A Study of the Seawater Quality Around Halmahera Islands, North Maluku, Indonesia | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 6

 

Halmahera is one of the largest islands in North Maluku, Indonesia. The island is rich in valuable minerals like gold and nickel, and it also has abundant marine resources. In September 2005 (transition monsoon), a research survey was carried out in the waters around Halmahera, because September is a transitional season, where in this month there is a change of season from the east season to the west season, which affects water conditions. This study aims to monitor seawater quality in relation to fisheries and tourism interests. The study looked at both physical and chemical seawater quality parameters. The physical parameters measured included temperature, salinity, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and light transmission, while the chemical parameters were nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate),  dissolved oxygen (DO), acidity (pH), and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni). The results showed that the seawater quality was generally suitable for fisheries and tourism activities and still met the standards set for Indonesia’s seawater quality.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Edward Edward
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, Indonesia.

 

Abd Wahab Radjab
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Yanrizal Yanrizal
Faculty of Technical Geology , Bandung Technology Institute, Bandung, Indonesia.

 

Safar Dody
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Sam Wouthuyzen
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Agus Kusnadi
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Teddy Triandiza
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Marsya J Rugebregt
Research Center for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency, Ancol, Indonesia.

 

Intan Rubiyanti
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural Institute, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

RDA Opier
Research Center for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency, Ancol, Indonesia.

 

Agus Dendi Rochendi
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, Indonesia.

 

Sulistiono
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural Institute, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Frensly D Hukom
Research Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Teguh Peristiwady
Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Yunia Witasari
Reserach Center for Limnology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v6/7087

Assessment of Heavy Metals and Associated Human Health Risks in Catfish from Mafisa and Boma Road, Morogoro River | Chapter 7 | Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Physical Experiences in Morogoro, Tanzania

 

Heavy metals, including lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), are toxic elements that cause significant environmental pollution and consequently health risk. This project aimed at finding the concentration of heavy metals in fish at Morogoro municipal by using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) as the analytical technique. The study was conducted in two sites of the Morogoro River that passes the Mafisa area and the Boma road. The measurements were carried out for Lead(Pb), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), Cadmium(Cd), Chromium(Cr), Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu) from Industrial Area of Mafisa and results were 0.84,0.05,0.14,0.18,4.50,2.20 mg/kg while that of natural area of Boma Road were 0.12, Not detected,0.08,0.04,0.25,2.30,0.90 mg/kg respectively. The three values of Mafisa, Boma Road and FAO/WHO were compared and found to be completely different. It is concluded that consuming fish from polluted zones such as Mafisa may cause significant health hazards, especially due to long-term exposure to toxic metals like mercury and lead. This study evaluated the concentration levels of selected heavy metals in Clarias gariepinus collected from Mafisa and Boma Road. Assessment of the potential non-carcinogenic health risks to fish consumers in the region was conducted using risk indices such as Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Reference Dose (RfD) and Hazard Index (HI). HI for Mafisa exceeds 1.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Yusuf Ismail Koleleni
Physics Department, Muslim University of Morogoro, P.O. Box 1031, Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-78-7/CH7

Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic Levels in Lemongrass at Kihonda and Mafisa in Morogoro, Tanzania | Chapter 3 | Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Physical Experiences in Morogoro, Tanzania

 

As urbanisation and industrialisation continue to expand, there is a growing concern about the potential contamination of crops with heavy metals from various sources, including industries, infrastructures, pollution and agricultural practices. For instance, the quality and safety of lemongrass can be compromised by environmental factors, including the presence of heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic. The study aims to assess the presence and concentration of heavy metals in lemon grasses. These could have implications for the safety and quality of the lemon for various uses, including culinary and medicinal purposes. The research employs analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to determine the levels of mercury and arsenic in the lemon grass samples. The findings of the study provide valuable insights into the environmental conditions and potential health risks associated with the consumption of lemon from Kihonda and Mafisa in Morogoro. High levels of heavy metals in food can cause serious health risks to consumers. The analysis of the concentration of arsenic and mercury in Lemongrass from Kihonda and Mafisa is compared. The concentration of arsenic in Lemongrass from Kihonda is slightly lower than that from Mafisa by 0.00186mg/kg. On the other hand, the concentration of mercury in Lemongrass from Kihonda is higher than that from Mafisa by 0.00493 mg/kg. According to studies, resulting from chronic exposure to heavy metals through contaminated food can lead to various health issues, including neurological disorders, gastrointestinal and kidney problems. It is necessary to know the level of heavy metals for safety. The study enables the readers to know the quality of the lemongrass for various uses, including culinary and medicinal purposes. The findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring and management of soil and crop practices to ensure food safety to be in compliance with health guidelines. Immediate actions should include enhanced soil management and the adoption of improved agricultural practices.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Yusuf Ismail Koleleni
Physics Department, Muslim University of Morogoro, P.O. Box 1031, Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-78-7/CH3

