Navigation on St. Lawrence Seaway Via Gulf of Saint Lawrence Estuary and the St. Lawrence River | Chapter 3 | St. Lawrence Seaway: Canada and United States Joint Lifeline

 

The St. Lawrence River watershed and Newfoundland, located in Canada, are currently home to millions of people. The entire Great Lakes watershed drains through Lake Ontario and flows into the St. Lawrence River near Cape Vincent, New York. The St. Lawrence River then flows northeast through Quebec and Ontario and into the largest estuary in the world, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The St. Lawrence River, between Ontario, Canada and New York, United States, is part of the international boundary. The St. Lawrence Seaway permits ocean-going vessels to go from the Great Lakes of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. Navigation of the St. Lawrence was not possible until canals were built around the Lachine Rapids near Montreal. The canals allowed ships to bypass the rapids and travel into Lake Ontario. In 1954, the United States agreed to joint development of the international sections of the St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence Seaway was opened in 1959 and permits ocean-going ships to go all the way to the southwest corner of Lake Superior near Duluth, Minnesota. During the 1970s and after more than 150 years of successful resource and economic development of the St. Lawrence Basin, a grassroots challenge to the proposed United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) planned development of the St. Lawrence River was blocked by a successful ecological campaign called “Save the River”. The objectives of the study are: 1) to study the geological and landscape properties which the St. Lawrence River Basin has contributed to the successful resource and economic development of a historically rich region of North America, and 2) to study the environmental risks to the St. Lawrence River Basin and the Saint Lawrence estuary. Planned economic and urban development of the St. Lawrence River basin by the USACE was blocked by the “Save the River” campaign. These environmental challenges include the settlement of millions of people in the St. Lawrence River basin, navigation of the St. Lawrence River, disposal of treated and untreated wastewater, water pollution, shore erosion because of high-water levels in the Great Lakes and connecting rivers, invasive species, and flooding.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kenneth R. Olson
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Cory D. Suski
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-36-5/CH3

Eastern Great Lakes Section of the St. Lawrence Seaway | Chapter 2 | St. Lawrence Seaway: Canada and United States Joint Lifeline

 

The Eastern Great Lakes Basin consists of the two primary Great Lakes and many secondary lakes that drain directly through tributaries and into the Great Lakes. The Eastern Great Lakes region covers 51,000 square km of land and is home to 15 million people. This region is rich in natural resources, industry and agriculture, and forms the heartland of both Canada and the United States. The development of this region has a history that is closely tied to waterways and seaways. The development of canals promoted growth and prosperity. The St. Lawrence Seaway connects the Great Lakes to the St Lawrence River and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The New York State Canal and the St. Lawrence Seaway were linked by the Oswego Canal and provided a shorter route for cargo via barges to New York City. The New York State (NYS) Barge Canal and the St. Lawrence Seaway provided pathways for the settlement of the Eastern Great Lakes. Lake Erie drains into Lake Ontario via the Niagara River, but the river was not navigable due to the obstacles of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Escarpment. Until the 1820s, ships could not travel into Lake Erie. The Eastern Great Lake shorelines, riverbanks and canals are actively eroding because of high surface water levels and flooding.  The primary objective of this paper is to document the environmental risks to the Eastern Great Lakes, the Niagara River and the Welland Canal and to provide a solution to the current deteriorating Welland Canal that needs to be replaced in the next 10 years. The environmental challenges of this region, which require mitigation, include the replacement of the current deteriorating Welland Canal, navigation of the Niagara River, disposal of treated and untreated waste, water pollution, shoreline, riverbank and canal erosion accelerated by high water levels, and buildings on the Eastern Great Lakes shoreline and Niagara Riverbanks, invasive species, and flooding.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kenneth R. Olson
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Cory D. Suski
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-36-5/CH2

Economic Impact of Global Water Scarcity: An Overview |Chapter 5 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 10

 

