Hypertension and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 3 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 

Hypertension is the leading risk factor contributing to the global burden of all-cause morbidity and mortality. Account for 9.4 million deaths per year and result in 212 million disability-adjusted life years lost in the affected population. Additionally, the prevalence of hypertension in individuals older than 60 years is approximately 60%, and this figure is expected to increase due to population ageing.  Clearly, there exists a harmful association between hypertension and cognitive function. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) refers to the alteration of cognitive functions without significantly impairing instrumental activities of daily living.

 

Its clinical significance lies in its role as the initial manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease. Persistent exposure to elevated blood pressure triggers microcirculatory damage, promoting cerebral atrophy and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. It is estimated that older adults with hypertension have up to a 40% increased relative risk of MCI and a 70% increased relative risk of dementia. Clinically, older adults with MCI may present with an insidious onset of memory loss and impairment of executive function, also referred to as abstract reasoning, involving frontal and subcortical brain structures.

 

These deficits manifest as difficulties in task planning, time management, self-care activities, and decreased cognitive processing speed. These observations underscore the importance of intensive and sustained blood pressure control, as hypertension is the most extensively studied modifiable factor for slowing the progression of cognitive decline.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ana Cristina Salgado-Sauz

Research Unit, Teaching and Research, Hospital General León, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico.

 

Yair Antonio Ugalde-Hernández

Research Unit, Teaching and Research, Hospital General León, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico.

 

Benjamín González-Aguilera
Research Unit, Teaching and Research, Hospital General León, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico.

 

María Carolina Martínez-Bohórquez
Research Unit, Teaching and Research, Hospital General León, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico.

 

Omar López-Guzmán
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico.

 

Yaret Valeria Rodríguez-Aguilar
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico.

 

Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v8/6831

Effect of Hypertension with Its Severity on Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials | Chapter 8 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 8

 

Background: Hypertension is one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Central nervous system dysfunctions are common in these patients due to micro-infarctions caused by arteriolar spasm of cerebral blood vessels. Though hypertension is a silent disease, it doubles the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure (CHF), stroke, renal failure, and peripheral arterial disease. Thus, it affects almost all organ systems of the body and contributes to major morbidity and mortality. This will lead to hypoperfusion, subcortical white matter demyelination, and cognitive decline. The Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) are far-field subcortical electrical potentials which provide an objective electrophysiological method for assessing the auditory pathway from auditory nerve to the brainstem.

 

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of increasing severity of hypertension on the brainstem auditory pathway, among patients with essential hypertension.

 

Methods: A total of 75 subjects aged 30 to 60 years were included in the study. Patients having systolic BP ≥140mmHg and diastolic BP≥90mmHg were included in this study as the study group. Blood pressure was measured by using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Among them, 25 were healthy age and sex matched controls (Group I), 25 were stage 1 hypertensives (Group IIa), and 25 were stage 2 hypertensives (Group IIb) as per JNC 7 criteria. The absolute latencies I, III, V and interpeak latencies (IPL) I-III, III-V, I-V were recorded by using Neuroperfect EMG 2000 system with installed BAER, and data were statistically analysed using Student's unpaired t test.

 

Results and Discussion: All the hypertensive (Group IIa and IIb) patients were found to have significantly prolonged absolute latency of wave III, V and IPL III-V, I-V as compared to that of normal healthy controls. The wave V latency was prolonged as the severity of hypertension increased. Intergroup comparison among hypertensive patients (Group IIa and IIb) revealed a significant prolongation of absolute latency of Wave III, V and IPL III-V, I-V. The results of the present study are consistent with several studies where BAEP wave latencies and inter-peak latencies were found to be prolonged in hypertensive patients when compared to healthy controls. The results suggest the involvement of the auditory pathway at the level of the inner ear and the auditory pathway up to the medulla, and also that the auditory processing time along the auditory pathway prolongs as the severity of hypertension increases.

 

Conclusions: The results show that there exists a sensory deficit along with synaptic delay across the auditory pathway in hypertensive patients, and the sensory deficit progresses with the severity of the disease. So, it is recommended that an integrated work of otorhinolaryngologists and audiologists, along with cardiologists, is necessary to improve the quality of care in the therapy and rehabilitation of these patients.

