Relevance of Screening Subclinical Cushing’s Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | Chapter 4| Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 4

 

Background: Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome (SCS) is defined as autonomous cortisol secretion in patients devoid of specific clinical symptoms of hypercortisolism, as in the classic CS. Subtle cortisol hypersecretion from adrenal incidentalomas is associated with alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis due to autonomous adrenal function, occurring in the absence of the typical clinical phenotype of hypercortisolism. This condition has been defined as subclinical Cushing’s syndrome (SCS). Despite the absence of overt symptoms, sustained exposure to chronic, slightly elevated cortisol concentrations may result in some classical metabolic complications of CS, such as impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Studies reported a higher frequency of SCS in type 2 diabetics, which can be considered an exacerbating factor for diabetes and poor glycemic control. Currently, the frequency of SCS is widely variable.

 

Aim of the Study: This study intends to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of SCS among type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients with poor control, and to determine whether systematic screening for SCS in T2D patients is worthwhile.

 

Methods: It was a cross-sectional study including 221 T2D patients referred to the National Institute of Nutrition of Tunis for poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 8%). Inclusion criteria were age >40 years and poor glycemic control; patients with a history of adrenal mass or pituitary adenoma were excluded. SCS screening was performed in two steps. The first screening step of SCS was the 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (ODST) using a revised criterion for cortisol suppression. In the second confirmatory step, patients with abnormal ODST underwent a 48-h, 2-mg low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST) to confirm the diagnosis. The cut-off for cortisol suppression was 50 nmol/L (1.8 µmol/dL) in the two tests.

 

Results: The mean age ± SD of the patients was 58.7 ± 8.78 years. Overweight and obesity were found in 34% and 47%, respectively. Mean duration of diabetes was 10.84 ± 6.55 years, and mean baseline HbA1c ± SD was 10.9±1.8%. Thirteen patients (5.9%) failed to suppress cortisol levels less than the cut-off after ODST. SCS was confirmed by LDDST in one patient among them (0.45%). The autonomous cortisol secretion was related to a pituitary adenoma. This study revealed that the frequency of SCS of 0.45% did not allow for performing an analytical study in order to identify predictive factors of SCS among T2D patients.

 

Conclusion: SCS is rare among T2D patients. Systematic screening of SCS in T2D patients with poor glycemic control is not worthwhile. The screening should be performed only in patients with specific clinical and/or biological indicators. Further multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are needed to explore potential risk factors for SCS in T2D patients.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Manel Jemel Hadiji

Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Imen Ksira
Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Emna Haouat
Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Henda Kammoun Jamoussi
Department of Nutrition, National Institute of Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Hajer Kandara
Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Ines Kammoun
Department of Endocrinology, National Institute of Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v4/6657

Metabolic Syndrome: Addressing Health Risks among Police Officers | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 6

Lifestyle factors and stress have indeed been linked to the development of Metabolic syndrome (MetS). The transition towards industrialization often brings about changes in people's economy and lifestyle, which can contribute to the increased prevalence of noncommunicable diseases such as Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and MetS-related conditions like diabetes mellitus. Police officers have a higher prevalence of MetS compared to the general population of the same age and gender. Shift work, high levels of stress, and poor dietary habits are significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS among police officers. Targeted interventions addressing lifestyle factors, such as nutrition, physical activity, and stress management, can effectively reduce the prevalence of MetS in police officers. This chapter will give a review of the prevalence of MetS among police forces, shedding light on the specific incidence rates and factors contributing to the development of MetS within this group.

 

Author (s) Details

Mohit Sharmaa
7th Battalion Punjab Armed Police, Jalandhar Cantonment, Punjab, India.

Jaskiran Kaur
Department of Biochemistry, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sri Amritsar, Punjab, India.

 

Rajinder Singh Ahi
Department of Biochemistry, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot (Punjab), India.

 

Purnima Jindal
Department of Biochemistry, M.M. College of Medical Sciences & Research, Sadopur (Ambala), Haryana, India.