The aim of this paper is to examine the economic impact of global water scarcity on both developed and developing nations. Water, like any other natural resource, is vital to a nation’s economic growth and existence. Water scarcity is dynamic and complex, emerging from the combined influences of climate change, basin-level water resources, and managed systems’ adaptive capacities. Beyond geophysical stressors and responses, it is critical to also consider how multi-sector, multi-scale economic teleconnections mitigate or exacerbate water shortages. Without adequate water supplies, a nation will face severe economic problems as well as social unrest and political instability. The current problem many nations face is their dwindling water supply. This paper will also examine how a lack of clean water will hurt a nation’s economic growth and its ability to be a viable player in global trade and be able to provide for its people. This study will also look at the causes of water scarcity and how the problem can be rectified. Policymakers and government leaders can act in a clear and decisive manner to improve the infrastructure in their respective cities, towns, states, and countries, global water scarcity will only get worse.  Improving infrastructure to provide abundant water is no longer an option, but a vital necessity.

 

Author(s) Details

Arthur S. Guarinoa
Department of Finance and Economics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v10/1494

Assessment of Pollution Level and Its Impacts in the Shatt Al-Arab River in Basra Province, Iraq | Chapter 7 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

 

Water pollution or water pollution is any physical or chemical change in the quality of water, directly or indirectly, that negatively affects living organisms, or makes the water unsuitable for the required uses.

 

A reviewed the Aerial Photographs of Google Maps taken on the Shatt al-Arab river in Basra Province, Iraq, which clearly showed the presence of pollution in the river waters. Three regions (1,2,3) of the river are used for determining the pollution in these regions.

 

Chemical analysis of the three regions samples (1,2,3) was conducted in the laboratories of the University of Basra for the purpose of measuring the total dissolved salts (TDS), elemental Lead (Pb), and Sulfate compounds (SO4).

 

The results confirmed an increase in the total dissolved salts (TDS) in the waters of the Shatt al-Arab towards the south, where the river waters meet with the Gulf waters. The results also confirmed an increase in Lead (Pb) concentrations in regions (2 and 3) to (0.8 mg/l), compared to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) international limit value of (0.05 mg/k). As sulfate (SO4) compounds are recorded at a value of (750 mg/l) in the region (3) of the river, compared to the international limit value of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is (400 mg/l).

 

These results correspond to the statistics by the Basra Province Heath Directorate, which showed the increase in the proportion of casualties among the population of the province of Basra in the regions (2 and 3) adjacent to the Shatt Al-Arab river, such as the city center, Abi- AlKhaseb and Shatt Al Arab from the rest of the regions causing water pollution and the spread of E. coli causing diarrhea and intestinal colic with 50% of cases which was admitted to Basra hospitals.

 

Author(s) Details

Saad M. Potrous
College of Engineering, University of Basra, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v8/2022

 

Green Supports for Heterogeneous Photocatalysts and their Application in Wastewater Remediation | Chapter 1 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 2

An overview of water pollution, its causes and the current scenario of water scarcity at global and national levels is addressed in the introductory section. The need for advanced oxidation techniques such as the use of homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysts is briefly presented. In this new era, researchers look into the development of green and eco-friendly photocatalysts such as metal oxide/graphene quantum dots and carbon-based supported photocatalysts. Supported photocatalysts such as carbon dots, activated carbon, biodegradable polymers, clay and glass plates or glass beads immobilized photocatalysts are also thoroughly reviewed and well presented. A highlight on the patented technologies for wastewater treatment is also presented for the benefit of the readers which might encourage more research contributions to the field.

 

Author (s) Details

Preeja. P. Thattil
Department of Science, Christ Academy Institute for Advanced Studies, Affiliated to Bangalore University, Bengaluru-560 083, Karnataka, India.

