Areas. Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Tiaret, Tiaret BP 78 Zaaroura, Tiaret, Algeria.

Belarbi El Habib
Synthesis and catalysis Laboratory, Ibn Khaldoun University, BP78 RP 14000 Tiaret- Algeria.

Serge Bresson
Laboratory of Complex System Physics, Picardie Jules Verne University, 33 rue St. Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France.

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Research on Nature and Extent of Salt-affected Agricultural Soils in Ho – Keta Plain in the Volta Region of Ghana | Chapter 5 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 Soil salinization is one of the primary environmental challenges that has a significant negative impact on long-term agricultural production. A study was done at the Ho-Keta plain in Ghana's Volta Region to determine the amount of salt-affected agricultural soil deterioration. From Anyako, Anyenui, and Atiehife, two soil series, Oyebi and Ada, were selected in three salt-affected locations within the Lower Volta basin in the Ho-Keta plain. Soil samples were taken at random depths of 0-30 cm from various soil sites and brought to a laboratory for examination and measurement of pH (4.61), Calcium (5.60meq/l), Magnesium (3.17meq/l), Sodium (6.95meq/l), Potassium (1.83meq/l), and Electrical Conductivity (5.13dS/m). The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) were calculated using the mean values of Ca, Mg, Na, and K. In the three areas studied, the mean values of SAR and ESP were 43.89, 52.02, 42.85, and 33.87 percent, 40.77 percent, and 37.83 percent, respectively. The findings demonstrated that high levels of SAR and ESP caused land degradation in the research area, resulting in low soil chemical characteristics. The soil's fertility was extremely poor, necessitating management measures that encourage the accumulation of organic matter. It is strongly suggested that more research be done to show the extent and type of the soils in the study area.

Author (s) Details

Mr. L. Sackey
Department of Analytical Services, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana.

A. Sadick
Department of Analytical Services, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana.

F. M. Tetteh
Department of Analytical Services, Soil Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana.

E. O. Bennoah
Department of Soil Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.

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Determination of Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Acetamiprid: New Plant Safeguard Nanomaterial | Chapter 4 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 Nanomaterials are one form of material that is currently being used to minimise environmental pollution around the world. Nanopesticides improve efficacy, durability, and reduce the amount of active ingredient in pesticides. Quick disintegration in soil or plant, targeted distribution, apparent solubility, and controlled release are all potential goals of nanotechnology in pesticides. The author described a neonicatonoid pesticide known as Nano-acetamiprid, which is widely used to combat fungal infections in many crops such as cotton, leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and pome, among others. Nano-acetamiprid decreases toxicity in agricultural areas by being highly active at low concentrations. The author described a simple strategy for plant disease control utilising a novel Nano-acetamiprid and subsequent characterisation of the encapsulated complex employing polycaprolactone as an encapsulated agent. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise nano-acetamiprid encased particles (SEM). The maximum absorption spectra of formed at 421 nm and unformulated pesticide at 520 nm were examined to determine the development and stability of nanoencapsulated acetamiprid pesticide. The size distribution was found to be between 40 and 50 nm. The bioactivity test was carried out on a variety of Aspergillus niger strains. When compared to the original parental particles, the performance of nano particles was many times more effective. When compared to regular commercial acetamiprid, Nano-bio-assay acetamiprid's yields better findings.

 

Author (s) Details

P. Padmavathi
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

N. Vasundhara
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India.

Swathi Kovvuri
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India.


N. V. S. Venugopal
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India.



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Study on Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition in Aqueous Media by a Hydrogen-Bonding Catalyst and Application for Inhibitors of GABAB Receptor | Chapter 3 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 

Catalysts based on (R, R)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine are chiral organic catalysts that can be used to perform asymmetric Michael additions to,-unsaturated nitroalkenes under neutral circumstances. Depending on the reaction conditions, the role of an aqueous medium for organic catalytic activity can be inverted in terms of hydrophilic-hydrophobic function. In this study, a thiourea-based catalyst replaced with 3,5-(CF3)2-Ph was employed in aqueous solvents to offer an environmentally acceptable system. The substituent's hydrophobic effect allows for a quick reaction, excellent chemical yield, and mirror-image selectivity. This process allowed for the optically pure synthesis of GABAB agonists. GABA (-aminobutyric acid) analogues like baclofen and phenibut were also produced as R-type S-type compounds with great optical purity. R-baclofen caused more intracellular Ca2+ release than RS-baclofen, according to our findings. Our findings suggest that baclofen RS-type may cause variable calcium release activity based on R and S-types when used as a medication. As a result, variable GABAB receptor activation will occur.

