A Critical Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities for Circular Economy Adoption in Solid Waste Management: The Case of Garissa Township, Kenya | Chapter 01 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 5

 

Background: Globally, the transition toward circular economic systems is regarded as essential for addressing resource depletion and climate change. Solid waste management continues to pose major challenges in developing countries due to rapid urbanisation and population growth. Although circular economy strategies have been successfully implemented in many developed countries, smaller municipalities like Garissa lack the necessary infrastructure, policy frameworks, and institutional support to facilitate the transition to circular waste management systems.

Aim: This study examines determinants of circular-economy adoption and their collective influence on sustainable solid-waste management in Garissa Township, Kenya.

Methodology: The study was conducted in Garissa Township, Kenya, specifically across the four administrative wards of Iftin, Township, Galbet, and Waberi. A descriptive research design using a mixed-methods approach was adopted. Data collection was carried out among households, private solid waste collectors, and officials from the Department of Environment and Waste Management. The fieldwork took place over a six-month period, between April and September 2019. The study included a total of 330 respondents from the four wards, comprising adult household heads, county waste management officials, and registered private waste collectors. Individuals below 18 years, non-residents, and those not directly involved in waste management were excluded. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS, with descriptive statistics such as frequencies and means, and supplemented with inferential tests like chi-square to explore variable relationships. Qualitative data from interviews and discussions were analysed thematically to identify key patterns and insights.

Results: Results show a largely female-headed household profile (60.3%) with low formal education (28.9%), while private collectors were predominantly male, aged 31–40 and tertiary educated. Technology was seen to improve recycling efficiency (50%), safety (25%) and cost reduction (25%), but adoption remains under 20% due to financial and technical constraints. Critical service gaps include 49.8% of households without dustbins, 40% of collection routes becoming impassable, and one landfill serving ~80,000 residents. Perceived opportunities scored highly for health (4.68) and employment (4.06), whereas major barriers were inadequate infrastructure (4.42), limited funding (4.35) and weak policy enforcement (2.18).

Conclusion: Garissa has significant potential for circular-economy transition, but success requires targeted infrastructure investment, stronger policy frameworks, technology support and community education to convert attitudes into scalable practice.

 

 

 

 

Author(s) Details :-

 

ADEN, Ibrahim Mohamed
School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v5/6801

Development of Effective Policies and Regulations to Ensure Sustainable Off-grid Solar E-waste Management Systems in Kenya | Chapter 1 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 5

Off-grid solar systems provide clean and affordable energy sources. The adoption of off-grid solar energy is becoming increasingly popular in Kenya as a source of renewable energy, with an estimated 10 million people using off-grid solar power systems as of the end of year 2022. However, the rising off-grid solar systems technology uptake comes with a growing amount of solar e-waste, which can have harmful environmental and health effects if not managed properly. The main sources of e-waste from off-grid solar systems are batteries, solar panels, and appliances such as lamps. Current data on the exact amount of solar e-waste being generated in Kenya is unavailable and this amount will continue to rise with the expiry of many of these off-grid solar systems lifespans. The study used a qualitative research approach and adopted a triangulation research design method to assess. This study through stakeholder’s workshop and document review data collection and analysis approaches, established that Kenya just like many countries in the Global South has a robust general waste policy and regulation management framework. However, it lacks specific policies and regulations on off-grid-solar electronic waste management, a challenge that many countries in the Global North have made considerate steps to address. The absence of a definitive law on e-solar waste management is partly because solar PV power is a relatively new concept in the country.  In addition, there is a lack of awareness of the hazardous nature of off-grid solar systems’ e-waste components to both consumers and institutions of governance. There is a lack of adequate infrastructure and sufficient systems for off-grid solar e-waste management in the country. Enforcement and implementation challenges of the existing general waste regulations due to limited resources and capacity and corruption culture are major impending factors. This calls for the development of effective policies and regulations to ensure sustainable off-grid solar e-waste management in Kenya against the backdrop of the rising uptake of off-grid solar systems. Research and data management of solar e-waste are crucial for better response to emerging waste management challenges so further research is required to evaluate the impact of solar e-waste on the environment to support informed decision-making.

