Bacteriological Quality in Relation to Sanitation and Hygiene Practices of Tribal Children and Women in Bhadradri Kothagudem District, India | Chapter 7 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

The present study tried to deeply explore the underlying reasons for poor sanitation and hygiene practices of the tribal children and women in the selected tribal areas in India.  Sanitation and hygiene are essential for good health and well - being, survival and development of any individual. Tribal women and children may not have proper awareness on the importance of sanitation. Some of the reasons which hinder the development of their awareness levels is due to various issues like lack of education, improper access to basic facilities like water, toilets etc. This is an exploratory study, conducted on 30 tribal women and 30 tribal children residing in the district of Bhadradri Kothagudem, Telangana state, India. The data was collected using an interview questionnaire. Most of the countries are facing challenges in providing minimum sanitation facilities to its people as there are certain factors like population explosion and resource depletion which hinder the provision process. Due to this, people are becoming vulnerable to risks in terms of their health, nutrition and basic survival. In India, there are many interior areas where the tribal population is dominant. Most of them do not follow or maintain basic sanitation and hygiene practices due to various issues like lack of education; gender biased disparities; improper access to basic facilities like water, toilets etc., which effect their well - being, nutritional and health status. The study tried to explore and compare the sanitation, hygiene and nutritional practices of tribal children and women in the district of Bhadradri Kothagudem, Telangana State, India.  Some non - Government organizations (NGOs) also can come forward in helping the children and women to understand the importance and benefits of maintaining good sanitation and hygienic practices; and also, on how to improve their nutritional status.

Author(s) Details:

V. Vijaya Lakshmi,
Department of RMCS, College of Community Science, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, 500004, India.

M. Milcah Paul,
Department of RMCS, College of Community Science, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, 500004, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V2/article/view/13507

The Effectiveness of Thermotherapy against Cassava Mosaic Disease: A Field Evaluation in Central African Republic | Chapter 1 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9

 The influence of thermotherapy in treating CMD in the field and under etiological scenes in the Central African Republic is examined in this place paper's findings. Finding low-cost, surely implemented management methods that may should popular in rural domains received distinctive consideration. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of ultimate important root staple crops. An supposed 30% of Zambians, over 4 million folk, consume cassava as part of their routine diet. Cassava is mostly grown by ration farmers on fields of inferior 1 ha. Cultivation of cassava is hampered by several natural constraints, of that cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is now the most important determinant limiting cassava result. The most significant biotic disadvantage, cassava mosaic disease (CMD), considerably lowers production. According to sure research, thermotherapy can be used to manage CMD in Africa. Diseased cassava cutting were treated in a angry water bath at temperatures varying from 43°C to 51°C for 30 min before being grown for 12 months engaged. Temperatures from 43°C to 49°C were found to have no damaging effect on either the survival of cuttings or on plant conversion. One month after setting (MAP), up to 40% of the cutting treated at 47°C to 49°C had regenerated a plant with no CMD manifestations compared to 7% of untreated cutting. Between two and five MAP, cassava cuttings discussed at 49°C produced plants with a considerably lower incidence of CMD than plants presented from untreated cuttings. All plants mature from treated cuttings grown significantly less harsh CMD symptoms than untreated cutting between 8 and 12 months after establishiing. The highest tuberous root yield was got with diseased cutting treated at 49°C (4.7 kg/plant), equivalent to the yield from not cooked symptomless cuttings (4.6 kg/plant). Our data certainly demonstrate the value of thermotherapy to assert a high level of result using local cultivars under severe CMD epidemic environments.

Author(s) Details:

Innocent Zinga,
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Plant Protection Center, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France and Laboratory of Biological and Agricultural Sciences for Development (LBSAD), University of Bangui, BP908 Bangui, Central African Republic and University of Reunion, UMR PVBMT, Plant Protection Center, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France.

Frédéric Chiroleu,
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Plant Protection Center, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France.

Emmanuel Kamba,
Laboratory of Biological and Agricultural Sciences for Development (LBSAD), University of Bangui, BP908 Bangui, Central African Republic.

Charlotte Giraud-Carrier,
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Plant Protection Center, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France.

Mireille Harimalala,
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Plant Protection Center, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France.

Ephrem Kosh Komba,
Laboratory of Biological and Agricultural Sciences for Development (LBSAD), University of Bangui, BP908 Bangui, Central African Republic.

Simplice Yandia,
Laboratory of Biological and Agricultural Sciences for Development (LBSAD), University of Bangui, BP908 Bangui, Central African Republic.

Silla Semballa,
Laboratory of Biological and Agricultural Sciences for Development (LBSAD), University of Bangui, BP908 Bangui, Central African Republic.

Bernard Reynaud,
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Plant Protection Center, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France.
 
Jacques Dintinger,
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Plant Protection Center, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France.
 
Pierre Lefeuvre,
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Plant Protection Center, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France.
 