Bioactive Treasures of Crotalaria multibracteata: Cultivating Sustainable Medicine for Tomorrow | Chapter 8 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 

This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Crotalaria multibracteata within the framework of sustainable therapeutics. It explores the species’ botanical characteristics, ethnomedicinal significance, phytochemical profile, pharmacological properties, and potential applications through green technologies. Traditional medicine has long employed species of Crotalaria for treating a wide range of ailments, from fever and wounds to skin infections and digestive disorders. These uses, documented in several ethnobotanical surveys across Africa and South Asia, suggest the presence of pharmacologically active constituents, although many species, including C. multibracteata, remain underexplored in modern research. Various parts of these plants leaves, roots, seeds, and flowers are employed in poultices, decoctions, infusions, and pastes, often in combination with other herbs. Common ailments addressed include skin infections, ulcers, fever, gastrointestinal disorders, wounds, and inflammatory conditions. Integrating green science principles is critical to unlocking this potential responsibly. Eco-friendly extraction technologies such as supercritical CO₂ and subcritical water extraction can maximise yield and purity while preserving environmental integrity. By embracing interdisciplinary collaboration among ethnobotanists, chemists, pharmacologists, biotechnologists, and conservationists, Crotalaria multibracteata can transition from a largely underexplored plant to a model for sustainable phytotherapeutics. This journey exemplifies the fusion of ancestral wisdom and modern science toward healthier populations and a healthier planet.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Divya Prajapati
Sagar Institute of Research Technology and Science Pharmacy, Bhopal, India.

 

Shivani Tiwari
Sagar Institute of Research Technology and Science Pharmacy, Bhopal, India.

 

Shweta Bharade
Raghukul College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, India.

 

Monika Ghodke
Gajanan Maharaj College of Pharmacy, Ch Sambhajinagar, India.

 

Akshada Khetre
Dnyan Ganga College of Pharmacy, Thane, India.

 

Vrushabh Patil
Dr. J. J. Magdum Pharmacy College, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v6/6304

Impact of Storage on the Biochemical Characterization of Commercial Fruit Beverages | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 8

 

In the present era of processed and convenient food, ensuring the safety and hygienic quality of food products is very important. Several processed foods from fruits like fruit juices and fruit beverages are becoming popular under different brands due to their pleasing flavour, taste, and nutritional characteristics. Despite the potential benefits of fruit beverages, concerns over their safety and quality have been raised. According to the research data published in many countries, food intoxication is increasing due to different food additives and contaminants present in processed foods. Studies also showed that commercial fruit products like juice and jam available in the market were adulterated by harmful food colours, low-grade fruits and harmful preservatives which are harmful to health. So, processed food products including commercial fruit beverages should be adequate not only in terms of quantity but also of good quality, free from microbial and chemical contamination. Studies on commercial fruit beverages were conducted for different parameters like food additives, chemical, and microbial contamination for different storage periods. During storage, several changes may occur in food and beverages when it is exposed to different environmental conditions that may trigger a series of reactions on different biochemical and microbial parameters. So, it is the need of the hour to focus the attention of regulatory authorities on the shelf life and contamination of beverages with synthetic additives, microbes and heavy metals and help uninformed consumers make a healthful choice.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sujata Sethy

KVK, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpafs/v8/477

Principles and Constructs of Environmental Pollution Studies | Book Publisher International

 

This book is entitled ‘Principles and Constructs of Environmental Pollution Studies’. Though it talks more about water and the atmosphere, some concepts of waste management were properly elucidated. The challenges associated with the global anthropogenic inputs cannot be over-emphasised. This book is centred on environmental pollution, particularly water, atmospheric composition, waste and waste management, food additives and preservatives. The need to give more detailed information and concepts of environmental studies necessitated the birth of this compendium. This book gives easier and well-understood meanings and definitions of salient concepts such as climate change, global warming, the greenhouse effect, acclimation, pollutants, contaminants, additives, and preservation. Some of these additives have been found to be lethal and toxic to humans. There is a need for undergraduates, graduates, environmentalists and lovers of the environment to read about the conservation of the ecosystem as shown in this book. This is because the environment remains our only inheritance and legacy for the present and future generations so as to attain sustainable development.

