Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Its Impact on Reproductive Parameters in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in River Ruiru, Kenya | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 10

River Ruiru originates from the slopes of the Aberdare Ranges, Kenya and flows through several coffee plantations and then through Ruiru Town. River Ruiru is affected by rural and urban effluents, as well as agricultural and industrial effluents which make the river polluted with heavy metals. River Ruiru is however inhabited by various species of fish such as tilapia and the common carp, which, may be harvested by surrounding communities for food. Fish can be contaminated by heavy metals. This study was aimed at assessing the physicochemical characteristics of River Ruiru and the level of heavy metals in fish ovaries and their association with selected reproductive parameters in the reproductive cycle of Oreochromis niloticus. Excessive levels of heavy metals in fish can impair gonadal development through suppression of synthesis of 17   β-estradiol. They can also suppress gamete development. The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is a tropical fish species of commercial importance in both aquaculture and in the wild. It plays a great role in human nutrition and food security. High levels of heavy metals disrupt normal reproductive processes in fish. Besides, it has been reported that edible fish contaminated with heavy metals have deleterious effects on the health of humans and other animals that consume them The physicochemical characteristics of the water were determined at each sampling site during each session of sampling water. These were turbidity, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen. Measurements were taken during morning hours throughout the study period to avoid temporal variations during the day. The high electrical conductivity in the upstream, high pH values of water both in the upstream and downstream sampling, and the varied levels of dissolved oxygen in both upstream and downstream, varied turbidity levels observed in different months throughout the year and low temperature both in upstream and downstream sampling sites were observed. Despite the presence of heavy metals that have contributed to the present physicochemical status of Ruiru River, this ecosystem still supports aquatic life of interest to man. Fish samples were collected monthly, for 8 months, from the downstream and upstream sections. Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), serum 17     β-estradiol (E2) levels and levels of heavy metals lead, cadmium, copper, iron and zinc in ovaries were determined. The levels of the heavy metals were measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The level of E2 was analyzed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. There was no significant difference in the GSI between the upstream and the downstream sites (t=0.82, p=0.416). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the levels of E2 between the downstream and the upstream sampling sections. In the downstream, the levels of lead and iron in fish ovaries were significantly higher compared to the upstream (lead: t = 3.36, p = 0.002; iron: t = 4.920, p=0.001). The results showed that levels of heavy metals did not associate with the selected reproductive parameters in the Nile tilapia, along River Ruiru. Levels of lead and cadmium were above allowable concentrations for fish consumption when compared to recommended WHO levels. The study recommends that the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources should put measures in place to stop discharging raw effluents into River Ruiru.

 

Author(s) Details

Ong'eta, M. Kwamboka
Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure & Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Syprine A. Otieno
Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure & Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Jemimah A. Simbauni
Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure & Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v10/1439

 

Phytochemical Composition, Toxicity and Effects of Sphenostylis marginata Aqueous Root Extract on Oxygen Consumption Rate in Oreochromis niloticus Fingerlings: A Comprehensive Study | Chapter 10 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 5

Introduction: Fish has always been an important part of the human diet due to its natural availability and nutritional value. With the advent of population growth, the consumer demand for fish has exponentially increased. To meet increasing demand, new methods such as netting, spearfishing, angling, and trapping were developed in Africa for catching fish. In established modern fishing fleets, these methods are well-regulated to avoid overfishing as well as consideration for sustainability and environmental impact. Sphenostylis marginata is a plant in the family Fabaceae and native to many parts of Africa. It is used as a wild vegetable, in folk medicine, as a fetish plant, food additive, and for harvesting fish. Small-scale fishermen in selected parts of Zambia use the crushed roots of this plant to harvest fish for consumption. Published data suggest that phytochemicals present in fish toxins and the lethal concentration have a major role to play in the ability of fish to utilize dissolved oxygen. Phytochemical screening and lethal concentration (LC50) of fish toxins are the initial tests required to discover their bioactive profile and short-term poisoning potential.

 

Objective: To determine the effects of S. marginata on dissolved oxygen consumption rate in Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings.