 

 Author (s) Details

Jae Ho Shim
Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea..

 

 Ali F. A. Jassim

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.

 

 Ji Hae Kim

Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Hyeon Soo Kim
Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Deok-Chan Ha
Department of Chemistry, Korea University College of Science, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136701, Republic of Korea.

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Effects of Platinum and Palladium Metals on Ni/ Mg1−xCex 4+O Catalysts in the CO2 Reforming of Methane | Chapter 2 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 Catalysts Ni/Mg1−xCex4+O and Ni,Pd,Pt/Mg1−xCex4+O were developed using the co-precipitation–impregnation methods. Catalyst characterization took place using XRD, H2-TPR, XRF, XPS, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), TGA, TEM, and FE-SEM. Testing the catalysts for the dry reforming of CH4 took place at temperatures of 700–900°C. Findings from this study revealed a higher CH4 and CO2 conversion using the tri-metallic Ni,Pd,Pt/Mg1−xCex4+O catalyst in comparison with Ni monometallic systems in the whole temperature ranges. The catalyst Ni,Pd,Pt/Mg0.85Ce4+0.15O also reported an elevated activity level (CH4; 78%, and CO2; 90%) and outstanding stability. Following 200 hours under an oxygen stream, carbon deposition on used catalysts was investigated using TEM and temperature programmed oxidation-mass spectroscopy (TPO-MS). The findings of the TEM and TPO-MS analyses revealed that the decreased catalyst had improved anti-coking activity and a lower concentration of platinum and palladium metals. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of reactant feed ratio, catalyst concentration, prepared catalyst conversion temperature, catalyst efficacy in the DRM process, and the enhancement of methane conversion by passing oxygen gas stream across the reaction.

Author (s) Details

Faris A. J. Al-Doghachi
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq.

Ali F. A. Jassim
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor 40000, Malaysia.


Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia and Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor 40000, Malaysia.

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Study on Biochemical Preparation of Natural and Rare Carbohydrate (Pentoses) | Chapter 1 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 7

 Unnatural or unusual monosaccharides can be produced via biochemical processes, which are mainly microbial or enzymatic. By fermenting D-glucose with Candida famata R28, D-arabitol was generated. Acetobacter aceti IFO 3281 may manufacture D-xylulose from D-arabitol. Using L-ribose isomerase, D-lyxose was generated enzymatically from D-xylulose (L-RI). Ribitol is a kind of ribitol.  Microbial bioconversion with Acetobacter aceti IFO 3281 oxidised the glucose to L-ribulose, while the enzyme D-tagatose-3-epimerase epimerized the glucose to L-xylulose. The isomerization of L-RI yielded L-Lyxose. Furthermore, biochemically, L-ribose and L-arabinose were produced from ribitol by oxidation with Acetobacter aceti IFO 3281 and isomerization with L-RI and L-arabinose isomerase. (L-AI) and (L-AI), respectively. Bioconversions of cells or enzymes can also yield other pentoses. This research is significant in terms of rare sugar preparation and relevance.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Zakaria Ahmed
Microbiology Department, Technology Wing, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Dr. Shuranjan Sarkar
Industrial Chemistry Department, Chemistry Division, Technology Wing, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Dr. Taslima Rahman
Microbiology Department, Technology Wing, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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Plant Genomic DNA Isolation: An Important Technology for Marker Assisted Selection | Chapter 7 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 Plant biotechnology is required to increase the chances of crop enhancement projects succeeding. DNA marker technology, which is derived from molecular genetics and genomics research, holds a lot of potential for plant breeding. In plant breeding, marker-assisted selection improves efficiency and precision. Mapping and marker-assisted selection of a certain characteristic necessitates high-quality DNA from a large number of plants in a short amount of time. Many techniques for extracting plant DNA have been developed and described, with the primary goal of developing a relatively rapid, inexpensive, and repeatable way to extract good quality DNA. All of these DNA extraction protocols follow the same general principle of disrupting the cell wall, cell membrane, and nuclear membrane to release highly intact DNA into solution while ensuring that contaminating biomolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, phenols, and other secondary metabolites are removed using enzymatic or chemical methods. For marker assisted selection applications in crop improvement as well as sequencing-based applications, high quality DNA is a must. Plant Genomic DNA isolation and quantification procedures for several crops were included in this article.