 

Author(s) Details

Iyama, William Azuka

Institute of Geosciences and Environmental Management, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Nwagbara, Victor Uzoma

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48006-87-5

Review on Heavy Metals Content in Sediment of Makasar Straits (1999, 2003, and 2004) | Chapter 8 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 7

 

Measurements of heavy metal content in sediments in the Makassar Strait were carried out together with the Baruna Jaya VIII expedition in Indonesian waters in the study of marine biodiversity in August-September 1999, October 2003 and September-October 2004. Heavy metals measured were Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni. Sediment samples were taken using gravity piston cores at 12 research stations. Measurement of heavy metal levels was carried out using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of pollution and heavy metal contamination in sediments in the Makassar Strait. The results showed that the six heavy metals were still in accordance with the threshold value of the importance of marine biota. Based on the value of the contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (I_geo) and pollution load index (PLI), the sediment in these waters is included in the category of not polluted and is still safe for marine biota (CF<0, I_geo<0 and PLI<1). The results of this study show that the parairan of the Makassar Strait is very good for habitat sustainability and diversity of marine life.

 

Author(s) Details

Helfinalis
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Inovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

Edward
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Inovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

Yunia Witasari
Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Inovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v7/1123

A Determination of Phytoremediation by Native Species in Bauxite Spoil Dump: A Case Study of Kara-Kara, Linden, Guyana | Chapter 9 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

 

The difficulty in selecting species that can grow in degraded bauxite areas is a result of limited information on the Silviculture and ecological requirements of tropical native/exotic species. The main aim of this project was to assess the phytoremediation properties of the native species in areas degraded by bauxite mining. This study was conducted on an experimental site located in Kara Kara bauxite mined dump in Linden, Guyana. Soil and plant samples were collected from the study area. The study site was colonized by four native species Chrysobalanus icaco (Fat pork), Tapirira guianensis (Duka), Maprounea guianensis (Awati), and Anacardium occidentale (Cashew). One-way ANOVA from Statistix 10 Software Package was utilized to compare the heavy metal concentrations at two soil depths (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm). Very low levels of heavy metals presence were observed from the results of soil analysis in the study area. Lead (Pb) recorded the highest heavy metals concentration (13ppm) in the soil. Cadmium (Cd) had the lowest (0.3ppm) when compared to Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) which had 3ppm and 1ppm respectively. The presence of heavy metals (Arsenic and Mercury) was found in plant tissues of the four species that colonized the study area. Awati and Cashew had the highest heavy metal concentration of Arsenic with 4ppm for Awati and 3ppm Cashew. The concentration of the other three heavy metals was too negligible to report on. In conclusion, the four native species Chrysobalanus icaco (Fat pork), Tapirira guianensis (Duka), Maprounea guianensis (Awati), and Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) have the ability to phytoremediate Arsenic and Mercury however not Cadmium and Lead. More trials needed to be conducted at different bauxite mined sites on the two species Awati and Cashew for phytoremediation and rehabilitation. This research should be replicated over a longer period of time at different bauxite sites with other species in order to identify those that can phytoremediate Pb and Cd.

 

Author(s) Details

Wilkinson Keola
Environmental Protection Agency, Ganges Street, Sophia Georgetown, Guyana.

 

Lewis Susy
University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus, Greater Georgetown, PO Box 10-1110, Guyana.

 

Lewis Lawrence
University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus, Greater Georgetown, PO Box 10-1110, Guyana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v8/1713

Environmental and Health Consequences of Heavy Metals in Crude Oil-Polluted Soils in Ihwrekreka Community | Chapter 6 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

