The Paradigm of Octonionic Probability: A Model of Transcendent Order |Book Publisher International

 

Probability, once formalised as a scalar measure, has undergone successive enlargements: complex amplitudes introduced interference, quaternionic vectors encoded multi‑component epistemic states. The Octonionic Probability Paradigm (OPP) inaugurates the next generative turn, situating probability within the non‑associative eight‑dimensional algebra of the octonions.

 

In OPP, a probabilistic state is not merely a number or vector but an authored octonionic entity. Its components inscribe magnitude, orientation, resonance, generative memory, and the twist of non‑associativity. This construction reframes probability as a sovereign epistemic artefact – an authored compass that records the act of knowing alongside the algebraic resonance of its unfolding.

 

Classical stochastic structures – limit theorems, Markov chains, diffusion processes – are reinterpreted through octonionic dynamics. By embedding chaotic factors and degrees of knowledge into the octonionic field, convergence acquires new dimensions of determinism and relationality. Simulation itself is transformed: Monté Carlo procedures become octonionic algorithms whose outputs carry orientation, resonance, and non‑associative trace, turning randomness into generative inscription.

 

The paradigm’s operational depth is exemplified through the octonionic reformulation of Thomas Bayes’ problem. Here, stochastic unpredictability is lifted into the octonionic domain, revealing how non‑associativity encodes epistemic entanglement and relational depth. Probability ceases to be a passive measure; it becomes a participatory geometry of uncertainty.

 

In sum, OPP declares uncertainty as an eight‑fold phenomenon: directional, resonant, twisting, entangled, authored, and generative. This book establishes the canonical principles, develops operator machinery, and demonstrates applied exemplars, inviting scholars to engage with the octonionic turn as both mathematical innovation and epistemic revolution.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdo Abou Jaoudé
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University - Louaize, Lebanon.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-69006-87-3

Determining the Prevalence of Molecular Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer in the Indigenous Population of Uganda: Focus on Jass Classification and Lynch Syndrome | Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. There are disparities in the epidemiology of colorectal cancer across different populations, most probably due to differences in exposure to lifestyle and environmental factors related to colorectal cancer. In the next decade, East Africa is predicted to face an unprecedented growth of cancers, including colorectal cancer. There are indications of a significant burden of late-stage and aggressive colorectal cancer in the Ugandan population. Survival rates in SubSaharan Africa remain poor, with Uganda registering a low 3-year overall survival of 33.3%. There is a paucity of data on colorectal cancer molecular subtypes and their characteristics among patients in East Africa.

 

Objective: The objective is to determine the prevalence of colorectal cancer molecular subtypes among Ugandan colorectal cancer patients.

 

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in two referral hospitals and two missionary hospitals in Uganda. Data was obtained on demographics, topography of tumour and stage. The histopathological subtype, grade and LVI status of CRC were obtained from H&E slides. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to determine whether PMS2 and MLH1 were MMR-deficient or proficient. CRC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks were used to extract DNA. The MLH-1, MSH2, MSH6, BRAF and KRAS genes were sequenced using NGS sequencing, and the CIMP status was obtained using targeted NextGen Bisulphite sequencing (tNGBS). The tumour molecular subtypes were defined according to the Jass classification: Type 1: MSI positive, CIMP-positive, BRAF-mutated (positive), K-ras mutation negative; Type 2: MSS (MSI negative), CIMP-positive, BRAF-mutated (positive), Kras-mutation (negative); Type 3: MSS (MSI negative), CIMP-negative, BRAF-mutation negative, Kras mutated (positive); Type 4: MSS (MSI negative), CIMP-negative, BRAF-mutation negative, Kras-mutation negative.; Type 5: MSI positive, CIMP-negative, BRAF mutation-negative, Kras-mutation negative (Lynch syndrome). Other marker combinations were grouped together as “other category”. Categorical data were summarised using proportions and frequencies corresponding to the MSI status and each of the five molecular subtypes defined using the Jass classification. Categorical and continuous variables were analysed using the Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. For all the analyses, a p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 

Results: Out of 127 CRC patients, the median (IQR) age was 54(43-67) years. Advanced stage III+IV was found in 109(85.8%) cases. Poorly differentiated tumours constituted 14(11.02%), moderately differentiated 96(75.6%) and well differentiated 17(13.4%). There were 52(40.9%) MSI positive tumours and 75(59.06%) MSS tumours. The molecular subtypes defined by the Jass classification included 0% type I, 2.3% type 2, 3.3% type 3, 45.7% type 4, and 38.0% type 5 (Lynch syndrome). Colorectal cancer patients with Lynch syndrome have a pathogenic germline variant in one MMR gene and a secondary gene inactivation due to promoter hypermethylation or loss of heterozygosity.

 

Conclusions: Importantly, sporadic MSI-high/CIMP-high tumours (Jass type 1) were not present (0%), and BRAF/KRAS pathogenic mutations were infrequent, unlike tumours from the Western world. Many young CRC participants presented with poorly differentiated and advanced-stage tumours, with MSI-positive tumours mainly due to Lynch syndrome. Immunohistochemistry, MSI testing and colonoscopic surveillance are cheaper than germline testing, and in Uganda may be carried out on CRC patients with MSI-positive histology.

