Gas Pollution: A Parametric Analysis Adopting Drone-based Evaluation and IOTs | Chapter 9 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 12

 

In Nigeria, the Niger Delta region is faced with challenges of oil and gas exploitation. These activities increasingly affect human, aquatic life in the ocean, animals and the natural environment. Recent advancements in technology have introduced unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, as a viable and innovative solution to these challenges. This study presents a novel approach for monitoring air pollution with a drone and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The specific objectives include developing a drone-based system capable of capturing gas pollution data, integrating various sensors to monitor environmental conditions and detect air pollutants (harmful gases) and developing a communication system for real-time data collection and dissemination. The design utilises sensors for the detection of hazardous gases and an ESP8266 module for real-time data transmission and cloud-based data presentation. The system facilitates sustainable environmental studies by providing access to areas that are hard or unsafe to reach, anytime. The research locations include Iko Town and Ukpenekang communities in Eastern Obolo LGA, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Data collected during drone test flights was compared with traditional air quality monitoring stations to evaluate accuracy. The results show an affordable method for measurement of air quality in real time, especially in the challenging areas that are affected by oil and gas exploration, production and refining processes, such as the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of using drones and IOT for real-time environmental monitoring aimed at equipping researchers and policy makers with data to protect human lives, public health and the environment. In the course of this study, minor limitations were observed, including restricted flight duration and short range. Future research will investigate advancements in long-range communication protocols and the application of machine learning technology.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Bassey Okon
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Ikot Abasi, Nigeria.

 

Ubong Ukommi

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria.

 

Isaac Udoetor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria.

 

Enobong Akanimo
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v12/6960

 

Digital Eye Strain in the 21𝑠𝑡 Century: Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches | Chapter 8 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 5

 

Digital eye strain (DES)—often used interchangeably with computer vision syndrome (CVS)—has become a widespread occupational and lifestyle health issue as work, education, and social interaction increasingly depend on screen-enabled devices. DES is not a single disease entity but a symptom complex arising from the interaction of visual demands (sustained near work, accommodative–vergence stress), ocular-surface disruption (reduced blink rate and tear-film instability), and environmental and ergonomic factors (glare, suboptimal lighting, viewing distance and posture). Contemporary prevalence estimates indicate that a substantial proportion of digital device users experience symptoms, with higher burdens reported in populations exposed to prolonged screen time, such as information technology professionals, radiologists, and school-aged children engaged in online learning. Assessment has evolved from ad hoc symptom checklists to validated patient-reported outcome measures, improving comparability across studies and enabling outcome tracking in clinical and workplace interventions. Preventive strategies—particularly task optimisation, ergonomic redesign, and structured breaks—remain central to public health management, while therapeutic approaches focus on correcting refractive and binocular vision anomalies, restoring ocular surface homeostasis, and mitigating exacerbating exposures. Recent experimental evidence suggests that break schedules more frequent than popular heuristics may yield superior symptom relief and accommodation stability, underscoring the need to align advice with emerging data. This review synthesises current evidence on DES mechanisms, assessment, prevention, and treatment, emphasising pragmatic, clinically actionable approaches and highlighting research gaps relevant to modern digital environments. Therapeutic care should prioritise task-appropriate optical correction and targeted management of binocular or accommodative inefficiencies when visual symptoms dominate, while addressing ocular surface stability when discomfort and dryness are prominent. Future progress will depend on wider use of standardised symptom measurement, better characterisation of risk by device type and task pattern, and pragmatic trials that evaluate combined interventions in real-world environments.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Gayathri Rathinavelu
Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

A. M. Raja
Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Balamurugan R.
Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Praveena Daya A.
Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Arumuganathan
Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v5/7022

 

Revised Perceptual-Cognitive-Behavioural Precision Scale (PS-PC-ASD-R) for the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder | Book Publisher International

 

Currently, diagnostic assessment tools for individuals with ASD, even those that have been empirically validated, are based on the analysis of social and behavioural criteria. However, scientific research in the area of ASD has progressed significantly in developing hypotheses about perceptual-cognitive functioning, which involves highly specific psycho-neurological information processing. These factors, which are so important for understanding how people with ASD interact with the world, are not sufficiently operationalised for the assessment of the disorder in current assessment scales and tests, which can give rise to significant errors in the ASD diagnostic process. For this reason, a Perceptual-Cognitive-Behavioural Integration Scale (PS-PC-ASD-R) was developed for the diagnostic assessment of individuals with ASD.  It systematically integrates social and behavioural variables with factors that form part of the particular mode of perceptual-cognitive processing of individuals with ASD from the initial reception of the stimulus, source memory, the creation of neural relationships or nodes to encoding information by working memory, access to information in semantic and episodic memory, and the processes of retrieving encoded content according to the exigencies of the context. The PS-PC-ASD-R has been empirically validated through various specific quantitative experimental analyses throughout the study. The sample comprised a total of 346 participants, with and without an ASD diagnosis, corresponding to the three levels of intensity (APA, 2013), with a highly reliable level found in the Cronbach's alpha reliability analysis, which is significantly high (a = .91), which can be inferred to indicate a high degree of statistical reliability in the study. The fundamental data that shaped the ASD diagnostic process are indicated, as the direct scores from the observation dimensions (DS) are transformed into their corresponding typical-score to continue the rest of the study (ZS), which finally located each ZS for each participant within the corresponding percentile (P), concluding the ASD diagnostic process.