Author(S) Details

Sushma Tiwari
Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia Agricultural University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.

M. K. Tripathi
Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia Agricultural University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.

R. S. Tomar
Rani Laxmibai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, India.

Ashok Ahuja
Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia Agricultural University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Study on the Effect of Embankment Soil Layers on Stress-strain Characteristics | Chapter 6 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 Dam embankments are geotechnical structures that are difficult to understand. The nonlinear behaviour of the construction materials, interactions between the structure and the underlying soil and rock strata, influence of the water load on the structure and the foundation bedrock, and the effects of water saturation all play a role in the deformation of an earth dam. The finite element method (FEM) is frequently used in the design of earth dams to estimate displacements, strains, and stresses in the structure induced by changing loading or boundary conditions. The deformation of an embankment dam begins during the dam's construction. The increase in effective stresses during the development of successive layers of earth material, as well as the effects of material creep, generate these deformations. The Alavian earth dam was chosen for this study. The settlements calculated for 3, 7, 10, and 15 soil layers employed in the construction process were compared to the settlements calculated for single layer embankment simulations. The highest displacement in a single layer dam occurs at the dam's crest, according to the findings. The biggest displacement is created in the middle of the downstream shell as the embankment layers increase. The building simulation layers have little effect on the dam's stresses, but they may have a substantial impact on the dam's deformations. The dam's centre has the most lateral displacement of 9 cm and the highest settlement of 1.3 m, and the lateral displacement and settlement diminishes steadily from there to both abutments. Furthermore, there were more communities on the downstream side. The hydraulic pressure of the water dominates the lateral displacements

Author(S) Details

Farzin Salmasi
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

John Abraham
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota, School of Engineering 2115 Summit Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA.

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Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Soils and Sediments of La Villa River Basin, Panama | Chapter 5 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 The goal was to find out how much heavy metal was in the water, sediments, and crops in the La Villa river basin in the provinces of Herrera and Los Santos in Panama. In the wet season of 2016 (May to November) and the dry season of 2017, the La Villa river basin in Panama's south central region was photographed (December to April). Twenty-two sediment and water samples were taken in the upper, middle, and lower basins using the systematic method, which entails selecting sampling stations at uniform distances and crops. The sampling was restricted to a preferably rectangular area of 10.0 m x 30.0 m, on which 15 sub-samples were taken on each grid, at a depth of 0.20 m. A rod with a clean plastic bottle was introduced against the current of the river to gather water samples. The content of heavy metals (As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cd) in sediments and crops was determined using USEPA (25) technique (3051A) digestion (SW-846). Heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and manganese, which can be found in irrigation water, are a hazard because they can build in agricultural soils. Cu (upper and lower basin) and Mn (all levels) values in the sediments were found to be above the USEPA Standards during the wet season. Mn was detected in significant concentrations in the middle and lower basins, Cr in the upper and lower basins, and As in all parts of the basin during the dry season. High quantities of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb were identified in the waters of the basin's rivers during both rainy and dry seasons. The primary crops at each elevation of the basin were examined, with high levels of As and Cr in the top basin, and Cr and Cd in the middle and lower basins. Because 90% of the agrochemicals entering the country are meant for agriculture, it is vital to monitor the levels of heavy metals in sediments of the La Villa river basin. Each Panamanian utilises 3 kilogramme of agrochemicals per year, which is more than six times the amount used in Central America. These soils are rich in copper, manganese, and arsenic due to their geological origins, the latter being related with iron oxides and sulphides, but there is also a strong influence of anthropogenic activity, agriculture, and industry. Lead and arsenic, for example, have a low solubility in water but a high concentration in sediments. Water is the source of chromium and cadmium in crops.