Crude oil pollution has caused severe environmental issues and health risks in the Niger Delta, particularly affecting indigenous communities. This study aims to characterize and quantify heavy metal contamination in the soils of the Ihwrekreka community, a region significantly impacted by crude oil pollution due to illegal refining and bunkering activities. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentration ranges in mg/kg for metals found in the contaminated soil were 4.85–17,078 for copper (Cu), 1.01–16.1 for cadmium (Cd), 0.22–36.8 for chromium (Cr), 8.28–40.9 for nickel (Ni), 7.51–6,474 for lead (Pb), and 8.84–12,851 for zinc (Zn). These levels significantly exceed World Health Organization permissible limits, with Cu, Zn, and Pb identified as the most contaminating metals. A strong correlation (91.5%) was observed between Cr, Zn, and Ni, indicating the substantial contribution of crude oil pollution to heavy metal contamination in the soil. The hazard index for chromium indicates a high likelihood of adverse health effects from daily exposure. Elevated risk levels were also identified for zinc, copper, and lead. For example, hazard quotients for lead ingestion reached critical levels, with values up to 23.0 for children and 0.985 for adults. These findings highlight the urgent need for soil remediation and public health interventions. The study emphasizes the necessity of ongoing monitoring and protective measures to mitigate the health risks associated with heavy metal exposure from soil contamination.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Adedoyin Olubunmi Bankole
Center for Water Research, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Delta State, Nigeria P.M.B. 1221, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria and Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, College of Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, P.M.B. 1221, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

 

Akinyemi Olufemi Ogunkeyede
Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, College of Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, P.M.B. 1221, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

Taofik Adewale Adedosu
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Oyo State, Nigeria.

 

Uche Udeochu
Chemistry Program, Division of Science and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the District of Columbia, USA.

 

 

Harrison Agboro
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of New Haven,300 Boston Post Road West Haven, CT 06516, US.

Benjamin Chinedu Odoh
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of New Haven,300 Boston Post Road West Haven, CT 06516, US.

 

Khadijah Ateda Isimekhai
Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Food Sciences. Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

 

Efe Jeffery Isukuru
Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, College of Science, Federal University of
Petroleum Resources, P.M.B. 1221, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v8/1690

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Its Impact on Reproductive Parameters in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in River Ruiru, Kenya | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 10

River Ruiru originates from the slopes of the Aberdare Ranges, Kenya and flows through several coffee plantations and then through Ruiru Town. River Ruiru is affected by rural and urban effluents, as well as agricultural and industrial effluents which make the river polluted with heavy metals. River Ruiru is however inhabited by various species of fish such as tilapia and the common carp, which, may be harvested by surrounding communities for food. Fish can be contaminated by heavy metals. This study was aimed at assessing the physicochemical characteristics of River Ruiru and the level of heavy metals in fish ovaries and their association with selected reproductive parameters in the reproductive cycle of Oreochromis niloticus. Excessive levels of heavy metals in fish can impair gonadal development through suppression of synthesis of 17   β-estradiol. They can also suppress gamete development. The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is a tropical fish species of commercial importance in both aquaculture and in the wild. It plays a great role in human nutrition and food security. High levels of heavy metals disrupt normal reproductive processes in fish. Besides, it has been reported that edible fish contaminated with heavy metals have deleterious effects on the health of humans and other animals that consume them The physicochemical characteristics of the water were determined at each sampling site during each session of sampling water. These were turbidity, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen. Measurements were taken during morning hours throughout the study period to avoid temporal variations during the day. The high electrical conductivity in the upstream, high pH values of water both in the upstream and downstream sampling, and the varied levels of dissolved oxygen in both upstream and downstream, varied turbidity levels observed in different months throughout the year and low temperature both in upstream and downstream sampling sites were observed. Despite the presence of heavy metals that have contributed to the present physicochemical status of Ruiru River, this ecosystem still supports aquatic life of interest to man. Fish samples were collected monthly, for 8 months, from the downstream and upstream sections. Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), serum 17     β-estradiol (E2) levels and levels of heavy metals lead, cadmium, copper, iron and zinc in ovaries were determined. The levels of the heavy metals were measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The level of E2 was analyzed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. There was no significant difference in the GSI between the upstream and the downstream sites (t=0.82, p=0.416). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the levels of E2 between the downstream and the upstream sampling sections. In the downstream, the levels of lead and iron in fish ovaries were significantly higher compared to the upstream (lead: t = 3.36, p = 0.002; iron: t = 4.920, p=0.001). The results showed that levels of heavy metals did not associate with the selected reproductive parameters in the Nile tilapia, along River Ruiru. Levels of lead and cadmium were above allowable concentrations for fish consumption when compared to recommended WHO levels. The study recommends that the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources should put measures in place to stop discharging raw effluents into River Ruiru.