 

Jaswant Kaur
Department of Biochemistry, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

 

Garima Sehgal
Department of Biochemistry, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v6/2118

Evaluating the Validity of Ahara and Vihara in Ayurveda: Non-Adherence to their Principles as Risk Factors for Disease | chapter 7 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

The chronic disease crisis has afflicted humanity for many years. As an insight, diseases related to metabolic syndrome such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are proving particularly costly, with costs predicted to spiral out of control, particularly in countries in South and East Asia. In Ayurveda, such disease crisis are explained in terms of imbalances in patients’ physiological regulatory systems. Life-style habits—such as smoking, alcohol intake, no exercise etc.—are well-known risk factors for disease, often understood as effects of particular molecules. Patients’ life-styles tend to create ongoing strain on physiological regulation, so that restoring patients’ regulatory systems to states of natural homeostatic and allostatic balance is necessary to restore health. Systems of traditional medicine advise on habits like Yoga practice, timings of meals, retiring to bed and rising. This study present a non-rigorous demonstration of how such influences can be subject to usual contingency table risk-factor analysis. Data were collected from patients at Rasähära Kendra clinics in the city of Bhopal, who completed questionnaires on life-style and health-related habits, health history and current status. Supplementary data was obtained from independently interviewed citizens of Bhopal. Classic risk factor analysis was carried out by using categorical Yes/No variables answering the two questions. The data were analyzed using Excel and pad. The result indicated that a variety of diet and lifestyle factors considered important in South Asian Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine (TCAM) systems of medicine like Ayurveda and Yoga may be shown to influence values of BMI considered important in metabolic syndrome, and various aspects of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Although non-rigorous, results demonstrate how such methods may validate life-style factors from traditional medicine: not observing them increases disease susceptibility. The study concluded that it is practical to obtain and analyse data testing influences of lifestyle factors on the aetiology of various diseases and their complications, as suggested by Ayurveda, and indeed other TCAM systems. Further, more rigorous research should be implemented to validate these findings.

 

Author (s) Details

Purnima Datey
S-VYASA, Bangalore, India.

 

Alex Hankey
S-VYASA, Bangalore, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v2/5406

 

Assessing the Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia in Jazan Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Chapter 7 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 8

Hematological anemia is a characteristic of the hereditary condition known as sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is considered the world's most prevalent and widespread hemoglobinopathy. According to several studies, adults with sickle cell disease may exhibit metabolic syndrome symptoms such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. This study's objective was intended to assess the steady-state risk variables for metabolic syndrome in adults with sickle cell anemia in the Jazan region. A case-control research with 35 adult sickle cell disease patients and 35 healthy controls was carried out. The study was conducted in the Jazan area in the period of 2021 to 2022. The population was Saudi patients with sickle cell anemia as a test group and healthy volunteers as a control test. The National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) was used to diagnose metabolic syndrome after the data were examined to determine fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, and uric acid. Mean, standard deviation (SD), and p-value were used to express the data. In order to establish statistical significance, a value of 0.05 was employed. Fasting triglyceride levels were comparable between patient and control groups (P-value = 0.54), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly low in the case group compared to the control group (P-value = 0.03) and the uric acid level was significantly different in patient and control groups (P-value = 0.55). There was significant decrease in HDL-C and FPG among SCD patients compared to the control group while no significant difference in fasting triglyceride and uric acid between patients and control groups. Focusing on the development of metabolic syndrome in SCA patients may provide new insights for therapeutic strategies with the aim of reducing mortality and morbidity.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Saif Elden B. Abdalla
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

 

Muntaser Mohammed Fadoul Alhassen
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

 

Mohammed Shane Alam
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

 

Sarra Kamal Mustafa
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

 

Mohamed Mubark Almaki
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

 

Mohamed H. Abdelrahman
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v8/4820

A Comprehensive Approach of Metabolic Syndrome | Chapter 3 | Medicine Essentials in Clinical Practice

 Metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted disorder characterized by a cluster of interconnected conditions, including central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Together, these factors significantly increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The global prevalence of metabolic syndrome has risen in recent decades, driven by lifestyle changes, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and genetic predisposition. Pathophysiologically, it involves a complex interplay of chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal dysregulation. Early detection and management through lifestyle modifications—such as weight loss, improved dietary patterns, and increased physical activity—are critical in reducing its associated morbidity and mortality. Pharmacological interventions targeting individual components of the syndrome, including antihypertensives, lipid-lowering agents, and insulin sensitizers, also play a significant role. This review highlights the etiology, pathophysiology, and current therapeutic approaches for metabolic syndrome and their role in creating general awareness among the public.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rohit Raina
Department of General Medicine, AIIMS Bathinda, Punjab- 151001, India.