 

Author(s) Details

Roseline Jesintha V.
Government Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vinupradha P.
Government Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v8/5915

A Review of Antihypertensive Peptides Derived from Food Sources| Chapter 12 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 4

 

Antihypertensive peptides are small bioactive molecules known to inhibit key enzymes or receptors within the renin-angiotensin system, a hormonal pathway that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. High blood pressure or hypertension is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases among human beings. A progressive rise in blood pressure can lead to haemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and premature death. The past decade has seen a constant increase in the prevalence of hypertension among populations because of changes in lifestyles and dietary patterns. Though pharmaceuticals are available, the response to drugs shows variability and outright toxicity in some patients. With prolonged use, side effects of the drug tend to manifest in the form of metabolic disorders like diabetes among patients. Since food sources have yielded bioactive peptides with antihypertensive properties, they have attracted the attention of the scientific community. Various methodologies like enzymatic hydrolysis, food fermentation and recombinant DNA technology have been explored for their production from various food sources such as dairy products, cereals, legumes, etc. A number of bioactive peptides from food sources have been identified which are known to possess antihypertensive properties. The review contains an overview of the possibilities of commercial exploitation of a variety of food sources for the production of antihypertensive peptides in functional food or therapeutic forms.

 

Findings indicate that dairy products such as milk and cheese remain the primary sources of these bioactive peptides. Enzymatic hydrolysis using gastrointestinal enzymes like pepsin and trypsin is the most common method for generating antihypertensive peptides. Additionally, many industrially utilised dairy starter cultures are highly proteolytic in nature and can be used for the production of antihypertensive peptides by fermentation of dairy products. Several novel antihypertensive peptides have been reported in milk fermented with Enterococcus faecalis CECT 5727. Apart from dairy-based sources, other dietary sources such as cereals, legumes, fish, eggs, plants, etc. have also been reported to produce peptides with blood pressure-lowering effects. In conclusion, dietary-derived peptides present a promising strategy for the prevention, regulation, and potential treatment of hypertension. Further apart from conventional food sources, peptidomic, bioinformatics and chemometric tools and databases need to be exploited in future research for food-derived antihypertensive peptides.

 

Author(s) Details

Praveen P Balgir
Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, India

 

Tejinder Kaur
Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, India.

 

Maleeka Sharma
Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v4/5825

An Analysis of May Month (2017-2019) Blood Pressure Screenings in Niger: A Case Study | Chapter 6 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 7

 

In 2007, the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) was 36% in Niger according to a recent survey by the World Health Organization (WHO). Niger got involved in the May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign in 2017, 2018, and 2019 to gain an understanding of the prevalence of selected cardiovascular risk factors and high BP. The aim of this study was to screen for cardiovascular risk factors with particular focus on high blood pressure (BP) in Niger and thereby to raise awareness among the population of Niger about raised BP and the associated risk to health. The city of Niamey served as our study location during the month of May in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Volunteer adults aged ≥18 years, who completed a pre-established questionnaire were screened and had three sitting BP measurements taken. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg (based on the mean of the second and third BP readings) or being on antihypertensive medication. In this study, 2297 adults were screened, of which 42.9% were women and 57.1% were men. Of the 2297 screened, 33.2% were found to be hypertensive of whom only 26 (3.4%) were recorded as being on treatment. Approximately 30% of those screened were found to be obese or overweight. The MMM campaign in Niger highlights a large number of people with hypertension can be screened opportunistically. In the absence of systematic and population-based screening, the MMM campaign should be continued annually in order to raise awareness of raised BP and its complications among the population. High BP is a real public health danger, and this study finds alarming figures that highlight the need for improved policies for screening and management of hypertension. Raising awareness and improving the detection of hypertension remain essential to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.

 

Author (s) Details

Ali I. Touré
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Dodo Boubacar
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Dodo Boubacar
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Kimba Souley
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Ali S. Bonkano
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Moustapha Ousseini
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Dari Mossi
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Garba I. Issoufou
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Moussa Souna
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Ousseina Bonkano
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

Abdoul Maji
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé,

G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

Halima Douma
Lamorde National Teaching Hospital, Hospital Center University De Niamey, Hospital Lamordé, G33J+GQ5, Niamey, Niger.

 

 Wei Wang
Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London W12 7RH, UK.

Thomas Beaney
Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London W12 7RH, UK and Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Dunstan’s Road, London W6 8RP, UK.

 

 Neil R. Poulter
Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, Stadium House, 68 Wood Lane, London W12 7RH, UK.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v7/2007

 

The Influence of Pharmacist-Led Initiatives on Hypertension Care | Chapter 1 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 3

 

Background: In India, the incidence of hypertension is increasing hastily, especially in urban areas. Change in lifestyle and diet along with poor awareness and control is regarded as the main factors influencing the emergence of the condition at a high rate.

 

Objective: The study aimed to analyze the effect of pharmacist interventions in improving blood pressure control.

 

Methods: The prospective interventional study was conducted on a known hypertensive population for more than 2 years. They were randomly categorized into two groups, the interventional group and the usual care group. Pharmaceutical care, involving telephonic follow-up, adherence analysis, and patient education was given in the former group in a time interval of 2 months for about 12 months while the latter was on regular therapeutical care only. In every follow-up period, the pharmacist recorded blood pressure for the usual care group while the interventional group was on constant observation. The difference in blood pressure control was measured in terms of mm/Hg unit. The improvement in the measure from the start and end of the study was analyzed within the group and between the groups. The statistical difference in blood pressure within the group at the start and end of the study and the significance between the two groups was analyzed using SAS Software.