 

Author(s) Details

Ong'eta, M. Kwamboka
Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure & Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Syprine A. Otieno
Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure & Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Jemimah A. Simbauni
Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure & Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v10/1439

 

River Water Chemistry in Romania: An Overview | Chapter 5 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 5

A comprehensive overview of the surface water status of Romania has been done by evaluating five main river streams. In this context, waters sampled from five different locations of Romanian rivers were examined to study the chemical composition of macro elements, heavy metals, respectively rare earths elements (REEs). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to highlight the variation of representative variables among target rivers: Aries, Somes, Mures, Olt, and Prut. The association between analytical techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) followed by supervised chemometric methods (linear discriminant analysis-LDA) proved to be a very useful association, able to highlight interesting information about data variation from these rivers. The ICP-MS analytical technique is suitable for analyzing microelements, toxic elements, and rare earth elements (REEs) at very low levels in surface river water samples. This approach, followed by interpretation and data preparation with chemometric methods, represents a step forward to a more comprehensive and realistic analytical data interpretation. The concentrations of most heavy metals in water were classified as average annual value ranges. Some trends of decreasing or, in other case, increasing were observed for particular our items, as follows: Olt River had the highest maximum values, followed by Prut River and Mures River. Somes River had the smallest inorganic loadings on the opposite side, with no maximum mean detected values. Determination of REEs in various environmental samples is essential because it can be used to create a sample fingerprint. Monitoring river water quality is an indispensable part of water management, where river water might serve as the sole water resource for different purposes.

 

Author (s) Details

Cezara Voica
National Institute for Research and Development for Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

 

Olivian Marincas
Environmental Health Center, Part of ALS, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Ioana Feher
National Institute for Research and Development for Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

 

Andreea Maria Iordache
National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI, Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v5/4863

A Brief Research on ICP-OES Determination of Trace Metals in Groundwater of Proddatur Area, YSR Kadapa Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India | Chapter 3 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 5

Water is among the most valuable resources on the planet, as it is required for life's existence and sustenance. Groundwater is the only drinking water source in the study area. Heavy metals may be considered as contaminants in the groundwater of this area due to the dyeing and electroplating industries. Extreme amounts of heavy metals within drinkable waters may have a variety of short- and long-term health consequences for humans. There are no reports of heavy metals in any previous studies of this area. Ten groundwater samples were collected from different locations of Proddatur and analyzed for twelve trace metals, namely arsenic, cadmium, manganese, copper, iron, mercury, chromium, nickel, lead, molybdenum, zinc, and selenium, using the Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) method at trace levels. The proportion of elements in the examined sample determines the strength of the energy released. The results showed that 70% of samples contained Molybdenum, 30% of samples contained lead and copper which were reported within allowable bounds of the World Health Organization (WHO). The cadmium concentration in 40% samples was detected above the WHO guidelines. Cadmium is a very hazardous environmental and industrial waste adulterant. Consumable water containing high amounts of cadmium causes severe stomach irritation, resulting in vomiting, diarrhea, renal damage, osteoporosis, & osteomalacia. So, periodical monitoring and an elaborate study on heavy metal pollution in groundwater are suggested. In conclusion, as Cadmium concentrations were found to be over the WHO permitted limit in 40% of the research area's samples, it is recommended that the polluted sources of concern undergo further treatment to minimize the concentration of this detected trace metal, which might pose a health risk. Trace metal levels should be checked on a regular basis using proactive techniques.

 

Author (s) Details

Suresh Pulapaka
Department of Chemistry, SRR & CVR Government Degree College, Vijayawada, A.P., India.

 

Beebi Shaik
Department of Chemistry, SRR & CVR Government Degree College, Vijayawada, A.P., India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v5/4783

Evaluation of Sediment Quality Based on the Concentration of Heavy Metals Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni in Jakarta Bay Using the Index Analysis Approach | Chapter 1 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 6

This study examines the distribution and contamination levels of heavy metals, including mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni), in sediment samples from Jakarta Bay. Five stations were analyzed at increasing distances from the coastline (0.5 to 20 km) to assess spatial variation. The results revealed significant contamination at Stations M (0.5 km) and D (5 km), where Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn showed the highest concentrations, linked to industrial emissions and anthropogenic activities. Cadmium and nickel displayed moderate contamination levels, with more uniform distribution due to natural and industrial contributions. Contamination was quantified using the Contamination Factor (CF), Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo), and Pollution Load Index (PLI). Stations M and D were classified as "moderately to heavily polluted," while Stations B (15 km) and A (20 km) exhibited lower contamination due to dilution and reduced anthropogenic input. Zinc showed the highest concentration among all metals, with a peak value of 441.91 µg.g⁻¹ at Station M. The study highlights the need for targeted remediation, stricter waste management regulations, and continuous monitoring to mitigate environmental and ecological risks. These findings provide a framework for sustainable sediment management and pollution control in Jakarta Bay.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Edward
Research Center for Oceanography-BRIN, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta-14330, Indonesia.