Author(S) Details

José Villarreal Núñez
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Adolfo Santo Pineda
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Jhon Villalaz Pérez
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

Iván Ramos Zachrisson
Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá, CIA-Divisa, Panama.

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A Systematic Review of Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Used for Bioactivities and Industrial Applications | Chapter 4 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 Iran is a fortunate country with a high level of plant biodiversity and 11 of the world's 13 climates. Botanists and experts estimate that there are about 8000 medicinal plant species, which is at least double the variety of the European continent. Over 2300 plant species in the country offer medicinal and aromatic characteristics, and could be exploited as spices and cosmetics, according to studies. Because of the wide variety of medicinal plants found in Iran, businessmen have set their sights on exporting these goods. The Iranian region is home to a wealth of medicinal plants as well as a magnificent legacy of knowledge passed down from generation to generation about natural cures for a variety of diseases and disorders. The study of this legacy is still in its early stages today. The goal of this study was to look into the ethnobotanical knowledge of Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants that are used for Bioactivities and Industrial Applications. The bibliographic investigation revealed ethnobotanical studies undertaken in Iranian area, as shown in Table 1. When ethnobotanical research are compared to traditional medicine-inspired scientific investigations, it is clear that most Iranian traditional herbal medicines have yet to be considered scientifically.

Author(S) Details

Ali Salehi Sardoei
Horticulture Sciences Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Iran.

Azadeh Ali Zadeh
Horticulture Sciences Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Iran.

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Indian Herbal Plants: Efficacious Restorative Potential in Hyperglycemia | Chapter 3 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Syzigium cumuni seeds in the treatment of diabetes, as well as their potential effects on male reproductive physiology and histopathology in Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus), as well as various Indian herbal plants used in the treatment of hyperglycemia complications, particularly in India. By injecting Alloxan monohydrate into a male Swiss albino, I was able to induce a diabetic state. To examine their restorative capacity, a fixed amount of Syzigium cumuni seeds powder was supplied with food. Hyperglycemia is a serious human illness that affects people from all walks of life in a variety of countries. Hyperglycemia is a metabolic disease characterised by persistently elevated blood sugar levels. Urination is frequent, thirst is increased, and appetite is increased. Either the pancreas does not create enough insulin or the body's cells do not respond to insulin effectively. Damage to blood vessels, cardiovascular illness, impairment to the eyes (retinopathy), and kidney damage are all major long-term risks (nephropathy). Despite the fact that there are a variety of techniques to reducing its negative effects and problems, herbal treatments are favoured owing to their low cost, ease of availability, and lack of side effects. In the treatment of hyperglycemia, a list of medicinal plants with established antihyperglycemic effects is used. Babul (Acacia Arabica), neem (Azadirachta indica), gurhal (Hibiscus rosa-sinesis), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), giloy (Tinospora cordifolia), methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and jamun (Trigonella foenum-graecum) are among them (Syzigium cumuni).

Syzigium cumuni, also known as jamun, jambul, black plum, or Indian black berry, is a member of the Myrtaceae family. The presence of anthocyanin, particularly in the peel regions of the fruit, gives it a pleasing colour. There is only one seed in each berry. Syzigium cumuni is a common medicinal plant used to treat diabetes and a variety of other ailments. Anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and hydrolysable tannins are abundant in the plant (1-0-galloyl castalagin and casuarinin). The alkaloid jambosine and glycoside jamboline found in the seeds help to slow down the diastatic conversion of starch to sugar. In alloxan-induced diabetic mice, the addition of ethanolic extract of seeds and seed powder of Syzigium cumuni resulted in a considerable drop in blood sugar levels and an improvement in pancreatic islet histology. There has also been a decrease in glycosuria and blood urea levels. The seeds contain glucoside jamboline, a phenolic substance, a trace of pale yellow essential oil, chlorophyll, fat, resin, albumin, tannins (19%), phenolic compounds such as ellagic acid, gallic acid (1-2%), caffeic and ferulic acids, and their derivatives such as guaicol, resorcinol dimethyl ether, and corilaginin, as well as phenolic compounds such as Protein and calcium are abundant in the seeds. Flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin, as well as monoterpenoids such as -pinene, -terpinene, terpinolene, borbeneol, -phellandrene, a-terpineol, and eugenol. Syzigium cumuni also contains B-sitosterol (Black Plum seed).

