Development and Validation of a Simple and Reliable UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride and Pravastatin Sodium | Chapter 9 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Background: Metformin hydrochloride is a drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It exhibits high aqueous solubility, limited solubility in ethanol, and negligible solubility in organic solvents such as acetone, ether, and chloroform.

 

Aim: A straightforward and reliable ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride (MH) and Pravastatin Sodium (PS) in their pure forms.

 

Methodology: The proposed method employs an absorbance subtraction approach using UV spectrophotometry. Quantification was carried out by measuring absorbance at two selected wavelengths, 232 nm for Metformin Hydrochloride and 238 nm for Pravastatin Sodium. Method validation was performed in accordance with ICH guidelines, including accuracy studies conducted at three concentration levels (75%, 100%, and 125%), and percentage recovery was calculated for both drugs.

 

Results: The method demonstrated acceptable sensitivity, with limits of detection and quantification determined as 0.481 μg/mL and 0.670 μg/mL for MH, and 1.15 μg/mL and 1.68 μg/mL for PS, respectively. Statistical evaluation of validation parameters confirmed that the method exhibited satisfactory precision, accuracy, and selectivity within the specified limits.

 

Conclusion: The validated UV spectrophotometric method is simple, precise, and accurate, making it suitable for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride and Pravastatin Sodium. The method can be effectively applied for routine analysis of these drugs in pure form and pharmaceutical dosage formulations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ankita Sharma
Shiva Institute of Pharmacy, Bilaspur, H.P., India.

 

Kapil Kumar Verma
Minerva College of Pharmacy, Indora, Kangra, H.P., India.

 

Inder Kumar
Minerva College of Pharmacy, Indora, Kangra, H.P., India.

 

Anju Bala
Chandigarh Group of Colleges Landran, Kharar, Greater Mohali, Punjab, India.

 

Bhumika Thakur
Shiva Institute of Pharmacy, Bilaspur, H.P., India.

 

Vandana Thakur
Abhilashi College of Pharmacy, Nerchowk, Mandi, H.P., India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7061

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: An Overview of Their Combination with Oral Hypoglycemic Agents | Chapter 8 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the most prevalent form, is characterised by insulin insensitivity as a result of insulin resistance, declining insulin production, and eventual pancreatic beta-cell failure. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a new class of Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs (OHD) that can control T2DM. This chapter aims to provide a critical and systematic update of the specialised literature on the therapeutic effects and safety profile of hypoglycemic drugs, used in combination with DPP-4 inhibitors, in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given the rapid advances in the field of medicine and the pharmaceutical industry, therapeutic strategies for this pathology have undergone significant changes, oriented not only towards effective glycemic control but also towards reducing cardiovascular risks and mortality associated with the disease. Numerous studies have investigated the impact of different therapeutic combinations on the evolution of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, paying particular attention to the associations between metformin and other classes of hypoglycemic drugs. An important part of the research has focused on comparing the classic metformin–sulfonylurea combination with more recent therapeutic regimens, such as metformin associated with DPP-4 inhibitors. The data suggest that the use of sulfonylureas combined with metformin is associated with a significantly increased risk of severe hypoglycemia compared with metformin–DPP-4 inhibitors. Another relevant observation is related to the use of insulin in combination with metformin. According to the analysed data, this therapeutic combination was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality, compared with treatment based on DPP-4 inhibitors combined with metformin. In conclusion, the current evidence supports the use of DPP-4 inhibitors in combination with metformin as a safer therapeutic alternative to sulfonylureas or insulin, especially in terms of reducing the risk of severe hypoglycemia, cardiovascular events and mortality. These results highlight the need to integrate recent clinical data into medical practice guidelines and to individualise the treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nina Filip
Department of Morpho Functional Sciences II, Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Cristina Elena Iancu
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Diana Zamosteanu
Department of Morpho Functional Sciences I, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Cristiana Filip
Department of Morpho Functional Sciences II, Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Magdalena Birsan
Department of Drug Industry and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Madalina Mocanu
Department of Dermatology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7009