 

Preeti Singh Dhoat
Department of General Medicine, AIIMS Bathinda, Punjab- 151001, India.

Maninder Kansal
Department of General Medicine, AIIMS Bathinda, Punjab- 151001, India.

 

Aditya Rana
Department of General Medicine, AIIMS Bathinda, Punjab- 151001, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-92-3/CH3

Examining Cytokines Levels in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome and Non-metabolic Syndrome | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 1

Background: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by abnormalities in blood pressure, blood sugar, waist circumference, and cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Cytokines, produced by immune system cells, act as messengers to regulate inflammation and immune response. Studies have demonstrated the contribution of cytokines to metabolic syndrome. Inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) have been associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, a hallmark of the condition.

Aim: The unique aspect of this study is its primary focus on determining whether there is a distinction in inflammatory markers between individuals with metabolic syndrome and those without the condition.

Material and Methods: The study included 50 patients with metabolic syndrome and 50 healthy controls. The research was conducted at Indore Index Medical College & Research Centre. After obtaining approval, the study’s researchers commenced their work. Each subject provided informed consent prior to the study. Individuals with type 1 diabetes or clinical symptoms for fewer than five years and documented T2DM duration were excluded. Healthy controls (non-metabolic syndrome) were individuals without diabetes, multivitamin use, or comorbidities.

Statistical Analysis: Regressions were used to determine the relationship between two variables. Additionally, percentages were calculated. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered significant.

Conclusion: The significance of these results cannot be overstated. The study’s findings unequivocally demonstrate that both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of secondary illnesses associated with metabolic syndrome. The study concluded that both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a role in the development of secondary conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, these analyzed cytokines may serve as biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of secondary complications in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Lingidi Jhansi Lakshmi
Department of Biochemistry, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Rourkela, India.

 

Doddigarla Zephy
Department of Biochemistry, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Rourkela, India.

 

Abdul Rab Alli
Department of Biochemistry, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v1/3864

Metabolic Syndrome can be Prevented by Physical Training and Diet Containing Solanum aethiopicum Shum Fruit | Chapter 3 | Solanum aethiopicum Shum, an Example of the Richness of the Food and Therapeutic Heritage of a Continent in a Country, Cameroon, Africa in Miniature, Edition 1

Two-thirds of the global disease can be attributable to metabolic syndrome and its complications. The bioenergetic response of regular physical exercise and a diet rich in foods with a low glycaemic index appears to be an excellent way of combating metabolic syndrome. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of twenty days of continuous endurance training and a diet containing Solanum aethiopicum Shum fruit (SASF) consumption on metabolic syndrome prevention. Twenty-four Wistar male rats were grouped (6 per group) according to the physical training and SASF feeding: group 1 (control), group 2 (trained and consumed), group 3 (trained), and group 4 (consumed). Parameters of nutritional behaviour, stomach wall weight and obesity biomarkers were recorded. The animals fed on a diet containing SASF showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and an increase in HDL-cholesterol and testosterone. The statistical analyses were performed with the Statgraphics Plus version 5.0 software, using one-way ANOVA with the statistical significance set at the probability lower than 0.05 levels. From animals submitted to endurance training only, a significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and an increase in testosterone, without statistical changes in HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides was observed. The rats were physically trained and fed on an experimental diet containing SASF limited body and abdominal wall weights, improved lipid profile and testosterone towards obesity prevention. With regard to the control group, in this present study, endurance exercise and diet containing SASF may be used to prevent metabolic syndrome. SASF could be potentially used to induce muscle mass increase, strength and improvement of fat catabolism. The study concluded that the promotion of durable health could depend on adapted physical exercises and a diet containing raw vegetables with low glycaemic index.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Valentin Desire Guiama
Laboratory of Motricity and Health, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Juliette Koube
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Douala, Cameroon.