Jean-Michel Lett,
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Plant Protection Center, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion Island, France.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V9/article/view/12317

Impact Associated with the Lack of Centralized Sewerage Treatment Systems and Inadequate Operation of Available Decentralized Treatment Systems, a Source of Emerging Contaminants in Urban Water Resources: A Review Case Study of Kigali City Rwanda, a Reflection of Other East African Countries' Cities | Chapter 5 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 2

 The purpose concerning this paper is to review the belongings of inadequately operating decentralized waste treatment orders, lack of sewerage schemes/networks and their centralized sewage situation systems, and wrong disposal of dimensional and liquid waste (sewage mixed with added hazardous treated chemicals from poisonous tanks or toilets) on the aquatic atmosphere (surface water and groundwater) and human life. As a result of the lack of a sewerage structure or network in the country, 81.6% of the improved cleanliness in Rwanda uses pit latrines with continuous slabs, according to the census report of household living environments EICV 4 that was approved for one Rwanda National Institute of Statistics in March 2016. High-altitude terrain has significantly contaminated surface and groundwater in any of locations, containing the capital city of Kigali. The complexity of wastewater administration has also been infuriate by the extreme level of life in the district and the absence of government payment for the creation of miscellaneous initiatives for concentrated sanitation.  A count of 1.3 million crowd in Kigali means that the city has neither concentrated sewage situation nor central waste networks. Except for a few semi-concentrated sewage situation systems, poisonous tanks with soak-continuously pits are primarily secondhand, together with pit latrines. Due to not cooked sewage being disposed incorrectly into the environment, they have potential negative impacts on surface and groundwater possessions or in some cases direct discharge to open waterway. Current examples of streams and rivers taking inappropriately given sewage contain Ruganwa, Rwanzekuma, Yanze, and the Mpazi rivers, as well as all tributary of Nyabugogo River. The problem of water contamination is getting poor as anthropogenic contaminants enter the water era. Emerging organic contaminators (EOCs) are of particular concern. For example, pharmaceutical and private care products are not controlled under current environmental regulations. Therefore, they may cause environmental or human health impacts. Since 2016 Kigali city was projected to have the first centralized sewerage scheme and construction of wastewater situation plant through the project named “Rwanda Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Program (RSWSSP)”. The definitive version of the environmental impact estimate (ESIA) received by Rwanda Development Board established that this problem will be focused on by the RSWSSP program by developing Kigali's first concentrated sewerage whole, as well as by directing the solid wastes and fecal sludges create by the 6 subsidiary cities of Kigali. However, even though the project’s ESIA has already existed finished it has not been executed yet. The paper checked the main causes of water pollution in Rwanda's stupidly populated areas, specifically in the capital city Kigali, the potential effects of a lack of city centralized seepage systems, the inadequacy of now available scattered technologies to keep human life and the ecosystem, and all's awareness of the new natural water contaminants that are now being found in water environments. Also submitted were some of the best and brightest management methods for safeguarding Rwanda's water resources.

Author(s) Details:

Jean Pierre Bavumiragira,
UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai 200092, China and Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Hailong Yin,
UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai 200092, China and Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Edwin Kipkrui,
UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai 200092, China.

Pascaline Uyisaba,
University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rwanda.

Yves Ndizeye,
UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai 200092, China and Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Alex Bazambanza,
University of Rwanda, College of Science and Technology, Rwanda.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V2/article/view/12192

Determination of Physical Evolution of Solutions in Response to the Contact of Water with Beans: An Approach to Soaking and Boiling | Chapter 4 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 3

 The purpose of this work is to illustrate the physical evolution of solutions resulting from the soaking and cooking of beans. This is motivated by a desire to learn more about the unique behaviour of bean end-of-cooking solutions when put into the soil. To do this, soaking solutions were created by mixing 2 kilogramme of sorted and immediately washed beans seed with 8 kg of water with known physical properties. The solutions from cooked beans were made by setting fire to a saucepan containing a mixture of soaking water and bean seeds. The beans were a Phaseolus vulgaris L. variety called "Meringue." There were no salts used in the cooking procedure. The following are the solution samples that were collected: 30 and 60 minutes after the start of the soaking process, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the start of the cooking process of the beans soaked for 60 minutes, respectively. After each sampling, the water used in the cooking process was replaced with an equal volume of the solution collected. The water used in the cooking process is transparent in colour. When it comes to soaking solutions, they get reddish with time. The soaking and cooking solutions turned a dark red colour. The rich red colouring changes to a strong brown tint after 60 minutes of cooking after soaking. In comparison to the scenario observed in the water utilised for the cooking procedure, the solution handled in the current investigation gradually enhanced in flakes from soaking and boiling the beans. However, after the soaking procedure, the enrichment rises sharply with the start of the cooking process. In terms of consequence, all of the physical parameters considered in this case study, namely the mass, volumetric mass, and density of the various solutions, grow in the same way. The infiltration experiments, which included water used for various operations, solutions from the end of boiling the beans, and human urine, revealed that the water from cooked beans has a very low infiltration rate when compared to the water used for the processes and human urine. Cooked bean water is a heterogeneous mixture, particularly a proteic globular suspension containing significant amounts of carbohydrates. The whole infiltration of the end-of-cooking-bean solution indicates the presence of a film of a substance carrying moulds on the infiltration surface, which is created by the solution's progressive settling. The correlations found between the many metrics examined here are extremely positive. However, in the case of correlation research, the influence of an under-appreciated parameter, known as temperature, has been found as the cause of the questioned behaviour of the parameters taken in pairs. Finally, the unique behaviour of the bean end-of-cooking solution when put into the soil is justified by its gradual enrichment in organic matter during the cooking process, according to this research.