 

Materials and Methods: An interventional approach was used to determine the effects of different concentrations of the aqueous root extract of S. marginata on dissolved oxygen consumption rate (DOCR) in Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. The fresh root of S. marginata was collected from the Muchinga escarpment in the Mpika district of Zambia, while the crude stem methanol extract of the positive control Albizia versicolor was collected from the University of Zambia’s Biology department. The studied plant was examined, identified, extracted, and concentrated using the Yamato DC401/801 Neo Cool freeze drier. Phytochemical screening was carried out, and toxicity studies were performed to establish the LC50. Dissolved oxygen was measured using a calibrated 86031 AZ waterproof IP67 combo water quality tester for O. niloticus fingerlings in the presence of S. marginata and the positive control. Dissolved oxygen results were used to calculate dissolved oxygen consumption rates. Comparisons of dissolved oxygen consumption rate results between the study plant and the positive control were made using a two-sample t-test for unequal variances in IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of temperature, salinity, and pH for both plants was performed. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used as a post hoc test to determine where the differences lie in statistically significant results.

 

Results: Phytochemical screening of S. marginata revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. From experimental results, 200 mg/L of S. marginata was required to cause mortality in 50% of O. niloticus in 3 hours (LC50). Calculations from the arithmetic method of Karber showed the LC50 of 210 mg/L, while graphical approximations using RS statistical software estimated a lethal concentration of 221.6 mg/L at ± 15.4 standard error with lower and upper limits of 186.1 and 257.2, respectively. Fingerlings mortality increased with the increase in concentration of the extract, accompanied by induced behavioral changes like rapid swimming, gasping for oxygen, vertical swimming, and loss of balance. The study plant affected the ability of O. niloticus fingerlings to utilize dissolved oxygen in a concentration-dependent response, and the mean dissolved oxygen consumption rate of S. marginata was significantly lower than the positive control A. versicolor (-0.7075 mg/L/hr. and -0.2675 mg/L/hr, respectively). Both plant did not affect the solution parameters pH, temperature, and salinity.

 

Conclusion: In conclusion, the root extract of S. marginata affects the ability of O. niloticus fingerlings to utilize dissolved oxygen with a characteristic concentration-dependent response. The plant does not affect pH, temperature, and salinity. S. marginata contains the phytochemicals tannins, saponins, sterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, highlighting its potential for exploitation as a cholesterol-lowering, antitumor, antimicrobial, promoting wound healing, and anti-diabetic.

 

Author (s) Details

Brian Mukuka
Faculty of Health Sciences, Chreso University, P.O. Box 37178, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

James Nyirenda
Department of Chemistry, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

Rehana Omar
Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

Mony Narayani
Faculty of Health Sciences, Chreso University, P.O. Box 37178, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

Gibson Sijumbila
School of Medicine, Mulungushi University, P.O. Box 80415, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v5/5068

Dietary Supplementation with Seaweed Extracts: Impact on Growth, Hematology, and Physiology of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus | Chapter 7 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6

The utilization of phytochemically enriched diets, particularly those supplemented with seaweed extracts, has gained attention in aquaculture for enhancing fish growth and health. This study was conducted to determine the haemato-physiological response of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758) fed with phytochemically enriched formulated diets. This was carried out for 90 culture days using four treatments where three out of four were seaweed-supplemented diets (Kappaphycus alvarezii, Ulva lactuta, Sargassum muticum). Treatments were distributed with the following: Treatment I (Control), Treatment II (K. alvarezii), Treatment III (U. lactuta), and Treatment IV (S. muticum). In the growth performance, Treatment I reached the highest mean weight and length while lowest in Treatment IV. The highest mean weight and length gain was also achieved by Treatment I and lowest in Treatment IV. Survival rate was found highest in Treatment II and lowest in Treatment IV. In the case of GSI and HSI, Treatment I achieved the highest values while lowest in Treatment IV. The maximum SSI value was achieved by Treatment III while it was least achieved by Treatment IV. In relation to condition factor, Treatment IV classified as fair fish, while the rest of the Treatments attained the excellent condition. In the gonadal development, 27.27% are at Stage I (Immature) while 38.64% are at Stage II (Maturing I), 20.45% Stage III (Maturing II) and 13.64% reached the Stage IV (Mature). With regards to the haematological response, Treatment III had the highest count of White Blood Cells while lowest in Treatment II. In Red Blood Cells, hemoglobin was least counted in Treatment IV, while hematocrit found least in Treatment I. Treatment I had the highest count of platelet while lowest in Treatment IV. The physico-chemical parameters of water such as temperature and pH fell within the tolerable limits for O. niloticus culture. The result of the study shows that seaweed extract-supplemented diets has no significant effect to the growth of fish within 90 days culture period. Thus, it is highly recommended to use a higher dosage of the same species of seaweed and/or use other species.

Author(s) Details:

Jaynos R. Cortes,
College of Forestry, Agriculture, and Aquatic Sciences, North Eastern Mindanao State University – Lianga Campus, Lianga, Surigao del Sur, Philippines and Center of Research for Aquamarine Life Sustainability (CoRALS), North Eastern Mindanao State University– Lianga Campus, Lianga, Surigao del Sur, Philippines.