 

 

Author(s) Details

R. Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Habib Medical School, IUIU University, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

R. Matthews
Institute of Genetics and Cancer, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

 

C. Whalley
Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

 

J. Kiwanuka
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

F. E. Kakembo
Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Healt
Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, Infectious, Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

S. Thorn
Institute of Genetics and Cancer, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

 

H. Wabinga
Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

M. Odida
Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

 

I. Tomlinson
Institute of Genetics and Cancer, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7150

 

Drug Abuse among University and Medical College Students regarding Motivations and First Encounters: A Qualitative Study | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Background: The transition to higher education represents a critical period of vulnerability, where academic rigour and social shifts often precipitate maladaptive coping mechanisms, including substance use. Within the competitive landscape of tertiary education, students face unique stressors that may normalise self-medication and drug initiation.

 

Objective: To investigate the qualitative experiences, social influences, and academic pressures that contribute to the initiation and continuation of drug use among this population.

 

Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College, from January to July 2024. Using purposive sampling, ten students who self-reported current drug use were recruited from the Shahbag area. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify core drivers of substance initiation and usage patterns.

 

Results: Thematic analysis revealed that drug use was primarily driven by the need for coping mechanisms against chronic academic stress and anxiety. Social circles played a pivotal role in the normalisation of substances, with first encounters often triggered by peer pressure and curiosity. Furthermore, many students reported using substances for perceived cognitive enhancement, such as improved focus for long study hours, despite acknowledging the long-term negative health and social consequences. These findings suggest that the university environment and social networks act as both a gateway and a sustaining factor for drug abuse.

 

Conclusion: Drug initiation in this population is deeply tied to social environments and a lack of healthy coping strategies for academic rigour. Prevention programs should move beyond basic awareness and focus on robust mental health support, stress management workshops, and debunking myths regarding cognitive enhancers.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nazia Sharmin
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Faisal Mohammed Pasha
Department of Community Medicine & Public Health, Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Syedur Rahaman Sumon
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Bashundhara Ad-din Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Rowshon Ara Begum
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.

 

Nuzhat Andalib
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faridpur Medical College, Faridpur, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7126

 

From Biotype to Therapy: Tailoring Periodontal Treatment | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

For many years, clinicians described gingival tissue simply as “thin” or “thick.” Today, this view has expanded into the broader concept of the periodontal phenotype, which considers not only gingival thickness but also the width of keratinised tissue and the underlying bone structure. This evolution reflects growing recognition that soft tissue dimensions are not just anatomical features—they play a critical role in determining periodontal stability, aesthetic outcomes, and the risk of complications across preventive, surgical, restorative, orthodontic, and implant therapies.

 

Individuals with a thin phenotype are more prone to gingival recession, whether triggered by inflammation or mechanical trauma. They also face greater challenges after surgery, with marginal tissue changes and a higher chance of aesthetic compromise when restorative or implant materials show through delicate tissue. In contrast, a thick phenotype generally offers more resilience: improved resistance to recession, better wound stability, and enhanced ability to conceal restorative components.

 

Importantly, phenotype is not a fixed trait. Advances in mucogingival and peri-implant soft tissue augmentation now allow clinicians to increase gingival thickness and keratinised tissue dimensions, reducing risks and improving long-term stability.

 

This review brings together current knowledge on definitions, diagnostic methods, biological mechanisms, and clinical implications of gingival biotype and periodontal phenotype. It emphasises practical decision-making and the value of interdisciplinary planning. Evidence from clinical studies and systematic reviews supports phenotype-based personalisation, particularly in mucogingival surgery and peri-implant care, where tissue thickness strongly influences early remodelling and the stability of soft tissue outcomes. At the same time, areas where evidence remains indirect are highlighted, along with the promise of emerging digital diagnostic workflows that may help standardise phenotype assessment in everyday practice.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Padmaja V. Deshpande
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, CSMSS Dental College and Hospital, Chh. Sambhajinagar, India.

 

Niraj Chaudhari
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, CSMSS Dental College and Hospital, Chh. Sambhajinagar, India.

 

Maya Mhaske
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, CSMSS Dental College and Hospital, Chh. Sambhajinagar, India.

 

Anup Cholepatil
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, CSMSS Dental College and Hospital, Chh. Sambhajinagar, India.