 

Finally, located each ZS total for each participant within the corresponding percentile (P), concluding the ASD' diagnostic process, concluding, mild ASD (level 1) ranges between the 50th-55th and 65th percentiles, which increases significantly to moderate intensity (level 2) between the 70th and 80th percentiles, and finally, the equivalent score for severe ASD ranges between the 85th and 100th percentiles.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Prof. Dr. Manuel Ojea Rúa
Institute for Educational Research on Autism, Located at the University of Vigo, Spain.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-7-2

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY05 on Regulating NF-κ B Pathway Related Inflammatory Response and Inhibiting Thrombosis | Chapter 6 | Application of Probiotics in Exercise and Thrombosis Inhibition

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Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases continue to threaten the lives of humans, especially those of middle-aged adults and the elderly. Thrombosis is the main cause of death due to cardiovascular diseases, which includes chronic thrombosis and results in cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, tissue softening, and necrosis. This study investigated the anti-thrombotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum KFY05 (LP-KFY05) and its underlying mechanism via the NF-κB pathway in a murine carrageenan-induced thrombosis model. Biochemical assays, microscopic examination, qPCR, and western blotting were employed to analyse serum and tissue parameters, while faecal microbial abundance was assessed to determine changes in gut microbiota composition. Results demonstrated that LP-KFY05 significantly reduced tail blackening in thrombotic mice (n=10 per group), prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and decreased thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (FIB) level, and prothrombin time (PT). Furthermore, LP-KFY05 treatment lowered serum and renal tissue concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Histopathological analysis via hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that LP-KFY05 alleviated renal tissue injury and tail vein thrombosis. qPCR results indicated that LP-KFY05 downregulated mRNA expression of NF-κB p65, IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in renal tissues, as well as NF-κB p65, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin in tail vein vascular tissues. Western blot analysis confirmed the downregulation of NF-κB protein expression in both renal and tail vein tissues. Additionally, LP-KFY05 increased the abundances of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the abundance of Firmicutes. In conclusion, LP-KFY05 effectively mitigates inflammation and inhibits thrombosis in mice, with high-dose LP-KFY05 exhibiting the most pronounced effects, comparable to those of the positive control drug dipyridamole. However, this study was conducted in a murine model, and further clinical investigations are necessary to confirm the efficacy and safety of LP-KFY05 in humans.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Shi Zeng
Department of Neurosurgery, People’s Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing, China.

 

Ruokun Yi
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.

 

Fang Tan
Department of Public Health, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela, Philippines.

 

Peng Sun
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.

 

Qiang Cheng
Department of Neurosurgery, People’s Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing, China.

 

Xin Zhao
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-9-6/CH6

Evaluating the Inhibitory Effect of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus KSFY07 on Thrombosis | Chapter 5 | Application of Probiotics in Exercise and Thrombosis Inhibition

 

Thrombosis is a great threat to human health that has attracted increasing attention. Inflammation induces thrombosis, which further exacerbates inflammatory development, thus representing a vicious cycle called a thrombotic inflammatory response. This study established a murine thrombosis model using κ-carrageenan to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus KSFY07 (LDSB-KSFY07) on thrombus formation and oxidative stress. Serum and liver tissue parameters, as well as intestinal microbiota composition, were assessed through biochemical assays, histopathological observation, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and faecal microbial analysis. The results demonstrated that LDSB-KSFY07 significantly alleviated tail blackening in thrombotic mice, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and shortened thrombin time (TT), while reducing levels of fibrinogen (FIB) and prothrombin time (PT). Furthermore, LDSB-KSFY07 decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in both serum and liver tissues of thrombotic mice. Histopathological examination revealed that LDSB-KSFY07 ameliorated liver tissue injury and reduced tail vein thrombus formation. At the molecular level, LDSB-KSFY07 up-regulated the mRNA expression of copper/zinc‑SOD (Cu/Zn‑SOD), manganese‑SOD (Mn‑SOD), and GSH‑Px in liver tissues. In contrast, it down-regulated the expression of NF‑κB p65, intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 (ICAM‑1), vascular cell adhesion molecule‑1 (VCAM‑1), and E-selectin in tail vein vascular tissues. Additionally, LDSB-KSFY07 increased plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1 (PAI-1) mRNA expression and decreased tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression in cardiac and tail vein tissues. Faecal microbial analysis indicated that LDSB-KSFY07 modulated the gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the proportion of Firmicutes. In summary, LDSB-KSFY07 exhibited notable antithrombotic and antioxidant effects in this model, with higher concentrations showing efficacy comparable to that of heparin. These findings suggest its potential as a probiotic candidate for mitigating thrombosis and associated oxidative damage.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Pan Wang
Department of Traumatology, Chongqing University Central Hospital & Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400014, China.