 

G. Dayana Jeyaleela
Pg & Research Department of Chemistry, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli – 620001, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

K. Kavitha

Pg & Research Department of Chemistry, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli – 620001, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

K. P. Selvanayagi

Pg & Research Department of Chemistry, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli – 620001, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

S. Sumathi
Department of Chemistry, Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, Chennai-44, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v2/3409

A Review on Cutting-Edge Technology for Revitalizing and Reducing Water Pollution | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 4

Because pollution control and improved treatment technologies are critical to tackling environmental sustainability challenges, adhering to environmental management standards is necessary for living a more sustainable lifestyle. Notably, rural inhabitants in both rich and low-income countries are becoming increasingly concerned about the quality of their water. Even while artificial intelligence (AI) can help with the majority of environmental sustainability issues, including water management, machine learning models can maximize water resource conservation. There is a large knowledge gap regarding the application of AI to water pollution mitigation. Long-term performance under ideal conditions for water resource conservation is decided by the ability to implement adaptive and sustainable water management techniques and technologies that ensure the successful use and conservation of water resources in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, the amount of pollution-related research—particularly advanced pollution control—published in the literature has expanded dramatically over the years and continues to do so. This review focuses on six key components of advanced water pollution management technologies: adsorption, ion exchanges, electrokinetic processes, chemical precipitation, phytobial remediation, and membrane technology. It also discusses how artificial intelligence can be used to regulate water pollution to protect environmental health, sustainability, and security. Water source protection involves the protection of surface water sources (e.g. lakes, rivers, man-made reservoirs) and groundwater sources (e.g. spring protection, dug well protection, and drilled well protection) to avoid water pollution (see also pathogens and contaminants). Water quality is more difficult to maintain due to data gaps and pollution's impact on dimi water quality. As a result, a complete system or strategy for water security and pollution  management is required to handle water-related challenges and give a thorough approach to water problem solving.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Dr. Krishnakumar B. Vaghela (B.Sc., M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.)
Department of Life Science, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

 

Dr. Devangee P. Shukla (B.Sc., M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.)
Department of Life Science, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

 

Dr. Nayan K. Jain (BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD)
Department of Life Science, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v4/510

Impact Associated with the Lack of Centralized Sewerage Treatment Systems and Inadequate Operation of Available Decentralized Treatment Systems, a Source of Emerging Contaminants in Urban Water Resources: A Review Case Study of Kigali City Rwanda, a Reflection of Other East African Countries' Cities | Chapter 5 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 2

 The purpose concerning this paper is to review the belongings of inadequately operating decentralized waste treatment orders, lack of sewerage schemes/networks and their centralized sewage situation systems, and wrong disposal of dimensional and liquid waste (sewage mixed with added hazardous treated chemicals from poisonous tanks or toilets) on the aquatic atmosphere (surface water and groundwater) and human life. As a result of the lack of a sewerage structure or network in the country, 81.6% of the improved cleanliness in Rwanda uses pit latrines with continuous slabs, according to the census report of household living environments EICV 4 that was approved for one Rwanda National Institute of Statistics in March 2016. High-altitude terrain has significantly contaminated surface and groundwater in any of locations, containing the capital city of Kigali. The complexity of wastewater administration has also been infuriate by the extreme level of life in the district and the absence of government payment for the creation of miscellaneous initiatives for concentrated sanitation.  A count of 1.3 million crowd in Kigali means that the city has neither concentrated sewage situation nor central waste networks. Except for a few semi-concentrated sewage situation systems, poisonous tanks with soak-continuously pits are primarily secondhand, together with pit latrines. Due to not cooked sewage being disposed incorrectly into the environment, they have potential negative impacts on surface and groundwater possessions or in some cases direct discharge to open waterway. Current examples of streams and rivers taking inappropriately given sewage contain Ruganwa, Rwanzekuma, Yanze, and the Mpazi rivers, as well as all tributary of Nyabugogo River. The problem of water contamination is getting poor as anthropogenic contaminants enter the water era. Emerging organic contaminators (EOCs) are of particular concern. For example, pharmaceutical and private care products are not controlled under current environmental regulations. Therefore, they may cause environmental or human health impacts. Since 2016 Kigali city was projected to have the first centralized sewerage scheme and construction of wastewater situation plant through the project named “Rwanda Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation Program (RSWSSP)”. The definitive version of the environmental impact estimate (ESIA) received by Rwanda Development Board established that this problem will be focused on by the RSWSSP program by developing Kigali's first concentrated sewerage whole, as well as by directing the solid wastes and fecal sludges create by the 6 subsidiary cities of Kigali. However, even though the project’s ESIA has already existed finished it has not been executed yet. The paper checked the main causes of water pollution in Rwanda's stupidly populated areas, specifically in the capital city Kigali, the potential effects of a lack of city centralized seepage systems, the inadequacy of now available scattered technologies to keep human life and the ecosystem, and all's awareness of the new natural water contaminants that are now being found in water environments. Also submitted were some of the best and brightest management methods for safeguarding Rwanda's water resources.