 

Esther Ngah
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, National Advanced School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-15-0/CH3

A Review on Ethnicity and Type 2 Diabetes in Pacific Adults in New Zealand | Chapter 12 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 

This review presented ethnic characteristics of type 2 diabetes in Pacific Island adults in New Zealand. Diabetes mellitus is one out of four non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which represents a set of metabolic disorders with chronic hyperglycaemia due to defects of insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. If left untreated or undiagnosed, diabetes mellitus leads to confusion, coma, or death due to ketoacidosis. Pacific Island people in New Zealand with a specific Polynesian phenotype originate from the islands in the Pacific Ocean such as Samoa, the Cook Islands, Tonga, Niue, Tokelau, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Kiribati, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Nauru, and French Polynesia. Therefore, they may have similar genetic and cultural origins. Pacific Island populations were attracted to New Zealand by the prospect of employment and were welcomed as a solution to workforce shortages in unskilled and semi-skilled occupations. About 42% of the Pacific population live in the 10% most deprived areas of the country, with poorer housing and overcrowding, which suggests that the incidence of diabetes is higher for people living in the most deprived areas, compared with people living in the least deprived areas. Socioeconomic inequalities, low education and unemployment create remarkable psychological distress. Changes in diet rich in sugars, tobacco use, and harmful use of alcohol have resulted in a profound reduction in physical activity and increased obesity rates in adults and children. The “thrifty genotype” hypothesis can explain the current increase in the prevalence of obesity in New Zealanders of Polynesian descent.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are major challenges for Pacific Island adults, and they still have comparatively higher rates of obesity (68%) and diagnosed diabetes (13%), ten years earlier than any other ethnic group in New Zealand. Overweight and obesity have been linked to lower serum 25-OHD concentrations, impaired insulin action, glucose metabolism, and various metabolic processes in adipose and lean (muscle) tissue. Central or visceral fat is more metabolically active than subcutaneous fat, causing dysmetabolism of fatty acids and increased influx of free fatty acids into the splanchnic circulation. Besides storing fat, adipose tissue releases molecules commonly referred to as adipokines which may support β- cell failure and the development of type 2 diabetes in Pacific people. Antihypertensive and anti-lipid (statin) therapy was lowest among Pacifica people. The blood levels of triglycerides were the lowest in the Pacific population. However, HbA1C was significantly higher among Pacific people than among Māori, who had higher HbA1C than New Zealand Europeans. Interestingly, as a group, Pacific Island populations are neither hyperinsulinaemic nor insulin-resistant using HOMA-IR. This Polynesian phenotype is linked to the metabolic disorders of gout and type 2 diabetes mellitus, due to the presence of visceral obesity owing to its strong association with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

 

Author(s)details:-

Dr. Ljiljana M. Jowitt
Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand.

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v8/704

Case Report and Literature Review on Glycogen Hepatopathy | Chapter 1 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 

This case report highlights a challenging clinical case called glycogen hepatopaty-induced acute hepatitis. This clinical condition is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed even by consultant specialists eventually hampering patient management and outcome. Glycogen hepatopathy is a very rare and forgotten complication of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus. Glycogen hepatopathy may also present in type II diabetes mellitus, especially when managed with high doses of insulin. Although it is a benign condition, it is rarely diagnosed in a timely manner. It is characterised by hepatomegaly causing abdominal pain due to stretch on the liver capsule causing capsulitis, and derangement of liver enzymes. We report a case of a 44-year-old male truck driver who presents to ED with right upper quadrant pain in the context of uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus for the last two years.  Glycogen hepatopathy is caused by wide fluctuations of blood glucose and treatment with large doses of insulin. High levels of insulin due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or high doses for treatment lead to excess glucose movement into hepatocytes via independent passive diffusion.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Adel Ekladious
Acute Medical Unit, Canberra Hospital, ACT Health, Australia, University of Western Australia, Australia and Australian National University, Australia.

 

Please see the book:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v9/241

Existence of Metabolic Syndrome among Medical Students | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 Metabolic syndrome is a growing concern as its incidence is increasing rapidly. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in diabetic Indians is 77%. Medical students lead fairly sedentary lifestyles, due to the exhaustive medical syllabus. Significant time pressures on students may prevent the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Moreover, their diet is characterized by the frequent consumption of unhealthy food, and therefore the risk of obesity increases significantly. Physical inactivity and stress are the most important risk factors, which can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome. Recently, several studies reported that chronic stress is associated with metabolic syndrome. Early detection of metabolic syndrome and follow-up would help in preventing complications—this chapter aims to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in medical students.