 

Nisha Salvi
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Govt. Dental College and Hospital Jalgaon, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7115

 

Transverse Humeral Ligament: True Ligament or Expansion from Adjacent Tendons |Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

The main features of the upper end of the humerus are the presence of greater and lesser tubercles, with the bicipital groove intervening between these tubercles. The bicipital groove, also known as the intertubercular sulcus, houses the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle. As per the classical description, the bicipital groove is bridged by the transverse humeral ligament. But literature search including histological studies revealed that tissue overlying the bicipital groove is not a ligament; instead, the tissue covering the bicipital groove consists of tendinous fibres from the subscapularis and supraspinatus muscles. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to establish whether the tissue bridging the bicipital groove is ligament or tendinous fibres from various muscles constituting the rotator cuff. In this chapter, data from various radiological studies consisting of MRI, including dissection and histological studies, have been expounded to validate the presence of tissue over the bicipital groove, i.e. whether it is ligament or tendinous fibers.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Rajani Singh

Department of Anatomy, Graphic Era Institute of Medical Sciences, Dhulkot, Chakrata Road, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Mamta Rani
Department of Anatomy, UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, UP, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7068

Factors Contributing to Delayed Diagnosis of Oral Malignancies: An Observational Study | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Background: Oral malignancy is an emerging disease all over the world. Treatment failure is grave if the diagnosis is delayed in this disease, which will ultimately increase the mortality rate. This issue is more important for Bangladesh, as oral cancer is highly prevalent in this country.

 

Aim: This study intends to evaluate the factors contributing to the delayed diagnosis of oral malignancies. Health care seeking behaviour of the patients, their socioeconomic conditions, difficulties in the health care delivery and referral systems were assessed to identify the delay between the appearance of symptoms and seeking medical treatments.

 

Materials and Methods: This is an observational sociodemographic study. The study was done with a sample size of 215 cases of oral cancer patients. This observational study was conducted from 1st August 2015 to 31st December 2016 at Upazila Health Complex, Mirsarai, Chattogram & later at the ENT Department of Chittagong Medical College Hospital from 1st March 2017 to 30th April 2018. Patients underwent thorough clinical examination; medical records were reviewed, necessary investigations were performed, and interview data were recorded using a pre-designed questionnaire.

 

Results: The study found that people in the age group of 55-64 years were affected most (33.95%), and the least affected age group was 25-34 yrs (1.86%). In the study, most of the patients were found in the advanced stage of oral malignancy, stage-III (31.6%). Within stage III, most patients are of age group 55-64 years. Several causes of diagnostic delay were identified. Among them, monetary issues (78%) and Ignorance or Illiteracy (69%) have been found as the most important causes. Factors contributing to delayed cancer diagnosis included the stage of the disease, delays in the referral system, tobacco use, age, gender, use of alternative medicine, social taboos, and the distance between the hospital and the patient’s residence.

 

Conclusion: Diagnostic delay in oral cancer is strongly influenced by socioeconomic factors, poor awareness, and delayed referral systems. Many of the causes of delay can be prevented. The authority should establish awareness among the patients and a protocol for early detection of cancer by the health professionals.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nurul Karim Chowdhury
Department of ENT & Head-Neck Surgery, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

 

Mostafa Mahfuzul Anwar
Department of ENT, 250 Bedded Chattogram General Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

 

Ziaul Answar Chowdhury
Department of ENT, 250 Bedded Chattogram General Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7066

Demographic Patterns and Biochemical Determinants of Iron Disorders: A Retrospective Study | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Background: Disorders of iron homeostasis, including iron deficiency and iron overload, represent clinically important and biologically interconnected conditions. Iron deficiency remains the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide and a major cause of Anemia, impaired cognitive function, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conversely, iron overload—most commonly due to hereditary hemochromatosis or secondary causes—can lead to progressive parenchymal iron deposition, culminating in hepatic, cardiac, and endocrine complications. Real-world comparative data across the full spectrum of iron dysregulation in hospital-based populations remain limited.

 

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to characterise demographic patterns and biochemical profiles of iron deficiency and iron overload and to identify independent predictors using routinely available laboratory parameters.

 

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 110 patients who underwent iron profile testing at a tertiary care centre. Patient data were extracted from the hospital’s electronic health records. Patients were categorised into iron deficiency, normal iron status, and iron overload groups using predefined cut-offs for serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TSAT). Laboratory analyses were performed in an accredited clinical laboratory using standardised automated immunoassays and spectrophotometric techniques. Group comparisons were performed using appropriate statistical tests, and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors.

 

Results: Iron-deficient patients were significantly younger and more likely to be female, with markedly lower ferritin and TSAT and significantly higher TIBC (p < 0.001). The iron overload group showed significantly elevated ferritin and TSAT with a male predominance and relatively lower TIBC. Post-hoc analysis confirmed significant differences across all groups. Female sex, younger age, and higher TIBC independently predicted iron deficiency, while older age and elevated TSAT were associated with iron overload.

 

Conclusions: Hospital-based patients demonstrate clear demographic and biochemical stratification across iron status categories. The findings emphasise the importance of interpreting iron parameters as an integrated panel rather than in isolation. Integrated interpretation of iron indices, together with simple demographic variables, may improve early identification and risk stratification of iron dysregulation in routine clinical practice. Given the single-centre, retrospective design, future multicenter prospective studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate these findings and assess their clinical applicability across diverse populations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kuldeep Singh
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence, Katra, India.

 

Sonalika Rajput
Government Medical College, Jammu, India.

 

Rohit
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence, Katra, India.

 

Abid Manzoor

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence, Katra, India.

 

Eishita Gupta
SMVDIME, J&K, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/6980