Vaccine and Adjuvant-Induced Autoimmune Responses: Mechanisms and Evidence | Chapter 7 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases. The efficacy of a vaccine depends not only on the antigen components but also on adjuvants that are often used in order to stimulate the immune system in a more effective way. Human beings, in a normal immune homeostatic state, immune cells like macrophages, natural killer cells, iNKT, MAIT, g delta T cells and conventional B as well as conventional T cells, in one way or other recognise the host body components as self via the immune surveillance mechanisms. Though when there was a shift in immune homeostasis due to chronic induction by environmental stimulus, interplay of predisposing genetic elements, family history, bystander pathologic inflammatory system, innate and adaptive immune dysregulation, change in proteomic signature, as well as microbial interactions in a unified collective theme “Unified autoimmunity theme”. Immune cells become prone to recognise the self or self as a non-self with subsequent induction of autoimmune diseases. Vaccines and adjuvants associated with autoimmunity are currently being reported all over the world. The present chapter was aimed at vaccine and adjuvant-mediated autoimmune diseases. Different human-approved vaccines induce different autoimmune diseases; more than one vaccine may induce the same autoimmune disease. Shoenfeld Syndrome encompasses adjuvant-induced autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome, including Postvaccination reactions with an adjuvanted vaccine, macrophagic myofasciitis, sick building disease condition, Gulf War disease condition and siliconosis. A protocol for the practical evaluation of these diseases was suggested. Understanding the unified autoimmune theme and Shoenfeld Syndrome is crucial for producing vaccines with a safer side effect profile. Clinicians and researchers can use this knowledge to monitor, prevent, and manage vaccine-related autoimmune reactions more effectively.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa
Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, University of Qasim, Babylon, 5001, Iraq and Department of Prosthodontics, College of Health and Medical and Medical Technologies, University of Hilla, Babylon, 5001, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7004

 

Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Characterisation, and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Types of Medicinal Plants against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Medicinal plants represent the most ancient form of medication, used for thousands of years in traditional medicine in many countries around the world. Essential oils and plant extracts are sources of beneficial chemical compounds that have potential applications in food, cosmetics, agriculture and the medicine industry.  The purpose of this study is to extract three medicinal plants, including seeds of Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum), leaves of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) and Myrtus communis (M. communis) using the steam distillation method. It evaluated their ability to inhibit pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from skin ulcers. Seeds of S aromaticum and leaves of T. vulgaris were purchased from the local markets in the holy Karbala, Iraq, while the leaves of M. communis were collected from local farms in the same governorate. Moreover, the extracts were analysed to evaluate their phytochemicals and chemical constitutions using classical methods and GC-mass spectroscopy. The phytochemical screening of these three crude extracts has been evaluated to present chemical groups, i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, phenols, and saponins. The phytochemicals results showed that the Flavonoids and terpenoids were observed in all samples, while the Alkaloids didn't appear. The extracts of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, and M. communis showed interesting compounds during the GC-mass spectroscopy test. It showed the presence of chemical compounds with active groups that could have a significant role in bacterial treatment, such as 9-octadecenamide, Caryophyllene, and Limonene. Moreover, the results of the bacterial test showed a high effectiveness of these oils on the types of bacteria used, especially S. aureus and E. coli, where the highest results were for Myrtus on E. coli bacteria, with an inhibition diameter of 56 mm, while clove oil did not show any effectiveness against S. aureus; the inhibition zone diameter is zero. In general, the effectiveness of these essential oils against Gram-negative P. aeruginosa was very weak compared to the effectiveness of these essential oils on other bacterial species used in the study, where the highest diameter of inhibition of these bacteria was by clove oil and reached 15 mm. In conclusion, the essential oils of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, and M. communis demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against certain pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus and E. coli, but showed limited efficacy against P. aeruginosa.

 

Author(s) Details

Maryam Mansoor Mathkoor
Department of Therapeutic Nutrition Techniques, Al Taff University College, Kerbala, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/6970

 

Phenotypic Variability and Stability of Okra Accessions Using Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability Descriptors |Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Background: Okra is a vegetable of major nutritional and economic importance in tropical and subtropical regions. In Benin, its production remains limited by disease and pest pressure and the lack of high-performing varieties. Genetic improvement of okra is emerging as a strategic solution. Morphological characterisation based on qualitative traits of crops is a very crucial and essential first step in any crop improvement and breeding programme.

 

Study Aim: This study aims to assess agro-morphological traits of five varieties (TZSMN86, AVOK1501, AVOK1505, AVOK1502 and C101), as part of the requirements for their inclusion in the Beninese Catalogue of Plant Species and Varieties (CaBEV).

 

Methodology: Field trials were conducted using a Fisher Block design with five treatments and four replicates. Sowing was carried out on September 12, 2023, and April 19, 2024, for the first and second cycles, respectively. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were collected from 20 plants per variety following the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). The criteria of Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) were assessed over two cycles of on-station trials. Agreement between qualitative parameter classifications across production seasons was assessed using Cohen's Kappa coefficient, while phenological and agro-morphological data were analysed using generalised linear and linear mixed-effect models, followed by Tukey's post hoc tests for mean comparisons, in R (v4.3.0) with variety and season as fixed factors and block as a random factor.

 

Results: Findings revealed that several qualitative traits were uniform, while significant differences (P < 0.05) were noted in leaf blade colour and fruit shape. Quantitative data indicate significant variability between genotypes across seasons. Total fruit yield (including both commercial and non-commercial fruits) did not show any significant difference between cycles (P = 1). Ascending hierarchical clustering (AHC) grouped the varieties into three distinct clusters. Accessions AVOK1502 and AVOK1505 also showed good stability across seasons.