 

Fang Tan
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Jianfei Mu
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Hongjiang Chen
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Xin Zhao
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Yanan Xu

Department of Traumatology, Chongqing University Central Hospital & Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400014, China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-9-6/CH5

 

Enhancing Effects of Lactobacillus brevis CQPC12 on Antibiotic-Induced Motor Dysfunction in Mice | Chapter 4 | Application of Probiotics in Exercise and Thrombosis Inhibition

 

Lactobacillus brevis is a heterofermentative gram-positive organism that can be isolated from milk, cheese, sauerkraut, sourdough, silage, and the mouth and intestinal tract of humans. Lactobacillus brevis CQPC12, a lactic acid bacterial strain with strong in vitro resistance and potential for gut colonisation. This study evaluated the neuroprotective and performance-enhancing effects of Lactobacillus brevis CQPC12 (LBCQPC12), focusing on its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in a murine model of systemic perturbation. A state of systemic dysbiosis and inflammation was induced in mice via intraperitoneal injection of a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (containing neomycin, vancomycin, amphotericin B, ampicillin, and metronidazole) combined with lipopolysaccharide. Following intervention with LBCQPC12, comprehensive assessments were conducted. Functional performance was evaluated through endurance running and weight-loaded swimming tests. Histopathological analysis of brain tissue was performed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Systemic and cerebral oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were quantified, and gene expression profiles related to neurotrophic signalling, inflammation, and vascular metabolism in the brain and skeletal muscle were analysed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results demonstrated that LBCQPC12 treatment significantly improved physical endurance, as indicated by prolonged running and swimming durations. It also effectively mitigated systemic and cerebral oxidative stress by elevating levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione (GSH), while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA). Concurrently, LBCQPC12 exerted anti-inflammatory effects, lowering serum and brain concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while elevating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and reducing the liver index. At the molecular level, LBCQPC12 upregulated key genes in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling pathway, including protein kinase B 1 (AKT1), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), BDNF itself, and extracellular regulated protein kinases 1 (ERK1). In skeletal muscle, it enhanced the expression of metabolic and angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), GLUT-4, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). In conclusion, Lactobacillus brevis CQPC12 demonstrates substantial potential in counteracting antibiotic-induced central nervous system oxidative inflammation and skeletal muscle impairment, thereby preserving motor function. These findings position LBCQPC12 as a promising candidate for the development of next-generation functional probiotic formulations aimed at supporting neuromotor health.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Jiyou Wu
Sports Department, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.

 

Xiaoguang Yang
College of Physical Education, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, Shaanxi, China.

 

Yuhua Yang

Department of Sport Management, College of Humanities and Law, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-9-6/CH4

 

Pediococcus pentosaceus YF01 Modulates Gut Microbiota and Enhances Athletic Performance | Chapter 3 | Application of Probiotics in Exercise and Thrombosis Inhibition

 

Pediococcus pentosaceus is a Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) commonly found in fermented foods and used as a probiotic. P. pentosaceus can modulate oxidative stress levels. Nevertheless, the impact of P. pentosaceus on physical performance has not been exhaustively examined. Therefore, this study employed treadmill training to simulate human exercise conditions and induce exercise-associated fatigue in mice, aiming to investigate the potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus YF01 in mitigating such fatigue through the regulation of oxidative stress, as well as its effects on exercise capacity and gut microbiota in mice. Exercise performance was assessed using an exhaustive running test, while histopathological examination of tissue sections, quantification of serum biochemical markers, and evaluation of relevant gene mRNA expression levels were conducted to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

 

Administration of YF01 significantly extended the time to exhaustion in mice. It elevated serum levels of oxidative stress-related markers, including total antioxidant capacity (T‑AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), along with glucose (GLU) and lactic acid (LA). Concurrently, YF01 reduced serum levels of liver-related enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as exercise-induced metabolites lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), and creatinine (CRE). At the molecular level, YF01 upregulated the mRNA expression of MyHc I, SIRT1, and PGC in muscle tissue, and increased the expression of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT in both liver and muscle tissues. In contrast, it downregulated the mRNA expression of MyHc IIa, MyHc IIb, and MyHc IIx in muscle. Furthermore, YF01 supplementation increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera such as Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae in the gut microbiota of mice. In conclusion, P. pentosaceus YF01 appears to enhance exercise capacity in mice by modulating oxidative stress pathways. These findings provide novel insights for the development of strategies in sports science and the promotion of human health.

 

Author(s) Details

Xiaoguang Yang
School of Physical Education, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China.

 

Yeni Wang
Ministry of Sports, Xiamen Institute of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China.

 

Yuhua Yang
Department of Social Sports Management, College of Humanities and Law, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-9-6/CH3