 

T Triandiza
Research Center for Oceanography-BRIN, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta-14330, Indonesia.

 

Abd Wahab Rajab
Research Center for Deep Sea-BRIN, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta-14330, Indonesia.

 

Safar Dody
Research Center for Oceanography-BRIN, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta-14330, Indonesia.

 

MJ Rugebregt
Research Center for Deep Sea-BRIN, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta-14330, Indonesia, School of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya, Jakarta-10440, Indonesia and Center of Research Collaboration Eastern Indonesia Waters Ecosystem, Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka-Ambon-97233, Indonesia.

 

Agus Kusnadi
Research Center for Oceanography-BRIN, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta-14330, Indonesia.

 

RDA Opier
Research Center for Deep Sea-BRIN, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta-14330, Indonesia and Center of Research Collaboration Eastern Indonesia Waters Ecosystem, Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka-Ambon-97233, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v6/2912

Assessment of Water Quality Due to Flooding in Mammukku, Ranni, Pathanamthitta Dist., Kerala, India | Chapter 4 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

Pamba River is the third largest river in the South Indian State of Kerala. Due to the lack of conservation and protection by human beings, the Pampa is under the threat of Pollution. Physical and chemical parameters degrade water quality causing health issues in living organisms. The present study examines the variation in these parameters in the Pamba River at Ranni. Water samples were collected from five different sources at Mamukku, Ranni and tested at CEPCI, Kollam. In the laboratory, the physio-chemical parameters like pH, BOD, TDS and heavy metals like copper, chromium, Cadmium, lead and mercury (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg) content in water were analyzed. The study showed that the water quality at Ranni is fit for domestic use in terms of heavy metals. However, BOD levels were elevated due to the pressure of organic waste that could have been entered due to the presence of chemical and sewage wastes in water bodies at Ranni. Among the five heavy metals, Copper and Chromium were below the standard limit and the other three heavy metals Lead, Cadmium and Mercury were below the detected level. The regular water treatment methods adopted in the area due to recent floods may be the result of water quality in Ranni with respect to heavy metals. The physical parameters like pH of water sources in Ranni are normal except well water which is slightly acidic due to chemical runoff and wastewater discharge. The TDS levels are normal in all five sources but BOD levels are elevated due to the presence of organic wastes entered from chemical and sewage disposal in water bodies. Follow-ups are required to monitor the overall quality of the river.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. R. Aruna Devy (Associate Professor & HoD)
Department of Zoology, St. Thomas College, Ranni, Pathanamthitta Dist., Kerala, PIN–689673, India.

 

Gauri Lakshmi
Department of Zoology, St. Thomas College, Ranni, Pathanamthitta Dist., Kerala, PIN–689673, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/3856

Impact of Storage on the Biochemical Characterization of Commercial Fruit Beverages | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 8

In the present era of processed and convenient food, ensuring the safety and hygienic quality of food products is very important. Several processed foods from fruits like fruit juices and fruit beverages are becoming popular under different brands due to their pleasing flavour, taste, and nutritional characteristics. Despite the potential benefits of fruit beverages, concerns over their safety and quality have been raised. According to the research data published in many countries, food intoxication is increasing due to different food additives and contaminants present in processed foods. Studies also showed that commercial fruit products like juice and jam available in the market were adulterated by harmful food colours, low-grade fruits and harmful preservatives which are harmful to health. So, processed food products including commercial fruit beverages should be adequate not only in terms of quantity but also of good quality, free from microbial and chemical contamination. Studies on commercial fruit beverages were conducted for different parameters like food additives, chemical, and microbial contamination for different storage periods. During storage, several changes may occur in food and beverages when it is exposed to different environmental conditions that may trigger a series of reactions on different biochemical and microbial parameters. So, it is the need of the hour to focus the attention of regulatory authorities on the shelf life and contamination of beverages with synthetic additives, microbes and heavy metals and help uninformed consumers make a healthful choice.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. Sujata Sethy,
KVK, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpafs/v8/477

Effects of Environmental Heavy Metal Contamination; Human Health and Environmental Toxicology | Chapter 5 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 2

 

This study, which investigates the possible environmental effects of heavy metals, shows that most heavy metal products found in nature and resulting from human effects cause various environmental problems and diseases. Heavy metals are characterized by their toxicity to living organisms. Most of them cause environmental and atmospheric pollution and can be fatal to living things. Heavy metals can become highly toxic by mixing with different environmental elements such as water, soil and air, and humans and other living organisms can be exposed to them through the food chain.