 

Conclusion: These results provide a scientific basis for the approval and registration of high-performing okra varieties (TZSMN86, AVOK1501, AVOK1505, AVOK1502 and C101) in the national variety catalogue. Directed crosses between the best-performing accessions, such as AVOK1502 and AVOK1505, could be considered with the aim of creating new hybrid varieties with improved characteristics.

 

 

Author(s) Details

A. C. G. Mensah
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB), Centre de Recherches Agricoles en Horticulture (CRA-H), Programme de Recherches sur les Cultures Maraîchères, 01 BP 884, Cotonou 01, Bénin.

 

A. B. B. Kouderin
Unité de Recherche Horticole et Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales, Horticoles et Forestières, Ecole d’Horticulture et d’Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, BP 43 Kétou, Bénin.

 

W. T. Koura
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB), Centre de Recherches Agricoles en Horticulture (CRA-H), Programme de Recherches sur les Cultures Maraîchères, 01 BP 884, Cotonou 01, Bénin.

 

M. Sikirou
Unité de Recherche Horticole et Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales, Horticoles et Forestières, Ecole d’Horticulture et d’Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, BP 43 Kétou, Bénin.

 

D. A. J. Azagba
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB), Centre de Recherches Agricoles en Horticulture (CRA-H), Programme de Recherches sur les Cultures Maraîchères, 01 BP 884, Cotonou 01, Bénin.

 

F. Yalinkpon
Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d’Estimations Forestières, École Doctorale des Sciences Agronomiques et de l'Eau (EDSAE), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Bénin.

 

M. Zandjanankou-Tachin
Unité de Recherche Horticole et Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales, Horticoles et Forestières, Ecole d’Horticulture et d’Aménagement des Espaces Verts, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, BP 43 Kétou, Bénin.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7169

Human–Leopard Conflict and Coexistence: A Case Study from Gir Somnath, Gujarat, India | Chapter 4 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Globally, the escalation of human-wildlife conflict poses a severe threat to both biodiversity conservation and the livelihoods of rural communities. In the semi-arid landscapes of Western India, the proximity of human settlements to protected areas has created complex dynamics of co-existence and confrontation. This study assesses the diel and seasonal patterns of human-leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) conflict in the Gir Somnath district of Gujarat, utilising a comprehensive dataset spanning a decade (2014–2023). By integrating secondary records from the Gujarat Forest Department with primary field observations and community discussions, we identified critical spatio-temporal hotspots. Analysis reveals that regions like Gir Gadhada (29%) and Talala (18%) are particularly vulnerable due to their forest-fringe location. While winter saw a peak in 2023, the monsoon remains the most consistently hazardous season over the 10-year period. Chronobiological findings highlight a significant nocturnal bias, with most incidents occurring between 12:00 AM and 6:00 AM, a period when leopards frequently visit settlements or multiple-use zones in search of prey. The study advocates for a shift from traditional mitigation to adaptive conservation strategies, emphasising the importance of "relief" mechanisms and nocturnal vigilance to foster a balanced co-existence.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Rahul B. Solanki
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Noble University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat State, India.

 

Vibhuti B. Raval
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Noble University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat State, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7129

 

Surgical Correction of Unilateral Cherry Eye in a Beagle Dog: A Case Report | Chapter 3 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Cherry eye is a disorder of the nictitating membrane, also called the third eyelid, present in the eyes of dogs. Several surgical techniques have been described for the management of cherry eye. Consequently, surgical repositioning of the prolapsed gland, rather than removal, is currently regarded as the gold standard for treatment. Among the various repositioning methods, Morgan’s Pocket Technique is widely preferred as it allows stable repositioning of the gland while preserving its physiological function. In this study, A 6 month-old Beagle dog was presented with a history of a swollen mass at the medial canthus of the right eye for 3 months. Clinical examination revealed a protruding reddish mass, congestion of conjunctival blood vessels, excessive lacrimation and frequent blinking of the affected eye. Based on the clinical history and ophthalmic examination, the condition was diagnosed as prolapse of the third eyelid gland. Surgical correction was done using Morgan’s Pocket Technique. Preservation of the third eyelid gland function, which has a role in tear production, was the main objective for this surgical approach. The dog showed complete recovery without postoperative complications during the follow-up period. Based on the outcome of this case, it is concluded that Morgan’s Pocket Technique is a safe and effective method for the surgical correction of cherry eye in dogs with excellent preservation of gland function and minimal risk of recurrence.

 

 

Author(s) Details

K. Mohan Rao
Hannah’s Pet Hospital, Madeenaguda, Hyderabad, Telangana-500049, India.

 

Ch. Ramya Sudha
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Garividi, Andhrapradesh-535101, India.

 

Sajitha Franco
Hannah’s Pet Hospital, Madeenaguda, Hyderabad, Telangana-500049, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7116