 

Results: The systolic pressures reduced from 141 mmHg to 126 mm Hg in the intervention group and from 142 mm Hg to 134 mm Hg in the usual care group. Similarly, the diastolic pressure decreased from 91 mmHg to 82 mmHg and from 91 mmHg to 86 mmHg in the interventional and usual care group, respectively. Low blood pressure was observed in both groups at the end of the study. However, a statistically significant difference was seen in the interventional group compared to the other. The involvement of pharmacist-led initiatives in hypertensive care helped in the achievement of the AHA (American Heart Association) goal.

 

Conclusions: Including clinical pharmacists in a healthcare team can provide an unerring therapeutic regimen to patients, and lead to overall improvement of patient health.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Anju Sarah Mathews
Institute of Pharmacy, PES University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Sreshi Kumari
Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v3/1276

Metabolic Syndrome: Addressing Health Risks among Police Officers | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 6

Lifestyle factors and stress have indeed been linked to the development of Metabolic syndrome (MetS). The transition towards industrialization often brings about changes in people's economy and lifestyle, which can contribute to the increased prevalence of noncommunicable diseases such as Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and MetS-related conditions like diabetes mellitus. Police officers have a higher prevalence of MetS compared to the general population of the same age and gender. Shift work, high levels of stress, and poor dietary habits are significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS among police officers. Targeted interventions addressing lifestyle factors, such as nutrition, physical activity, and stress management, can effectively reduce the prevalence of MetS in police officers. This chapter will give a review of the prevalence of MetS among police forces, shedding light on the specific incidence rates and factors contributing to the development of MetS within this group.

 

Author (s) Details

Mohit Sharmaa
7th Battalion Punjab Armed Police, Jalandhar Cantonment, Punjab, India.

Jaskiran Kaur
Department of Biochemistry, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sri Amritsar, Punjab, India.

 

Rajinder Singh Ahi
Department of Biochemistry, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot (Punjab), India.

 

Purnima Jindal
Department of Biochemistry, M.M. College of Medical Sciences & Research, Sadopur (Ambala), Haryana, India.

 

Jaswant Kaur
Department of Biochemistry, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

 

Garima Sehgal
Department of Biochemistry, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v6/2118

Effect of Yoga Therapy in Elderlies with Hypertension Through Mobile App | Chapter 7 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness and ease of use of this mobile application in the particular setting of yoga therapy for older individuals with hypertension. Unmanaged hypertension can lead to the development of other health complications, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney disease. The research methodology utilizes a quasi-experimental approach and includes experiment groups, control groups, pre-test groups, and post-test groups. The trial was conducted at the Nawamin 9 Hospital in Minburi, with surgeries slated to begin in December 2022 and end in November 2023. The study entailed conducting an extensive interview with a total of 243 patients, which included 10 professionals specialized in mobile application development and 10 experts in yoga. A survey was conducted to gather 400 samples in order to assess the demand for mobile applications. The random sampling method was used to acquire the samples.

Initially, it was noted that the pre-test and post-test evaluation outcomes for the usage of the mobile application showed a decrease in hypertension levels in both the control and experimental groups. The smartphone application features instructional materials on hypertension as well as meditation exercises. This research provides suggestions for managing hypertension during illness, promoting self-care, reducing sodium intake, implementing non-pharmacological strategies to lower hypertension, establishing guidelines for hypertension reduction, and incorporating specific yoga activities for hypertension reduction.

A total of 50 persons with hypertension received highly effective training with the mobile application, which exhibited outstanding quality. Furthermore, it was found that the overall level of contentment was heightened.

 

 

Author (s) Details

 

Supparang Ruangvanich
Multimedia and E-Sport, Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.

 

Manop Phoosuwan
Sport Science, Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/2457

The Role of a Polypill in the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Low-and Medium-income Countries | Chapter 7 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 7

Globally, non-communicable chronic diseases account for over 60% of disability-adjusted life years, 70% of deaths and more than 80% of years lived with disability. Cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, contribute significantly to this burden. Despite a decline in age-standardized cardiovascular mortality rates worldwide, over 80% of cardiovascular disease deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, leading to substantial economic losses. In these countries, cardiovascular diseases affect the working-age population more than in high-income countries, with a significant number of cardiovascular deaths occurring between the ages of 30 and 69.

Medicaments such as aspirin, statins, and antihypertensives reduce cardiovascular events. However, low medication adherence, often due to issues like availability, affordability, and challenges within the healthcare system, compromises the effectiveness of these measures. This is a widespread problem in low- and middle-income countries, necessitating alternative approaches to address these limitations.            