Pathological research shows that heavy metals cause damage to the brain and peripheral nerves. The increasing use of heavy metals, which have caused some diseases since ancient times, in all kinds of environments due to industrial development, has brought about some health problems. Heavy metal particles can cause edema in the cerebral hemispheres, vascular occlusion, capillary changes in the brain, cerebellar edema with pyknotic, Purkinje cells, and isolated areas of necrosis.

It is of great importance to consider the heavy metals found in seafood to reduce the possible effects of heavy metals taken into the food chain because of chronic consumption of fish and other seafood on nerve cells, liver and immune system. Heavy metals could accumulate in living things through their toxicity, longevity in the atmosphere and bioaccumulation. Therefore, contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with toxic heavy metals is a significant environmental problem with consequences for public health.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Aysun Turkmen
Department of Chemistry, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.

 

Fulya Oztas
Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.

 

Haydar Oztas
N. Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.

 

Mustafa Turkmen
Department of Biology, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v2/540

Pollutant of Global Trends in the Marine Ecosystems around the Spermonde Archipelagos | Chapter 2 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 8

This study primarily focuses on pollutant of Global trends in the Marine Ecosystems around the Spermonde Archipelagos. Contaminants known as Global Trenches Pollutants (GTP) are absent from healthy marine environments. When using marine resources for marine tourism, accuracy and prudence are required to avoid future ecological dangers that have a cascading effect on human health as well as aquatic ecosystems. The study identifies exposure to GTP: microplastics (MP), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metal (HM), pesticide residue (PR), and medical waste (MW) in marine ecosystems the Marine Tourism Area (MTA) area and Barrang Caddi Island (BCI) waters. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis methods was used with a combination of analytical instruments and mathematical formulas. The search results show the average total abundance of MP in seawater and fish samples (5.47 units/m3) and (7.03 units/m3) as well as in sediment and sponge samples (8.18 units/m3) and (8.32 units/m3). Based on an analysis of the polymer structure, it was identified that the dominant group is MP, from polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), followed by polyamidenylon (PA) and polycarbonate (PC). Several PAHs pollutants were identified in the samples. In particular, Naphthalene (NL) types were the most common in all samples, followed by pyrene (PN) and azulene (AZ). BCI sea waters are suspected to be exposed to MW and PR. Pb+2 and Cu+2 pollutants around BCI were successfully calculated, showing average concentrations in seawater of 0.164 mg/L and 0.294 mg/L, respectively, while in fish, concentrations were 1.8110 µg/g and 2,452 µg/g, respectively. Based on these findings, the BCI area is not recommended as a marine tourism destination. BCI is maintained as a marine tourism area, it is feared that its ecosystem will enter an ecological hazard state, which will have a chain effect, not only on the aquatic ecosystem around the BCI but also on the sponge populations and fish, leaving them unfit for consumption and subsequently causing health problems for the community.

Author(s) Details:

Ismail Marzuki,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Fajar University, Makassar 90231, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Andi Sahrijanna,
National Research and Innovation Agency, (BRIN) Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia.

Early Septiningsih,
National Research and Innovation Agency, (BRIN) Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia.

Ruzkiah Asaf,
National Research and Innovation Agency, (BRIN) Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia.

Admi Athirah,
National Research and Innovation Agency, (BRIN) Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V8/article/view/14088

Benefits of Duckweeds for Phytoremediation | Chapter 8 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 1

Aquatic plants, commonly known as duckweeds, represent a group of 36 species in the family Lemnaceae. Duckweeds are often regarded as detrimental to the environment because of their ability to quickly populate and cover the water surfaces due to their rapid vegetative propagation. However, their global distribution, tolerance to ammonia, heavy metals, other chemical pollutants, and environmental stresses make duckweed a favorite species for bioremediation of agricultural, municipal, and industrial wastewater. In course of their fast growth and biomass accumulation, duckweeds efficiently assimilate nitrogen- and phosphate-containing water pollutants, playing an important role in restorative ecology of water reservoirs. Moreover, compared to other species, duckweed species and ecotypes are highly adaptive to a variety of environmental contaminants. In summary, duckweeds are a powerful tool for bioremediation that can reduce anthropogenic pollution in aquatic ecosystems and prevent water eutrophication in a simple, inexpensive ecologically friendly way. Here, we reviewed the potential for using duckweeds in remediation of major water pollutants: mineral nitrogen and phosphorus, various organic chemicals, and heavy metals.