Author(S) Details

J. C. Fopoussi Tuebue
Jesus and Mary Research Center S/C Jesus and Mary Catholic Bilingual Secondary High School of Yaoundé, P.O. Box 185CS101, Cameroon.

I. N. Tchinda
Department of organic Chemistry of the University of Yaounde I, P.O.BOX 812, Cameroon.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V3/article/view/4623

Evaluation of Sanitation as a Preventive Measure of Foodborne Diseases in the Bakery Operation: Recent Development | Chapter 2 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 1

 The microbiology of food products can be influenced at any point along the supply chain, from manufacture to consumption. Unsanitary equipment and a lack of hygienic standards in the food sector contribute to an increase in microbe populations, which can affect quality and safety. An excellent sanitation programme can be supplemented by the proper application of disinfectants. Sanitation is an important component of the HACCP system because it effectively eliminates bacteria from the manufacturing process. Sanitation is the process of ensuring that products intended for human consumption are safe and healthful. The system serves as an auxiliary control body for ensuring that hygiene protocols are followed. Food products become contaminated as a result of non-compliance with sanitation protocols, and consumers become sick from foodborne illnesses. As novel pathogens emerge and existing infections become more prevalent or associated with new food vehicles, the epidemiology of foodborne illnesses is rapidly changing. We concentrated our efforts on cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that have a substantial impact on the sanitary safety of the end products. The goal of the sampling was to see how well a bakery's disinfection system worked in terms of preventing foodborne illnesses. A 3 percent dosage of Savo disinfectant was employed for disinfection. Microbiological swabs were used to check surface hygiene before the start of production, during production, and after disinfection. Work surfaces included the floor, wall, table, tray, and mixer. After disinfection, significant decreases in colony forming units of total count of bacteria, coliform bacteria, and moulds were observed on the floor, wall, tray, and mixer. After disinfection, no germs were found on these monitored surfaces. After disinfection, 3colony forming units of total count of bacteria were discovered on the table, indicating a decrease in microorganisms as compared to the number of microorganisms before production. The results of the microbiological swabs demonstrate that following disinfection, the disinfectant Savo was able to reduce the amount of colonies forming units.

Author (S) Details

Vargová Mária
Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

Veszelits Lakticová Katarína
Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

Nad'a Sasáková
Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

František Zigo
Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V1/article/view/3095

Water Quality Variations within the Urban Stretch of a River in Nigeria | Chapter 3 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 2

 Sango-Otta in Nigeria is Ogun State's industrial nerve centre. Many beverage and other related factories are located there. The River Atuara drains the densely populated industrial zone, which can pose a sanitation problem for users downstream of the urbanised stretch. This study aims to assess the quality of water in the river along its 13-kilometer urbanised stretch, which runs through the quarters of Owode – Otta and Gbenga in Sango – Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria. To assess the extent of contamination in the river channel, a review of the physical and chemical analysis of the water quality in the river channel is performed. TDS, pH, colour, and temperature measurements were taken at nine different locations along the 21-kilometer river stretch. pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS were all tested in the lab at four different locations along the water course. Phosphate is one of the others. Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Cadmium, Lead, Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Nickel are some of the elements present in the human body. The water quality degrades downstream of the urbanised stretch, according to the findings. The presence of heavy metals in the river poses some questions. The lead content at Owode is 0.11 mg/L, which is above the allowable limit of 0.01 mg/l and can cause cancer. This can affect infants' mental growth by interfering with Vitamin D metabolism. The central and peripheral nervous systems are also affected. Cadmium levels are below 0.002, which is only below the Nigerian limit of 0.003 mg/l. Between Owode and Ewupe, the nickel content was 0.046mg/l, which is higher than Nigeria's maximum permissible amount of 0.02. This may have a carcinogenic effect on the body. The industrial impacts of Owode and Ewupe are greater than those of Igboloye and Gbenga. The patterns of each of the 21 parameters measured along the river's urbanised stretch follow a pattern that can be classified as identical, mirrored, somersault, or a combination of mirrored and somersault. More research is needed in this region, as well as determining the locations of factories and industries that contribute to the pollution level in the Ewupe area, as well as their effluent disposal programmes.

Author (s) Details

F. A. Oginni,
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V2/issue/view/60