Objective: The study aims to provide an overview of recent research on the Polypill, a combination of drugs with fixed doses designed to prevent primary and secondary cardiovascular events. The Polypill is based on the principle of increasing adherence by reducing the number of daily medications.         

Methods: The latest studies and trials on Polypill treatment for preventing cardiovascular disease, including observational studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses have been reviewed comprehensively. Case reports and editorials have been excluded. The JBI critical appraisal checklist, which scores eight items 36 for a quick visual assessment, was used to evaluate the search results.

Results: According to the WHO Multidimensional Adherence Model, researchers have found a high rate of patient acceptability for Polypill therapy compared to monotherapy in developing nations. This acceptability is associated with better outcomes, no increase of adverse effects if compared with monotherapy, and a significantly lower mean annual pharmaceutical expenditure per patient.

Overall, using the Polypill in low- and middle-income countries increases the number of years patients live and their quality of life compared to a combination of individual components.

Conclusions: Combining multiple active ingredients in a single dosage form could be a significant advancement in preventing cardiovascular conditions. However, thoroughly assessing all factors involved and creating a well-planned development strategy is crucial to increasing the likelihood of success. This study emphasizes the dual challenge posed by the global health burden of cardio- vascular disease and the barriers to effective prevention and treatment, especially in low—and middle-income countries. Addressing these challenges could substantially improve public health outcomes and reduce the economic burden of non-communicable chronic diseases.

 

Author (s) Details

Enma V. Páez Espinosa
Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Ecuador and Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Ecuador.

 

Eugenia Mato Matute
Department of Biochemistry, CIBER-BBN, Grup Endocrinologia-IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain and Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.

 

Delia M. Sosa Guzmán
Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Ecuador.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v7/2335

Role of Uterine Artery Doppler and Low Dose Aspirin Intervention on Fetomaternal Outcome in Low Risk Pregnant Women: A Prospective Study | Book Publisher International

Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension and Foetal growth restriction are very common complications associated with pregnancy. UAPI may become an early predictor for complications, and early intervention may substantially reduce these complications.               

Aims: Role of uterine artery doppler and low dose aspirin intervention on fetomaternal outcome in low-risk pregnant women.

Objectives

·         Prevalence of women with high UAPI in a low-risk pregnant woman.

·         To study the role of aspirin in women with high UAPI.

·         To compare pregnancy outcomes in women with normal UAPI and those with high UAPI started on aspirin.

·         To establish the role of UAPI as a recommended screening test for improving feto-maternal outcome.

Study Setting and Design: A Prospective, Observational, Analytical study was conducted over a period of 2 years at a tertiary care hospital in western India.

Methods: The present study was carried out on 64 low-risk, primi, singleton pregnant women from the routine antenatal clinic at Ruby Hall Clinic, Grant Medical Foundation, Sassoon Road, Pune. Patients were divided into a study group and a control group. Study group population underwent UAPI measurement at 11- 13+6 weeks of pregnancy along with routine NT – NB scan. Patients with high UAPI were given 150 mg of aspirin. Complication markers were observed and compared with the control group

Results: Overall incidence of preeclampsia and FGR in study group is less, (preeclampsia in study group 12.5% Vs 21.8% in control group & FGR 9.3% in study group Vs 18.75% in control group) attributed by prediction of feto-maternal outcomes by UAPI value (uterine artery Doppler changes) and early intervention with low dose aspirin (150 mg). While in the control group without uterine artery Doppler study and without intervention incidence of preeclampsia and FGR is on the higher side.

Conclusion: Uterine artery doppler at 11- 13th week of pregnancy is instrumental to predict late onset complications and should be included in routine antenatal investigation irrespective of risk factor. Pregnancy-induced hypertensive complications and foetal growth restriction in patients with high UAPI can be reduced by low-dose aspirin.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Rashmi Bala Patel
MBBS, DNB (Obstetrics and Gynecology), Assistant Professor, AIIMS Kalyani, India.

 

Dr. Vineeta Singh
MBBS, MS (Obstetrics and Gynecology), MRCOG, DNB, Associate Professor, AIIMS, Deoghar, India.

 

Dr. Ajay Kumar Patel
MBBS, MS (Anatomy), Associate Professor, AIIMS, Deoghar, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49970-92-2

Determinants of Non-compliance with Sodium Restriction in Hypertensive Patients in a Cardiology Department: Case of a Hospital in Southern Benin | Chapter 7 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 10

Introduction: High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). A previous study in Benin found that high sodium and low potassium consumption are associated with the occurrence of hypertension and CVD. Nutritional therapy in the treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure is a real challenge in terms of compliance with sodium restriction for the success of the treatment.

Aim: The study aims to analyze the factors influencing non-compliance with sodium restriction among hypertensive patients in a cardiology department at a hospital in Southern Benin.

Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a descriptive and analytical focus. Total daily salt intake was estimated in a cross-sectional study of 166 hypertensive (156) and heart failure (10) subjects monitored in the cardiology department of the “Centre Hospitalier Universitaire-Hubert Koutoukou Maga” (CNHU-HKM), using two 24-hour recalls combined with a food frequency questionnaire for salt-providing foods.

Results: Out of the 166 patients, 10 (6%) had heart failure and 156 (94%) had hypertension. Out of the study, 83.7% of patients had a daily intake above recommendations. Factors associated with the non-compliance of salt restriction were the lack of knowledge of palliative spices and herbs of salty taste (p=0.009) and the consumption of salty snack foods and salty peanuts (p=0.032).

Conclusion: Nutritional education and support activities should be carried out to improve salt reduction compliance for the patients.

 

Author (s) Details

Colette Sylvie Azandjeme
Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

 

Charles-Jérome Sossa
Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

 

Murielle Eliane Hounkponou
Faculty of Health Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

 

Yolaine Ahanhanzo-Glèlè
Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

 

Basilia Sodabi
National and University Hospital Hubert Koutoukou Maga (CNHU-HKM) of Cotonou, Benin.

 

Carmelle Mizehoun
National and University Hospital Hubert Koutoukou Maga (CNHU-HKM) of Cotonou, Benin.

 

Aymeric Darboux
Regional Institute of Public Health, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

 

Martin Houenassi
Faculty of Health Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v10/2618

Exploring Teachers' Knowledge on Hypertension Management: A Study in Paccerakang Village High School | Chapter 9 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 1

Hypertension is a chronic disease with a high mortality rate. However, patient adherence to treatment is still low. The high incidence of hypertension is linked to increased mortality rates. Hypertension can lead to various complications, especially when compounded by a lack of knowledge regarding effective hypertension management. This study aims to assess the level of knowledge about hypertension management. This is a quantitative descriptive study, involving all teachers at State Senior High School in Paccerakang Village who have hypertension, with a total population of 50 people. Using a total sampling technique, 50 samples were selected. Data collection was conducted via a questionnaire and analyzed using univariate analysis. Knowledge levels were classified as good, moderate, and poor. The study results indicated that 52.5% of respondents had a poor knowledge level regarding hypertension management. This lack of knowledge was evidenced by respondents’ inaccurate answers on proper hypertension management. Based on these findings, over half of the respondents displayed limited understanding. Therefore, it is recommended to collaborate with the local Community Health Center to provide targeted health education on hypertension management for teachers at State Senior High School in Paccerakang Village.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Darwis. M. Kes
Nani Hasanuddin College of Health Sciences, Indonesia.

 

Kartika Sari Wijayaningsih
Nani Hasanuddin College of Health Sciences, Indonesia.

 

Ratna
Nani Hasanuddin College of Health Sciences, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v1/3258 

α-Klotho and Catalase: Role in Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension | Chapter 1 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 1

Essential hypertension is a growing global burden. One of the main risk factors for its development is oxidative stress. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated in the hypertensive vasculature. Indeed, oxidative stress-induced vascular aging is observed in hypertension. Over the past decades, the anti-aging protein α-Klotho has emerged as an inhibitor of oxidative stress at cellular level. The humoral action of α-Klotho involves inhibition of the insulin-IGF-1/PI3K/AKT signalling. Forkhead box-O (FOXO) proteins, which are transcriptional regulators of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutases and Catalase, are the downstream targets of insulin-IGF-1/PI3K/AKT signalling. α-Klotho ameliorates oxidative stress by inhibiting the insulin-IGF-1/FOXO-dependent deactivation of antioxidative enzymes. The present study investigated the association between α-Klotho and Catalase in essential hypertension. The study aimed at determining α-Klotho and Catalase gene expression and Catalase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of essential hypertensive patients as compared to those of normotensive healthy controls in the Indian population. Forty-eight hypertensive patients and 48 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched controls were recruited. Gene expression was evaluated by quantitative Real-Time PCR. Catalase activity in PBMCs and soluble α-Klotho levels in serum were detected using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Gene expression of α-Klotho and FOXO1 were significantly lower (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively) in patients as compared to that in controls. Catalase expression was also low in hypertensive patients but did not reach statistical significance. However, there was a strong positive correlation between ΔCt-based gene expression of α-Klotho and Catalase in patients (p<0.001) as well as controls (p=0.008). Positive correlation was also observed between gene expression of FOXO1 and that of α-Klotho (p=0.006) and Catalase (p=0.001) in hypertensive group. Catalase activity in patients was significantly lower (p<0.001) compared to that in controls and positively correlated with soluble α-Klotho levels (rs=0.32, p=0.027), which were also 30.2% lower (p<0.001) in the patient group. Thus, the present study found that the soluble levels and gene expression of anti-aging protein α-Klotho were low in hypertensive patients. α-Klotho may influence Catalase expression in essential hypertension through its effect on FOXO1. α-Klotho and Catalase may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of essential hypertension and other oxidative stress-related diseases.