John Arman P. Tenio,
College of Forestry, Agriculture, and Aquatic Sciences, North Eastern Mindanao State University – Lianga Campus, Lianga, Surigao del Sur, Philippines.

Heldiegardis B. Amista,
College of Forestry, Agriculture, and Aquatic Sciences, North Eastern Mindanao State University – Lianga Campus, Lianga, Surigao del Sur, Philippines.

Jonamie C. Cortes,
College of Forestry, Agriculture, and Aquatic Sciences, North Eastern Mindanao State University – Lianga Campus, Lianga, Surigao del Sur, Philippines.

Limuel N. Idjao,
College of Forestry, Agriculture, and Aquatic Sciences, North Eastern Mindanao State University – Lianga Campus, Lianga, Surigao del Sur, Philippines.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V6/article/view/14202

Effects of the Toxicity of the Pesticides Maneb and Chlorpyrifos-Ethyl on a Freshwater Fish, Oreochromis niloticus | Chapter 4 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 6

Maneb and Chlorpyrifos-Ethyl are pesticides secondhand in large quantities in snack crops in Cameroon. To assess the toxicity risks and their negative influence on amphibious biodiversity, acute toxicity bioassays on Oreochromis niloticus things were carried out individually with six concentrations (0; 1.80; 1.85; 1.90; 1.95 and 2 mg/l) of Maneb and (0; 0.15; 0.16; 0.17; 0.18 and 0.19 mg/l) of Chlorpyrifos-Ethyl in three replicates in changeless media in aquaria for 24 hours. Minimum (20.00 ± 0.00 %) and maximum (100.00 ± 0.00 %) mortalities were written on fisheries (mean size 3.86 ± 0.04 cm and mean burden 0.74 ± 0.02 g) with 1.85 and 2 mg/l Maneb and 0.15 and 0.19 mg/l Chlorpyrifos-Ethyl individually. Correlations (r = + 0.96 for Chlorpyrifos-Ethyl and r = + 0.98 for Maneb) were certain and strong betwixt mortality rates and concentrations. The 50% deadly concentration for 24 hours of uncovering (LC50-24h) was relatively high accompanying Maneb (1.93 mg/l) and low accompanying Chlorpyrifos-Ethyl (0.154 mg/l) which is ultimate toxic poison and which likewise induces a particular constitution in surviving angle.

Author(s) Details:

Levis Gapessie Ntiendjui,
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O Box: 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Simon Awafor Tamungang,
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Applied Ecology Laboratory, University of Dschang, P.O Box: 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Ferdinand Ngoula,
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Dschang, P.O Box: 222, Dschang, Cameroon.

Gilbert Ateufack,
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, P.O. Box: 67, Dschang, Cameroon.

Joseph Tchoumboue,
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Dschang, P.O Box: 222, Dschang, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V6/article/view/12803

Histopathological Changes in Vital Organs of Oreochromis niloticus in Fish Farm Irrigated with Drainage Water in El Fayoum Province, Egypt | Chapter 1 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

 This branch aimed to interrogate the impact of heavy metals pollution in a chum farm in El Fayoum Province on some internal organs tissues (liver, gills, intestines and influences) of Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Pollution of aquatic surroundings is a serious and growing question [1], which is frequently brought about by growing domestic, agricultural, marketing and industrial exercises of man. Fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) were taken during period 2006 from a fish farm in El Fayoum Province for monitoring bioaccumulation of few heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) in the liver, entrails, gills and muscles of the cast and their effect on the tissue means. The present study revealed that, the concentrations of zinc and lead were above the permissible level in the liver, entrails, gills and muscles of Oreochromis niloticus (L.). The concentrations of law enforcement officer and cadmium were higher than the permissible level in the liver for policeman and in the liver and intestine for cadmium. The liver, gills, entrails, and muscles all presented a number of histological irregularities. Hepatocytes in the liver sections showed signs of deterioration and necrosis. Necrotic patches and extending deterioration suffused the hepatic tissue. The fish gills were checked under a microscope, which disclosed edema in the primary and subordinate lamellae, full melding of the secondary lamellae, and telangiectasis (blood cell blockage in the ends of the subordinate lamellae). The fish's gills likewise experienced abundant bleeding. The hisopathological changes in the intestine contained degeneration and fatality of epithelial cells of covering layer, aggregation of inflammatory containers in submucosa and destruction of muscularis. Skeletal powers exhibited various stages of degeneration, disintegration, necrosis and infiltration of angering cells. The difficult metals accumulated in the internal organs of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and caused many pathological lesions. So, we approve treatment of seepage water before its entrance into chum farms.