 

Author (s) Details

Kariuki David Mugendi|
Department of Spatial and Environmental Planning, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Caleb Ombuor Mireri
Department of Environment and Natural Resource Management, Africa Nazarene University, Nairobi, Kenya.

Martin Korch Enevoldsen
Kobra Advice, Charlottenlund, Denmark Correspondence Kariuki David Mugendi, Department of Environment and Natural Resource Management, Africa Nazarene University, P.O. Box 53067, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v5/3667

ICEV Recycling in Environments with Limited Conventional Energy: Insights from a Queuing Model | Chapter 9 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 7

Nowadays Sustainability is a huge issue. Sustainability deals with the need for the protection of the natural environment and ecosystems health and requires innovation and commitment with the future. This manuscript presents an economic supported decision process  modelled through a  M|G|∞  queue system (M means that arrivals follow a Poisson process, G (general) that the service time can follow any probability distribution, and  ∞ that there are infinite servers) to help to choose if either ICEV-Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles, normally cars but not only, turn idle when conventional energy becomes scarce, or a new status quo is required. In such a case, they are recycled, becoming either EV-Electric Vehicles or HEV-Hybrid Electric Vehicles or FCEV-Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, or are dismantled (DV-Dismantled Vehicles). Our model shows that when the rhythm ICEV become EV, HEV, FCEV and DV is greater than the rate at which they get idle the system tends to balance. In a cost-benefit analysis perspective, there are minimum benefits above which, both dismantling and recycling, are interesting. Additionally, the most interesting is the one for which the minimum benefit is the least.

Author(s) Details:

Manuel Alberto M. Ferreira,
ISTAR-IUL - Information Sciences, Technologies and Architecture Research Center (ISTA-School of Technology and Architecture), Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V7/article/view/13689

Study on Waste Management Using Regression Analysis in Karnataka, India | Chapter 13 | Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 8

 The waste-process and allure intricacy administration has obtained extreme attention in current years everywhere the globe and again it causes chain-linked weighty environmental and terrestrial problems. The potential of Multi Linear Regression (MLR)-model helps in indicator of waste-management, the data is changed into Waste Disposed in Tonnes (WDT), Waste Recycled Tonne (WRT), Waste Generated Tonne (WGT). These includes overall reusing rate every-period. The article primarily focuses on graphical representation of waste-administration and future-prediction of waste-administration. This model helps to state the difference middle from two points actual-principles and predicted-principles which gives united states of america best confirmation. This model maybe applicable each and every waste of state & envision the future-management of wastes. With the help of this model the total waste method can be surely segregated for-future-use.

Author(s) Details:

Mahalakshmi,
Department of Mathematics, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Naveen N.,
Department of Mathematics, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

M. Rajeshwari,
Department of Mathematics, Presidency University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACST-V8/article/view/12392

Seasonal Variations and Health Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals in Soils around Metal Scrap Recycling Industrial Areas of Ogijo, Ogun State, SW Nigeria | Chapter 5 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 5