Findings: The seed powder of Syzigium cumuni (Black Plum) promotes pancreatic insulin secretion, which restores the histoarchitecture of pancreatic -cells in experimental animal cells, indicating that it has antidiabetic or antihyperglycemic properties. Its seed contains a variety of phytochemicals such as triterpenes, anthocyanin, oleic acid, essential oils, glycosides, saponins, and numerous Flavonoids that alter insulin resistance and -cell function directly or indirectly.

Novelty: The discovery of such active molecules has the potential to lead to the development of safer medications for the treatment of a variety of disorders, including diabetes. Although the majority of studies of Syzigium cumuni as an antidiabetic emissary with its possible implemented actions and diabetes complications such as cataract, neuropathy, and nephropathy have been conducted, more detailed research on the isolation of bioactives through clinical trials followed by standardisation is urgently needed to understand the plant's prospects. The presence of many phytochemicals in Syzigium cumuni (Black Plum) seed, along with their documented modes of action, indicates that some compounds target numerous metabolic pathways, making them a viable therapeutic tool.

Author(S) Details

Kumari Rekha
Department of Zoology, Tmbu, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India.

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Assessment of Different Forms of Urea on Growth, Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Rice | Chapter 2 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 In Bangladeshi soils, nitrogen is one of the most inadequate plant nutrients. Although nitrogenous fertilisers, particularly prilled urea, are widely utilised in rice cultivation, their efficacy is low when applied via the old broadcast method. For framers, urea is available as prilled urea, urea supergranules, and NPK briquettes. During the cropping season of 2014, a field experiment was conducted on Aus rice (May-August) in the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, to assess the effects of different forms of urea (prilled urea, urea briquette, and NPK briquette) on growth, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of BRRI dhan48. T1 [check (N0P16K42)], T2 [Urea briquette (one-3.4 g) (N52P16K42)], T3 (Urea briquette (one - 2.7 g (N78P16K42)], T4 [NPK briquette (one-3.4g) (N51P13K32), T5 [prilled urea (N78P16K42)], T6 [NPK briquettes (two With four replications, the experiment was set up as a Randomized Complete Block Design. Urea briquettes and NPK briquettes were deep placed (8-10 cm depth) at 8 DAT between four hills in alternating rows, while urea briquettes and NPK briquettes were deep placed (8-10 cm depth) at 8 DAT between four hills in alternate rows. After the first split application of urea and deep placement of urea briquette and NPK briquette, water samples from each treatment of rice fields were taken, and the second sampling was done after the second split of urea. For quantifying NH4+-N, each sampling was done for 7 days in a row. The results showed that the NH4+-N content in rice field water in PU treated plots peaked on day 2 and then gradually fell over time, whereas NH4+-N in rice field water in urea briquettes and NPK briquettes treated plots was very low. Treatment T3 had the maximum grain yield of 4.75 t ha-1 (69 percent higher than control). T3 also yielded the highest straw yield (5.49 t ha-1) among the treatments. The treatment T4 had the highest apparent N recovery and the highest N use efficiency. In compared to PU application, deep placement of urea and NPK briquettes reduced N losses and improved the recovery of applied N as well as N use efficiency.