Author(s) Details:

Yuzhen Zhou,
Department of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, 223300 Huai’an, China.

Anton Stepanenko,
Department of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, 223300 Huai’an, China, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine and Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.

Olena Kishchenko,
Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine and Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.

Nikolai Borisjuk,
Department of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, 223300 Huai’an, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAEGES-V1/article/view/14123

Distribution of Heavy Metals and Herbicides in the Cephalopod, Viscera and Shell of the Snail Achatina achatina | Chapter 6 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 5

 Every day, various contaminants are announced into the environment. The purpose concerning this chapter search out determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Zinc, Copper) and glyphosate in the cephalopod, entrails, and shell of the Achatina achatina invertebrate species so that find the areas place pollutants get the highest. The present study accepted place in the Nawa region of on west side when facing north-western Côte d'Ivoire. Heavy metals and glyphosate levels in Achatina achatina samples were determined utilizing atomic incorporation spectrophotometry and high-depiction liquid chromatography, respectively. The consequences demonstrate that lead (0,64 mg/kg), law enforcement officer (0,45 mg/kg) and zinc (1,165 mg/kg) accrue the most in the shell. On the other hand, glyphosate and cadmium grow most in the cephalopod (1,03 and 0,13 mg/kg respectively) and in the intestines (1,01 and 0,14 mg/kg respectively). Contamination of the invertebrate with weighty metals and glyphosate would certainly cause unfavorable effects on human strength and the environment.

Author(s) Details:

O. N’guessan,
Laboratoire Biodiversité et Ecologie Tropicale (BioEcoTrop), UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.

D. Kouassi,
Laboratoire Biodiversité et Ecologie Tropicale (BioEcoTrop), UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V5/article/view/12301

Histopathological Changes in Vital Organs of Oreochromis niloticus in Fish Farm Irrigated with Drainage Water in El Fayoum Province, Egypt | Chapter 1 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

 This branch aimed to interrogate the impact of heavy metals pollution in a chum farm in El Fayoum Province on some internal organs tissues (liver, gills, intestines and influences) of Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Pollution of aquatic surroundings is a serious and growing question [1], which is frequently brought about by growing domestic, agricultural, marketing and industrial exercises of man. Fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) were taken during period 2006 from a fish farm in El Fayoum Province for monitoring bioaccumulation of few heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) in the liver, entrails, gills and muscles of the cast and their effect on the tissue means. The present study revealed that, the concentrations of zinc and lead were above the permissible level in the liver, entrails, gills and muscles of Oreochromis niloticus (L.). The concentrations of law enforcement officer and cadmium were higher than the permissible level in the liver for policeman and in the liver and intestine for cadmium. The liver, gills, entrails, and muscles all presented a number of histological irregularities. Hepatocytes in the liver sections showed signs of deterioration and necrosis. Necrotic patches and extending deterioration suffused the hepatic tissue. The fish gills were checked under a microscope, which disclosed edema in the primary and subordinate lamellae, full melding of the secondary lamellae, and telangiectasis (blood cell blockage in the ends of the subordinate lamellae). The fish's gills likewise experienced abundant bleeding. The hisopathological changes in the intestine contained degeneration and fatality of epithelial cells of covering layer, aggregation of inflammatory containers in submucosa and destruction of muscularis. Skeletal powers exhibited various stages of degeneration, disintegration, necrosis and infiltration of angering cells. The difficult metals accumulated in the internal organs of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and caused many pathological lesions. So, we approve treatment of seepage water before its entrance into chum farms.

Author(s) Details:

Amal M. Yacoub,
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Fish Research Station- El Kanater El Khairya, Cairo, Egypt and Biology Department, Faculty of Scienc, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

Soad A. Mahmoud,
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Fish Research Station- El Kanater El Khairya, Cairo, Egypt and Biology Department, Faculty of Scienc, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

Safaa I. Tayel,
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Fish Research Station- El Kanater El Khairya, Cairo, Egypt and Biology Department, Faculty of Scienc, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V7/article/view/11846