 This division aimed to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in soils from ingot recycling conveniences that converts scrap materials into gird products in Ogijo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Shortage of iron mineral in Nigeria has led to the conception of metal reusing in urban centres and suburbs, place waste and scavenged metals are rolled to brace. This constitutes a bigger source of loud noises that contaminates the country's atmosphere. The soil samples were randomly composed in dry and wet seasons (5th to 7th March and 24th to 25th September 2020 respectively) inside the industries and societies in the vicinity of the scrap alloy recycling labors (SMRI). The physico-chemical characteristics of the soil revealed that the soils range from lightly acidic to somewhat alkaline, generally sandy and earth and of moderate fertility. The concentrations of the resolved heavy metals in the soils were establish to exceed the WHO legal limits of heavy metals. Pollution estimate models are indicators used to determine the presence and intensity of anthropogenic contaminator deposition on soils. In this study, the following contamination assessment models were working: Contamination Index (CI), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Contamination Degree (CD), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), environmental factors, risk index and Nemerow Index.Heavy metal advancement during two together dry and wet seasons ranged from practice rank (EF ≤ 1) to moderate enrichment. Eri principles ranged from depressed (Eri) <40) to moderate ecological risk (Eri > 80) accompanying all the risk indices of the locales low (RI < 150). The accruing non-carcinogenic, the energy index (HI) for ingestion and dermal for soil all along the dry season were all above 1 indicating non - malignant health concern for the citizens of the study areas as they written higher principles. The CRI was far above the acceptable limit displaying that residents in S3 all along wet season and S2 and S9 during the dry season have chance of contracting tumor through ingestion inside the life period of 70 years. Scrapyards  are  casually  sited  in  the districts  where  all  types  of  scraps  from  deserted automobiles,  machineries,  and  electrical  machines  are disassembled and recycled for further uses. Many of these scrap  fabrics  are  made  up  of  fabrics that  are toxic and  unfavorably  affect  the surroundings  after wrong management.  According to the contamination index data, the soil character in the study completely lessened as compared to the DPR culture. This suggests that the soil cannot be utilised for home or land purposes.

Author(s) Details:

K. Onanuga,
Federal College of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Abuja, Nigeria.

O. N. Maitera,
Chemistry Department, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Nigeria.

C. Milam,
Chemistry Department, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Nigeria.

H. M. Olajire,
Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

V. N. Daniel,
Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin Ladi, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V5/article/view/11578

Study about Classified Indian Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP): In-situ and Lab Density, Bitumen Content and Gradation Characteristics| Chapter 11 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 7

 In this study, bituminous substanced content, in-situ and lab bulk, and gradation of RAP divided into differing categories were used to characterise RAP. The verdicts of this study will be constructive in designing the job join formula (JMF), that will incorporate RAP constant percentages in the bituminous layer of adaptable pavements. This study is a step toward environmentally friendly growths that combine responsive pavement construction accompanying resource preservation and environmental protection. Asphalt and aggregate-holding pavement materials that have existed removed and/or reprocessed are refer to as reclaimed blacktop pavement (RAP). When asphalt pavements are detached for reconstruction, resurfacing, or to receive access to underground duties, these materials are caused. RAP is made up of prime, well-graded aggregates covered in blacktop cement after being painstakingly crushed and secluded. Recycling of asphalt pavement refers to the process of utilizing reclaimed blacktop pavement (RAP). When traditional, damaged pavement matters are milled and beaten to be contained as a component to fresh mixtures equipped in the pavement building, RAP material is produced. The principal plant process involves stockpiling RAP at the asphalt plant, that is then argue virgin materials at the plant and trucked to the building site for lay down and compaction. Use of RAP invasion construction will defeat depletion of virgin aggregates possessions and also overcome to disposal question of bituminous wastes. It is necessary  to access possessions of RAP aggregate and  recovered  bitumen before utilizing in actual boulevard pavements. RAP samples collected and a order of tests are performed for characterization and acting evaluation of picked RAP samples of different groups.

Author(s) Details:

Anil Kumar Yadava,
Public Works Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Syed Aqeel Ahmad,
Integral University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V7/article/view/8511

Study about Classified Indian Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP): Aggregate Impact and Abrasion Value Approach | Chapter 8 | Technological Innovation in Engineering Research Vol. 4

Bituminous pavement recycling is the practise of reusing old, damaged bituminous pavement in the construction and upkeep of flexible pavement. Degraded pavement material that has been removed and repaired before being reused is known as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Various types of bituminous layers are employed in India for constructing flexible pavements, depending on the sub-CBR grade's and the amount of traffic (such as the CVPD) on the length of the road. Depending on the type of bituminous layer utilised, reclaimed asphalt pavement may be divided into a variety of categories, including PC Seal Coat, Bituminous Macadam (BM), Dense Grade Bituminous Macadam (DBM), Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete (SDBC), and Bituminous Concrete (BC). These materials from the various RAP groups will be categorised and include a variety of properties, including Rap aggregates and recovered bitumen. In this study, RAP aggregates were divided into several categories and their aggregate impact value (AIV) and aggregate abrasion value (AAV) were employed to describe RAP. To assess if RAP aggregates are appropriate for use in bituminous mixes, the results will be compared to the typical AIV and AAV values required for bituminous construction.