Author(s) Details:

Amal M. Yacoub,
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Fish Research Station- El Kanater El Khairya, Cairo, Egypt and Biology Department, Faculty of Scienc, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

Soad A. Mahmoud,
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Fish Research Station- El Kanater El Khairya, Cairo, Egypt and Biology Department, Faculty of Scienc, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

Safaa I. Tayel,
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Fish Research Station- El Kanater El Khairya, Cairo, Egypt and Biology Department, Faculty of Scienc, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V7/article/view/11846

Meat Quality and Hematological Indices of Oreochromis niloticus Fish Experimentally Exposed to Escherichia coli Toxins: A Recent Study | Chapter 9 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 11

 Humans benefit from the fish since it is a good source of protein. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) doses of 103-105, 106-107, and 109-1010 CFU/ml water were used to treat Oreochromis niloticus [1]. The study was carried out to see how E. coli toxins affected Oreochromis niloticus fish in terms of cell blood counts (WBCs, RBCs, and Platelets), haemoglobin concentration, and muscle histological alterations. The haematological indices of WBCs, RBCs, Platelets, and haemoglobin ranged from (90.70 K/ml -7.10 K/ml), (2.00 m/ml - 0.53 m/ml), (21 K/ml - 3 K/ml), and (8.2 G/dl to 2.50 G/dl). The number of white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets (RBCs) in the In all phases of the trial, platelets and haemoglobin were lower than the control. Degeneration, necrosis, atrophy, and inflammatory infiltration of WBCs were seen in O. niloticus treated with E. coli. The findings demonstrated that high levels of E. coli toxins in the muscles of O. niloticus caused muscular tissue damage, which might be passed on to humans and cause significant sickness. It is recommended that you avoid fishing in sewage-polluted oceans or rivers, as well as using sanitation on farms.

Author (S) Details

Amal M. Yacoub
Biology Department, Science College, Taif University, Saudi Arabia and Pollution Lab., National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt.

Sherifa Mostafa M. Sabra
Biology Department, Science College, Taif University, Saudi Arabia and Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Mona Khaled D. Al-Kourashi
Biology Department, Science College, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V11/article/view/2148

Culture Mixed-Sex and Monosex of Tilapia in Ponds in Mexico City: Comparative Study | Chapter 5 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 3

In this study the growth of Oreochromis niloticus both mixed sex and males sexually reversed were
analyzed in concrete ponds in the FES Zaragoza, UNAM, under the environmental conditions o f the
Mexico City. The experiment was carried from May to November 2013, in two concrete ponds of 50
m2. Similar feeding regime and stocking density of fish were maintained for the culture systems.
Different growth parameters like body weight, length, daily weight gain (DWG), specific growth rate
(SGR), feed conversion rate (FCR), Fulton’s condition index (K) and survival were analyzed during six
months culture period. It was found that culture with monosex males tilapias yielded the highest
weight, length, DWG, SGR compared to mixed sex populations tilapias. Water quality was monitored
along the experiment. Based on the results, there were statistically significant differences in size (W =
20942.5, p<0.05) and weight (W = 21413.0, p< 0.05) between the divisions of the pond. The initial
total length used was 1.2 cm and ended with 20.4 cm for monosex males, higher than mixed-sex
population. The initial average body weight of the fish was 0.21 g and they recorded 192.2 g at the
end of culture for monosex males. The weight-length relationship for both populations of fish was
positive allometric. The percentage gain in body weight and total length averaged were 150% and
31.8% respectively. Specific growth rates in weight and length for monosex males were higher than
mixed-sex population. Daily weight gain and size was similar in both populations. The FCR had a
mean value of 1.9:1 for monosex males and condition factor (K) had an average of 1.45 for mixed-sex
population. Water quality indicate good oxygenation (> 5 mg/L), warm water (> 20°C), productive
(<100 mg/L CaCO3) and slightly basic (pH>8). Acceptable growth of fish and a yield of 3 ton/ha/6
months were obtained in both two ponds; therefore, the culture of tilapia under conditions of Mexico
City is recommended.

Author(s) Details

Dr. J. L. Gómez-Márquez
Laboratorio de Limnología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, C.P. 09230, Mexico

B. Peña-Mendoza
Laboratorio de Limnología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, C.P. 09230, Mexico.

J. L. Guzmán-Santiago
Laboratorio de Limnología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, C.P. 09230, Mexico.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/216