Author(S) Details

M. R. Islam
Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

S. B. Z. Sharna
Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

S. Islam
Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

M. Jahiruddin
Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

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Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth): Significance and Its Control | Chapter 1 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 4

 Water hyacinth, also known as Eichhornia crassipes, is an aquatic plant. It is considered one of the worst weeds, mostly in the tropics and subtropics, and is classified as an Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Sri Lanka. Despite numerous attempts to remove the species, Eichhornia continues to spread widely, posing a serious threat to aquatic biota in many inland water systems. The study would look into using salinity as a method to control the species. Experiments were set up to explore the species' growth as well as the function of salinity in the species' growth and survival. Salinity tests were set up using various salinity levels of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, and 20 ppt. Growth experiments were conducted by evaluating the growth of the species in terms of leaf output in fresh water tanks for a period of three months. The zero-salinity water served as the control treatment. Over the course of 16 days, two plants were placed in each dish and observed.

The number of leaves rises over time, reaching a maximum of 40 days. From 55 days onwards, it showed a sharp decrease in leaf output. After 40 days, the leaves that had been created began to decay. The experiment revealed that E. crassipes can survive in 0 ppt saline water for the duration of the trial, with the percentage of green shoots appearing to be 100%. After four days of experimentation at a salinity level of 7 ppt, the shoots became brown and died. With increasing salinity, the plants demonstrated a gradual drop in the development of green shoots between 0 and 6 ppt. Although salinity might be used to manage water hyacinth, its practical application in bigger bodies of water would be difficult.

Author(S) Details

T. Mathiventhan
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Eastern University, Sri Lanka.

T. Jayasingam
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Eastern University, Sri Lanka.

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Effects of Surface Properties of Rocky Areas on Overland Flow Generation in an Arid Area | Chapter 10 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 Overland flow is commonly thought to be a significant factor to channel flow. This technique is particularly appropriate in arid watersheds where base flow is meaningless, and notably in tiny watersheds where non-climatic elements such as lithology, topography, and local surface qualities can have a significant impact on overland flow generation. Understanding overland flow generation in dryland environments is especially essential since the frequency and amount of overland flow generation are largely reliant on rainfall thresholds for streamflow creation. For semi-arid locations, there is a sizable body of literature. Despite the lower average annual rainfall, the frequency and magnitude of channel flow are higher in the drier areas than in the semi-arid, wetter areas, according to several of these studies. This is due to the wetter locations having a more extensive soil and vegetation cover. Nonetheless, our understanding of the complicated processes that influence overland flow generation, the primary contributor to channel flow in extremely arid places (annual rainfall less than 50 mm) is limited. The primary goal of this study is to gather precise data on runoff generation under natural rainfall conditions in a variety of geological formations and surface qualities in an extremely arid environment (28 mm average annual rainfall). The research was based on a few tiny runoff plots (about 3 m2) in each of the lithologies studied: limestone, granite, sandstone, and siltstone. The first plot depicts a stony terrain, whereas the second depicts a colluvial surface. The study lasted two years in total. The data revealed that the frequency and magnitude of runoff generation were always higher in the rocky plots than in the colluvial plots in each of the lithologies. In the rocky and colluvial plots, however, runoff generation was not uniform. This is owing to the stoniness and roughness of each plot's local surface characteristics. The information gathered brings us back to two significant geomorphological challenges. The first is the ability to extrapolate data from one location to another with similar rainfall patterns. The second point to consider is the relative impact of regular rain events vs uncommon geomorphic occurrences in terms of geomorphic significance.

Author(S) Details

Aaron Yair
Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

Eran Meiri
Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

Hanan Ginat
Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Arava District, Israel.