 

Author (s) Details

Gauri Pathare
Sir H. N. Medical Research Society, Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Court House, L. T. Road, Mumbai 400002, India.

 

Sunila Raju
Sir H. N. Medical Research Society, Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Court House, L. T. Road, Mumbai 400002, India.

 

Manoj Mashru
Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, Mumbai 400004, India.

 

Vinod Shah
Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, Mumbai 400004, India.

 

Kavita Shalia
Sir H. N. Medical Research Society, Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Court House, L. T. Road, Mumbai 400002, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v1/2930

Impact of ACE Inhibitors on Cardiac Biomarker Sensitivity in Hypertensive Patients with Non-ST Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome | Chapter 12 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

Background:. Patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and the risk of mortality are associated with the sensitivity of cardiac biomarkers CK-MB, cTnI to improve their diagnosis.

Objective: The present study aimed to modify cTnI and CK-MB sensitivity in hypertensive patients and to examine its association with treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers .

Methods: A descriptive and random study included 35 hypertensive patients of both sexes, admitted to the coronary unit of the "Reina Fabiola "Clinic". The variables analyzed were: body mass index (BMI) measured by (weigh/height2 ) relation, time to consultation chest pain (TPC) in hours, systolic blood pressure (SBP) in mmHg. The patients were stratified without associated pathologies (Control group), n = 13; and with only hypertension, n = 22 treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (n= 15), beta-blockers (n = 7). Samples of blood were collected and cardiac markers analyzed at the entrance to the coronary care unit (0 hs) and after 8, 12, 24 hs. The random variables quantitative were studied by lineal correlation, and comparisons between groups were made using ANOVA II and Sidak's post hoc test. Association of variables and percent of patients were performed with Chi-square.

Results:  Creatine Kinase MB activity decreased at 8 hs and Troponin I values showed a decrease in hypertensive patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors concerning the control group at 0 hs. Optimal cut-points of CK-MB were 13.50, 17.00, 19.50 and 14.00 UI/L, and to cTnI 0.08, 0.17, 0.16 and 0.42 µg/ml at 0, 8, 12, and 24 hs respectively.

Conclusions: Cardiac biomarkers determination is required in patients with suspected Acute coronary syndrome. Remodeling and ventricular hypertrophy states are conditions that could be modified by the use of antihypertensive drugs to modify biomarker levels and sensitivity. The study proposes an algorithm incorporating changes in cTnI levels and CK-MB activity to increase the diagnostic sensitivity in hypertensive patients.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Agustín N. Joison
Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avenida Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK PC 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.

 

Raúl J. Barcudi
Coronary Unit, Reina Fabiola University Clinic, Jacinto Ríos 761 PC 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.

 

Gustavo Baiardi
Institute of Biological and Technological Research (IIBYT-CONICET), National University of Córdoba/ Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Catholic University of Córdoba, Avenida Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v6/3485

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Undiagnosed Hypertension among Young Professional Educators: A Study Using Updated AHA Guidelines | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 2

Background: Hypertension or High arterial blood pressure (BP) is a major public health problem and common non-communicable disease. Professional educators are facing various workplace issues, which can aggravate non-communicable diseases like hypertension (HTN). Work pressure, stress, workload, and sedentary lifestyle are major factors reported.

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of HTN with new guidelines and its correlation with associated factors in professional educators.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 220 professional medical educators in Vadodara city. Data on socio-demographic profiles, different risk factors, and BP were recorded. HTN was recorded according to pre-defined criteria and described by new AHA guidelines. Factors associated with HTN were analyzed by Chi-square test (χ2).

Results: The study found a high prevalence of HTN and identified HTN as a significant health burden for professional educators of Vadodara city. The prevalence of elevated BP among professional educators was approximately 80% as per new AHA guidelines. The mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure and pulse pressure were found to be 126.73±6.02, 82.02±3.02, 96.32±3.46, and 42.05±4.99, respectively. HTN was found to be associated with age and body mass index (BMI) (χ2 P < 0.05). The author also found that 41–50 years of age group BP were found to be elevated in more than 55% of the population.

Conclusion: The study found that BP was found to be elevated in more than 50% of subjects even with normal BMI. The study also found that there is no significant difference in males and females for BP indices. The percentage we found for Stage I HTN cannot be ignored even in such a small group. Studies in large groups or longer time are recommended and prevalence data need to be revised for the prevention and management of HTN as per the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines.

 

Author (s) Details

Geetanjali Purohit
Department of Physiology, Swaminarayan Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Swaminarayan University, Kalol, Gujarat, India.