Author(s) Details:

Jean Pierre Bavumiragira,
UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai 200092, China and Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Hailong Yin,
UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai 200092, China and Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Edwin Kipkrui,
UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai 200092, China.

Pascaline Uyisaba,
University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rwanda.

Yves Ndizeye,
UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai 200092, China and Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Alex Bazambanza,
University of Rwanda, College of Science and Technology, Rwanda.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V2/article/view/12192

Effect of Water Pollution on Human and Future Life and Its Remediation: A Brief Overview | Chapter 6 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 6

 Water is an essential system for human survival. With the increase of water consumption, water kind is facing harsh challenges. Industrialization, agricultural production, and city life have resulted in the shame and pollution of the atmosphere, adversely affecting the water crowd (rivers and oceans) essential for life, ultimately moving human health and sustainable public developmen Water pollution is a general emerging issue. It gets contaminated by miscellaneous sources such as overcrowd, sewage, machine control, urbanization etc.  Globally, an estimated 80% of industrial and concerning cities wastewater is discharged into the atmosphere without any earlier treatment, with antagonistic effects on human well-being and ecosystems. This proportion is bigger in the least developed nations, where cleanliness and wastewater treatment facilities are harshly lacking.  Water pollution is mainly caused by differing human activities, and population density infuriates the problem. As the society grows, so does consumption, happening in a scarcity of potable water. Controlling and managing water contamination has become more and more important in recent age in order to ensure that clean water is applicable for us and future generations. There are many methods for treating adulterated water, including coagulation, rain, filtration, ion exchange, photo catalysis, and so forth. Photo-catalysis is a type of advanced oxidation process that is to say used to remove basic materials from wastewater.

Author(s) Details:

Jeevan Kunwar Chouhan,
Department of Chemistry, Government Meera Girls College, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313001, India.

Dushyant Kumar Prajapati,
Department of Chemistry, Government Meera Girls College, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313001, India.

Shipra Bhardwaj,
Department of Chemistry, Government Meera Girls College, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313001, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V6/article/view/10103

Determination of Metabolic Responses of Psidium guajava L. Trees Irrigated with Polluted Water| Chapter 1 |Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.4

 The major purpose of this research was to investigate the main effects of waste water from the El- Wafaeyya drain (polluted site) on some primary and secondary metabolites, nutritional and heavy metal levels, photosynthetic pigments, and seedy fruit quality. Irrigated Psidium guajava trees acquired much higher amounts of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, and Cd than those irrigated with clean water. In contrast, total photosynthetic pigments in P. guajava leaves watered with contaminated water were significantly lower than in the control. Total protein and total carbohydrates were found in higher concentrations in the leaves of the control location. Proline, free amino acids, antioxidants, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and tannins were found in abundance in tree leaves treated with contaminated water. The opposite was true in the case of total alkaloids and saponins. When it comes to fruits, the negative effects were concentrated on the economic output and number of fruits rather than their weight and size. Irrigation with dirty water, on the other hand, resulted in lower levels of water, total proteins, total carbohydrates, and vitamin A and C, but higher levels of dietary fibres. The use of both qualitative and quantitative electrophoretic pattern analysis improves the reliability of the findings in terms of the numerous genotoxic consequences that these drugs can cause. The use of P. guajava fruits harvested from polluted places for human purposes must be avoided since they are harmful, dangerous, and risky.

Author(s) Details:

M. Hemada,
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.


S. El-Darier,
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V4/article/view/6221