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Toxicity in Acid Sulfate Soil, Mekong Delta, Viet Nam: Sources, Dynamics, Effect and Resolve | Chapter 9 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 Toxic in both the water and the soil Even with people living or surviving with low productivity, the environment is exceedingly tough for plants and animals, owing to poisons in the environment. When the soil is excavated, oxygen comes into touch with pyrite and produces pyrite. The goal of the study is to determine the source and kinetics of the harmful source, as well as to provide a solution. Toxic compounds include Al(3+),Fe(2+),Fe(3+),SO 4(2-), particularly in the case of Al(3+) at lower pH (2.04.5). Toxicants to the environment and organisms can have a variety of consequences, but they can also have combined effects. Toxic's action on the environment is quite dynamic. In soil and water, the toxicity dynamic is as follows: 1-As rice dries up, the amount of toxins in the rice increases, potentially resulting in rice death. Rather than liming without washing alum, the duty is to flood. 2- Rice can be irrigated with acid water with a pH of 3,8 (Al(3+)480ppm). The soil will become acidified after 5-6 days if it is contaminated with acid water with a pH of 2.9. 3- There is a risk of harmful effects when rainfall is less than 600 mm. However, flooding to a depth of more than 7 cm increases yield and obviously reduces contaminants. 4-Reduce contaminants by covering ground with plants and green manure. 5- Soil moisture has a significant impact on toxic variations, particularly in the organic and pyrite layers of the soil, which are highly acidified. The aluminium salt, as well as what it included At 30- 40% aluminium salt, the soil turns acidic quickly and aggressively. 6-The toxicity of the pyrite and organic layers is increased by the alternating oxidation and redox conditions. In the case of calcium insufficiency, 7-Toxins formed from sediments contain a lot of S+,Fe(2+) mangrove plant waste as well as microbiological activity in the soil. Shape the Pyrite bar next, then Jarosite, and finally sulfuric acid. 2,Al(3+) is formed when the pH of the surrounding environment is low. The ionic poisons Al(3+),Fe(2+),Fe(3+),SO 4(2-),pH 4,0 are eagerly completed by the assistance process. And 8-There is a positive link between hazardous ions, especially SO 4(2-) and Fe(2+), Al(3+), and Fe(2+).

Author(S) Details

Ba Le Huy
Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, Vietnam.

Hoan Nguyen Xuan
Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, Vietnam.

Phong Nguyen Tan
Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, Vietnam.

Thanh Le Minh
Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, Vietnam.

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Geochemistry of Sulphides from Papua New Guinea: Golpu and Nambonga North Porphyry Cu-Au Deposits, Wafi-Golpu Mineral District | Chapter 8 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 The hydrothermal fluids responsible for ore production can be distinguished by studying the elemental geochemistry of hypogene sulphides. We compare the trace element compositions of drill core chalcopyrites and pyrites analysed using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry to see if the Golpu porphyry Cu-Au deposits are related to the Nambonga North porphyry system, which is 2.5 km away in the Wafi-Golpu Mineral District, Papua New Guinea (LA-ICPMS). Although other mineral phases such as enargite, covellite, and tennantite can also mineralize, pyrite and chalcopyrite are more identifiable, making them easier to work with in this study. When compared to Nambonga chalcopyrites, the Golpu chalcopyrites had higher Au, As, Se, Mo, Sb, Te, and Bi concentrations and lower Ag and Zn concentrations. In both deposits, Pd and Pt were below the detection limit in chalcopyrites. In comparison to the Nambonga North pyrites, the Golpu pyrites had higher concentrations of Pt, Au, Se, Mo, Sb, and Te and lower concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Pb, Pd, and Bi. Pyrites from both porphyry deposits have higher Au concentrations than chalcopyrites, indicating that pyrite is the Au-bearing sulphide responsible for the increased Au content. Cu levels in pyrites from Nambonga North, on the other hand, are higher than those from Golpu. Overall, the ore fluids are thought to have been exsolved at various stages during the genesis of both porphyry deposits, despite the fact that these porphyry centres may be spatially and temporally connected.

Author(S) Details

Moira Lunge
Geological Survey Division, Mineral Resources Authority, P.O.Box 1906, Port Moresby 121, NCD, Papua New Guinea, Guinea.

Joseph O. Espi
Earth Sciences Division, School of Natural and Physical Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P.O.Box 205, University 134, NCD, Papua New Guinea, Guinea.