 

Tanya Sharma
Smt. B.K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Center, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Waghodia, Gujarat, India.

 

Uzma Shaikh
Smt. B.K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Center, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Waghodia, Gujarat, India.

 

Purva Sharma
Smt. B.K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Center, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Waghodia, Gujarat, India.

 

Nuzhat Shekh
Smt. B.K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Center, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Waghodia, Gujarat, India.

 

Viral Shah
Smt. B.K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Center, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Waghodia, Gujarat, India.

 

Shardha Shukla
Smt. B.K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Center, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Waghodia, Gujarat, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v2/3986 

Prevalence of Hypertension Disorders among Adolescent Students in Ghana | Chapter 1| Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Aims: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of hypertension, associated risk factors, and its effect on physical activity in young people aged 14-19 years.

Study Design: This is a Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology between June 2009 and July 2023.

Methodology: A multistage sampling method was used to select 909 youth from three secondary schools (three towns in the Ashanti region of Ghana). The follow-up study was conducted on 142 people with high blood pressure. Anthropometric and blood pressure were measured with approved devices. Measurement of physical activity and dietary intake via survey. Blood pressure was measured using a validated automatic sphygmomanometer, with participants seated comfortably and resting for at least five minutes before measurement. Three readings were taken at one-minute intervals, and the average of the last two was recorded to reduce the impact of stress or short-term changes. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were the main parameters recorded. Additionally, the study evaluated cardiovascular parameters (heart rate, echocardiography, ECG) and renal parameters (serum creatinine, GFR, urinalysis, BUN).

Results: Research shows that the prevalence of high blood pressure is 9.1% and the incidence of prehypertension is 24.8%. The prevalence of high blood pressure is significant by school choice. A majority of men have higher blood pressure than women, with 10.6% having high blood pressure, 46.6% having prehypertension, and 42.6% having high blood pressure. Data shows that 81.6% of participating parents are self-employed. The results show that there is little work, 72.73% of hypertensive patients are not working, while 40.32% and 59.97% of inactive and hypertensive patients are still sedentary. The results showed that MCV was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (r=-0.230, r=-0.183), while MCHC was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.171). showed., r = 0.256). RDW-SD was found to be negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There was a negative correlation between P-LCR and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r=-.185, r=-.167).

Conclusion: The research found that blood pressure distribution varied among students in different schools, with the highest levels in KASS (57% hypertensive) compared to KOSS (19%) and BONWIRE (7%) (X^2 = 32.993, df = 4, p < 0.001). Despite examining cultural and lifestyle factors, no significant determinants of hypertension were identified. Lipid analysis also showed no significant differences between blood pressure groups. These findings highlight the need for further research to explore other potential causes of high blood pressure and to develop effective prevention and management strategies.

 

 

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abena Sekyere
Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/909

Specificity of Hypertension Risk Factors in the Elderly | Chapter 7 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

Introduction: Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a significant public health issue that affects at least 20% of adults in many countries. It can be classified into essential (primary or idiopathic) and secondary hypertension, with essential hypertension representing 95% of all cases.
 
Aims: To identify the factors associated with hypertension in a tertiary care centre in Northern India
 
Study Design: A cross-sectional study.
 
Study Sites and Duration of Study: Medicine Department, AIIMS Rishikesh; between January 2021 and December 2022.
 
Methodology: The study recruited 317 hypertensive and non-hypertension patients who reside and receive healthcare services from the tertiary Care Centre in Northern India and reported for treatment. Data was collected from respondents using a questionnaire and analyzed with STATA software Version 15.
 
Results and Findings: The study revealed that majority of the participants (68.8%) had hypertension. The study identified that respondents who are married were approximately 3 times more likely to have hypertension compared to those who are single (AOR= 3.1; 95% CI=1.28-5.82, p=0.001). Adjusting for all other factors, respondents who were employed were 4.2 times more likely to have hypertension compared to those who are unemployed (AOR= 4.2; 95% CI=1.36-8.62, p=0.002). History of smoking, history of alcohol consumption, physical inactivity among participants was discovered to be significantly associated with hypertension.
 
Conclusion: Hypertension is a serious health concern among some of the aged people in Ghana. Hence it is recommended that interventions to tackle this condition could focus on behavioral or lifestyle modifications.

Author(s) Details:

Rohit Raina,
Department of General Medicine, AIIMS Bathinda, Punjab, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V5/article/view/14163

A Retrospective Study on Clinical Profile of Stroke in Young and Elderly between 2012-2013 in GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Gandhinagar, Gujarat | Chapter 11 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 9

Aim: The present study was conducted know the difference in clinical profile in young and elderly stroke patients, by knowing this we can help young physicians to combat this deadly and disabling disease in effective manner.