Author(s) Details:

Anil Kumar Yadava,

Public Works Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow (U.P.), India.

Syed Aqeel Ahmad,

CED, Integral University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow (U.P.), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TIER-V4/article/view/7313

An Addendum to Einstein’s Whole Theory of Universe | Chapter 4 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol. 5

 "Let me complete the circle," Einstein remarked at the end of his lecture, and "We have finished the circle" is the first phrase of our poem. We used to believe that the universe within an atom was like a galaxy of particles and subatomic particles, with each photon containing a galaxy of sub-photons. At the core of each atom and subatomic particle is an energy pool that stores energy. This energy pool generates particles, i.e. energy is turned into particles. Particles are changing into energy while being ensnared by the energy pool in some subatomic galaxies. The mysteries of atoms and galaxies were exposed via magnification. Based on enlarged photos of atoms and subatomic particles, we inferred that atoms and galaxies are wrapped in folds. The researchers also revealed that there are two sorts of stuff in the universe: luminous (stars) and non-luminous (planets, moons). The core of luminous matter (galaxies) is a white hole, while the centre of non-luminous matter is a black hole (galaxies). White holes and black holes, respectively, are the energy pools.

Author(s) Details:

Rehana Kousar,
A/P Chemistry Girls PGC Plandri Azad, Kashmir, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V5/article/view/7160

Promising Recovery Directions for Waste Plastic as an Energy Source: A Brief Overview | Chapter 5 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 The goal of this research is to present a summary of energy recovery from waste plastics, which could be used as an alternative energy source in the near future. For a developing country like India, energy security and the transition to a thriving low-carbon economy are vital. India may be able to increase its energy security, encourage small businesses and farmers to engage the energy industry, and cut emissions by combining locally produced ethanol with gasoline. However, the increasing use of plastic objects creates considerable disposal issues as well as environmental concerns. Some researchers believe that pyrolysis-produced waste plastic fuel could be utilised to replace fossil fuels. The recycling and disposal of waste plastic has the potential to save and recover a lot of energy. The chemical properties of waste plastic fuel vary based on the type of plastic and the pyrolysis procedure used to make it. The possibilities for recovering energy from waste plastics are examined and summarised.

Author(S) Details

S. Padmanabhan
School of Mechanical and Construction, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.

T. Vinod Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

S. Arunkumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

S. Ajith Arul Daniel
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

Vijay Ananth Suyamburajan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V1/article/view/5186

Determination of Physical Evolution of Solutions in Response to the Contact of Water with Beans: An Approach to Soaking and Boiling | Chapter 4 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 The purpose of this work is to illustrate the physical evolution of solutions resulting from the soaking and cooking of beans. This is motivated by a desire to learn more about the unique behaviour of bean end-of-cooking solutions when put into the soil. To do this, soaking solutions were created by mixing 2 kilogramme of sorted and immediately washed beans seed with 8 kg of water with known physical properties. The solutions from cooked beans were made by setting fire to a saucepan containing a mixture of soaking water and bean seeds. The beans were a Phaseolus vulgaris L. variety called "Meringue." There were no salts used in the cooking procedure. The following are the solution samples that were collected: 30 and 60 minutes after the start of the soaking process, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the start of the cooking process of the beans soaked for 60 minutes, respectively. After each sampling, the water used in the cooking process was replaced with an equal volume of the solution collected. The water used in the cooking process is transparent in colour. When it comes to soaking solutions, they get reddish with time. The soaking and cooking solutions turned a dark red colour. The rich red colouring changes to a strong brown tint after 60 minutes of cooking after soaking. In comparison to the scenario observed in the water utilised for the cooking procedure, the solution handled in the current investigation gradually enhanced in flakes from soaking and boiling the beans. However, after the soaking procedure, the enrichment rises sharply with the start of the cooking process. In terms of consequence, all of the physical parameters considered in this case study, namely the mass, volumetric mass, and density of the various solutions, grow in the same way. The infiltration experiments, which included water used for various operations, solutions from the end of boiling the beans, and human urine, revealed that the water from cooked beans has a very low infiltration rate when compared to the water used for the processes and human urine. Cooked bean water is a heterogeneous mixture, particularly a proteic globular suspension containing significant amounts of carbohydrates. The whole infiltration of the end-of-cooking-bean solution indicates the presence of a film of a substance carrying moulds on the infiltration surface, which is created by the solution's progressive settling. The correlations found between the many metrics examined here are extremely positive. However, in the case of correlation research, the influence of an under-appreciated parameter, known as temperature, has been found as the cause of the questioned behaviour of the parameters taken in pairs. Finally, the unique behaviour of the bean end-of-cooking solution when put into the soil is justified by its gradual enrichment in organic matter during the cooking process, according to this research.