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Study on European Beech Annual Tree Ring Widths Time Series, Solar–Climatic Relationships and Solar Dynamo Regime Changes | Chapter 7 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 The findings of an investigation of yearly ring widths ('Dm') time series of two "extremely sensitive" to climate and solar–climate correlations of long lived European beech (Fagus sylvatica) samples (on ages of 209 1 and 245 5 years, respectively) are addressed in this work. Both series have excellent expression and are related to the 20–22-year solar magnetic Hale cycle oscillations. There is a strong correlation between changes in 'Dm' and the expansion or fading of the solar magnetic cycle. In the annual tree ring width data for one of the beech samples, the transition effects at the beginning and end of the great Dalton (1793–1833) and Gleissberg minima (1898–1933) are very clearly obvious. Some of these impacts can be seen in the second sample as well. Also mentioned is the issue of a possibly "lost" sunspot cycle near the end of the 18th century. A possible "phase catastrophe" is predicted for the future Zurich sunspot cycles 26 and 27 between 2035 and 2040 AD, as well as general precipitation increase and temperature decrease trends in Central Bulgaria, which will become increasingly important from 2030 AD. The given kinematic models of tree ring widths time series, as well as the extrapolated data, support the idea that grand solar minima are better characterised as quasi regular rather than stochastic events.

Author(S) Details

Boris Komitov
Institute of Astronomy and NAO-Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria.

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Effects of Unloading Groundwater on Aquifer Sorage and Water Availability | Chapter 6 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 Excessive groundwater withdrawal has long been known to cause soil subsidence [1]. Northern China is increasingly exploiting its water resources, fueled by decades of vigorous food self-sufficiency efforts [2]. Large areas of groundwater depletion cone and land subsidence are related with exceptional water resource mining in this agro-politically sensitive region [3]. However, studies in the region on water storage depletion and/or land subsidence are mostly statistical and fragmentary [3,4]. The anomaly trends in GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite observations, GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) model products, and measured groundwater depth data are used to estimate crustal unloading-controlled land deformation in this study. For the study period of 2002 to 2009, estimated land subsidence was 17.74.7 cm, which is the equivalent of 13.60.3 mm in groundwater storage loss or 104.6 mm in aquifer depletion, based on the average specific yield of 0.13. Annual storage depletion is estimated at 63.89.3 mm (53.87.8 km3) for total water storage, 58.35.3 mm (49.64.5 km3) for groundwater storage, and 3.40.6 mm (2.80.5 km3) for soil water storage for the 843 000 km2 research area. The expected overall water storage depletion exceeds the South-North Water Diversion Project's projected yearly water delivery of 45 km3 in 2050. Water storage depletion, in combination with ground subsidence in the region, might have negative consequences for the country's agricultural, industrial, socioeconomic, and political stability. It is vital for farmers and other stakeholders to implement effective water conservation techniques. To replenish local water resources, such initiatives should be accompanied with the tapping of alternate water sources (such as the South-North Water Diversion Project). Such measures not only prevent future pumping-related problems and disruptions in food production, supply, and security, but also maintain stable socioeconomic growth.

Author(S) Details

Juana P. Moiwo
Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Technology, Njala University, Njala Campus, Sierra Leone.

Yahaya K. Kawa
Department of Chemistry, School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University, Njala Campus, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Alhaji M. H. Conteh
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, School of Technology, Njala University, Njala Campus, Sierra Leone.

John P. Kaisam
Department of Chemistry, School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University, Njala Campus, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

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Promising Recovery Directions for Waste Plastic as an Energy Source: A Brief Overview | Chapter 5 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 The goal of this research is to present a summary of energy recovery from waste plastics, which could be used as an alternative energy source in the near future. For a developing country like India, energy security and the transition to a thriving low-carbon economy are vital. India may be able to increase its energy security, encourage small businesses and farmers to engage the energy industry, and cut emissions by combining locally produced ethanol with gasoline. However, the increasing use of plastic objects creates considerable disposal issues as well as environmental concerns. Some researchers believe that pyrolysis-produced waste plastic fuel could be utilised to replace fossil fuels. The recycling and disposal of waste plastic has the potential to save and recover a lot of energy. The chemical properties of waste plastic fuel vary based on the type of plastic and the pyrolysis procedure used to make it. The possibilities for recovering energy from waste plastics are examined and summarised.

Author(S) Details

S. Padmanabhan
School of Mechanical and Construction, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.

T. Vinod Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

S. Arunkumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

S. Ajith Arul Daniel
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

Vijay Ananth Suyamburajan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

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