Background: Stroke is a devastating and disabling cerebrovascular disease with significant amount of residual deficit leading on to economic loss. The cerebrovascular stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity & mortality in adult life. Indian studies have shown a stroke prevalence of 471.58/100000 population. Stroke mostly occurs in elderly people. Risk factors for stroke differ between young and elderly patients.

Methods: This is a retrospective study of all new patients managed for stroke in the medical ward of GMERS medical college and hospital, Gandhinagar, Gujarat from January1, 2012 to December 31, 2013. We studied difference in clinical presentation, risk factors, neurological presentation, pattern of brain strokes, areas of brain affected as per CT scan findings in both the groups GMERS medical college and hospital Gandhinagar.

Results: Incidence of stroke in elderly (≥45 years) was higher than young (<45 years) patients with male predominance in both the groups. Most common clinical presentation from both age groups was hemiplegia (75% in young vs. 72.1% in elderly). Common risk factors in were Hypertension and past h/o Cerebrovascular disease (25%) and smoking (16.6%) in young and Hyepertension T (37.1%), dyslipidemia and smoking (14.3%) in elderly. Most common type of stroke in both age groups was ischemic (83.3% in young vs. 73.2% in elderly), followed by Hemorrhagic. Common sites of hemorrhage in young and elderly were lobar and thalamoganglionic. Most common infarction site in both age groups is MCA territory.

Conclusion: The cerebrovascular stroke was more in elderly with hypertension and smoking was the most common risk factor in both age groups and most common type was ischemic. Most common site of hemorrhage in elderly was thalamoganglionic followed by lobar. Most common site of infarct in both age groups was area supplied by middle cerebral artery. More research is required to address stroke pattern in young and elderly to combat this deadly and disabling disease.

Author(s) Details:

Chirayu V. Vaidya,
Department of Medicine, Nootan Medical College & Research Center, Visnagar 384315, Gujarat, India.

Drusty K. Majmudar,
Department of Radiodiagnosis, NHL Medical College, Shardaben Hospital, Saraspur, Ahmedabad-380018, Gujarat, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V9/article/view/13635

Life Style Diseases and Its Cure through Yoga Practices | Chapter 3 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 8

 The concept of yoga practicing in our daily life is a holistic approach towards health as well as an alternative form of medicine. Advances in medical sciences and better living conditions have increased the life expectancy. Biological ageing is correlated with increased morbidity, mortality and poor health states. This together with changing lifestyles and urbanization has brought a radical shift in the types of health problem being faced by populations in the developing world giving rise to an epidemic of chronic diseases. Life style means a pattern of individual practices and personal behavioral choices that are related to elevated or reduced health risk. Lifestyle diseases or diseases of civilization are diseases that appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer. They can include Heart disease, Diabetes, Stroke, Alzheimer's, Cirrhosis, Asthma, Hypertension etc. These are caused to a large extent by dietary changes in relation to socio- economic and living environmental conditions. The stress of modern living is causing an enormous burden on health care globally. Poor eating habits sleep deprivation and secondary lifestyles have contributed to the growth of lifestyle diseases.
 
This diseases also sometimes called as western diseases or diseases of affluence, non communicable diseases (NCD) or regenerative diseases.
 
Hypertension is associated with the incidence of some diet-related non-communicable diseases such as stroke and coronary heart diseases. Lifestyle diseases are different from other diseases because they are potentially preventable, and can be lowered with changes in diet, lifestyle, and environment and by supplements with vitamin D.
 
The study was conducted among 60 participants who came for practicing yoga and having regular attendances. According to WHO, the world’s deaths from lifestyle diseases will double by 2015 unless all-out effort is taken to combat them. As per WHO) latest /recent) report 41 million people killed every year due to noncommunicable diseases (NCD’s) which is roughly 74% of all deaths globally.  Main causes /reasons for these lifestyle diseases are Habits, Unhealthy lifestyles/Behaviors and Practices. In another way we can say smoking, drinking, drugs, exposure to pollution in home or in work place, shortage of physical activities, poor or unhealthy eating habits, lack of taking nutritive value foods, shortage in taking water, high stress level, less sleep etc.
 
Yoga is the re-union of mind and body to God. Depending upon the way in which it is practiced it can be divided into several types like ”Khada yoga”, ”Dhyana yoga”, “Raja yoga”, ”Sidha yoga ” etc. Normally Indians practice Khada yoga (hatha yoga). It is nothing but bending and stretching of the bodies. This is the only exercise which starts and ends with a prayer to God. Yoga practice imparts positive energy to us. It will give a energy throughout life. The study concluded that yoga practice is effective for reduce hyper tension. Most of the life style disease can be controlled by practicing yoga.

Author(s) Details:

Sreekumar D. Menon,
RTTC, BSNL, Trivandrum, India.

Manoj K. A.,
Taluk Hospital, Pamapdy, Kottaym, Kerala, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V8/article/view/13516