Author(S) Details

J. C. Fopoussi Tuebue
Jesus and Mary Research Center S/C Jesus and Mary Catholic Bilingual Secondary High School of Yaoundé, P.O. Box 185CS101, Cameroon.

I. N. Tchinda
Department of organic Chemistry of the University of Yaounde I, P.O.BOX 812, Cameroon.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V3/article/view/4623

Study on the Efficiency of Metal Modified Bio–Nanocomposite Bead for Removal via Retention of Some Anthraquinone Dye | Chapter 6 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 3

 Batch adsorption tests were done with iron(III) loaded cellulose nanocomposite bead and alizarin red S, of various concentrations, from an aqueous environment in order to examine the efficacy of metal modified bio–nanocomposite bead for removal via retention of anionic dye. The bead's spectral and surface characteristics were studied. Using response surface methods and a full factorial and central composite design, the process was optimised for variables (pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature). At an ideal pH of 3.0, a dose of 2.0 gdm-3, and a shaking period of 45 minutes, equivalent to a dye concentration of 100 mgdm-3 at 303 K, the maximum adsorption of 97 percent was recorded. In a second order polynomial equation, the influence of the relevant variables was associated with the extent of dye adsorption. In the design space, 3D response surfaces and 2D contour plots depicted the significant variables' reciprocal interactions. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics provided a better description of the adsorption. The reaction was endothermic (H°, 71.62 kJmol-1), spontaneous (-G°, 48.19 kJmol-1), and viable (S°, 0.284 Jmol-1K-1). For at least five operations, the adsorbent can be regenerated using NaOH (10.0.10-2 M) and recycled for reuse.

Author (S) Details

Mitali Sarkar
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

Dhiman Santra
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

Shanku Denrah
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

Swagatam Sarkar
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

Pankaj Sarkar
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V3/article/view/2952

Plastic Waste Recycling as Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in a Variety of Corrosive Media| Chapter 11 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 14

 The goal of this chapter is to present a series of experiments aimed at minimising pollution by converting plastic waste into valuable items, as well as to examine the inhibitory effect of plastic waste on steel alloy corrosion in diverse aquatic environments. PET plastic waste was used as an economical and safe corrosion inhibitor for steel in corrosive conditions such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, nitric acid, and aqueous saline. The outcomes of Poly's evaluation are detailed in the present section (ethylene terephthalate), PET waste and modified products were tested chemically and electrochemically as corrosion inhibitors for steel in a variety of media. The chapter summarises all scientific efforts and highlights Reda Abdel Hameed's new approach, which is a fresh approach that involves green recycling of plastic trash using a solvent-free green approach and employing the changed product as green corrosion inhibitors.

Author (s) Details

Reda Abdel Hameed Abdelghany Said
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al- Azhar University, 11884, Cairo, Egypt and Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Ha’il, 1560, Hail, KSA.

View Book :  https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V14/article/view/1270