Author(s) Details:

Mohit Sharma,
Department of Biochemistry, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

Jaswant Kaur,
7th Battalion Punjab Armed Police, Jalandhar Cantonment, Punjab, India.

Rajinderjit Singh Ahi,
Department of Biochemistry, Guru Gobind Singh Medical, College and Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India.

Purnima Jindal,
Department of Biochemistry, M.M. College of Medical Sciences & Research, Sadopur (Ambala), Haryana, India.

Seema,
Department of Physiology, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V2/article/view/13800

Ayurveda Inspired Discovery and Development of New Drugs for Diabetes, Arthritis and Cancer | Chapter 2 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Renoval Innovations Inc. is utilizing its own creative library of natural product molecules, including Indian Ayurvedic ingredients, to create molecular target-based drug candidates to treat chronic diseases. Using algorithms and SAR chemistry, the company has developed and synthesized > 100 new patented molecules. Creative orally active molecules are in clinical development stages in two major health conditions: Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation.  The lead candidate for metabolic syndrome was designed to bind Insulin receptors (IR) and as the inhibitor of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). The synthesized small molecule (Mw > 500 Dalton) has a binding affinity with insulin receptors and induces a cascade of signaling pathways mediated by insulin binding to IR to combat insulin resistance. The second molecule is an anti-inflammatory lead candidate that regulates proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6. Both molecules have passed rodent and dog GLP studies with high therapeutic index, and have entered in US-FDA standard Phase I clinical trials.

In addition in our oncology drug design, >20 natural product based creative compounds were screened against 60 different human carcinoma cell lines for the selection of several lead anti-cancer molecules. Two such new cancer molecules are in preclinical stages of development.

Using natural product inspired drug discovery platform, Renovel is at the forefront of discovering new class of molecules for major chronic health conditions.

Author(s) Details:

Biswajit Nag,
Renovel Innovations Inc. Bayside Technology Park, 46500 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538, USA.

Shayal Chandra,
Renovel Innovations Inc. Bayside Technology Park, 46500 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538, USA.

Hee Jee Yoon,
Renovel Innovations Inc. Bayside Technology Park, 46500 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538, USA.

Ganeshreddy Venumbaka,
Renovel Innovations Inc. Bayside Technology Park, 46500 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538, USA.

Atharva Sonune,
Renovel Innovations Inc. Bayside Technology Park, 46500 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538, USA.

Ananda Sen,
Renovel Innovations Inc. Bayside Technology Park, 46500 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12720

Prevalence of Malnutrition among People Living with Obesity and Hypertension in African Region | Chapter 1 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 The purpose concerning this review is to investigate the predominance and relationship betwixt malnutrition, metabolic syndrome, corpulence and hypertension and to provide more evidence justifying the administration of cardio-metabolic problems in obese hypertensive things.The prevalence of hunger among people endure obesity and hypertension signifies the place of cardio-metabolic problems with 0besity and hypertension. Obesity can bring about a form of malnutrition from excess body fat and overkill or inadequate micronutrient consumption. This nutritional paradox can infuriate hypertension and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Factors donating to this issue include poor able to be consumed choices, limited approach to nutritious foods, metabolic determinants, and medications. Addressing hunger in obese hypertensive individuals is important for promoting their health and lowering complications, stressing the need for adequate diet, physical activity, and pressure management.Obesity is a growing community health problem and should be preserved in mind when treating inmates with hypertension because it is a forceful predictor of uncontrolled hypertension. As corpulence and its metabolic and vascular effects waited during the age, research has provided evidence justifying the administration of metabolic components in obese things.Obesity is a multi factorial pathology and chronic diet connected non-communicable ailment. The most widely used parameter for allure diagnosis is the body bulk index (BMI) which is not suitable for determining the body fat and different metabolic components. Obesity specifically intestinal obesity is an independent risk determinant for hypertension.Anthropometrics like the waist circumference, midriff to height percentage (WHtR), waist-hip percentage (WHR) and metabolic/biochemical components should be thought-out in the diagnosis of corpulence.

Author(s) Details:

Malachy Babangida Peter,
Department of Community and Public Health, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria and Department of Dietetics, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria and Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

Calvin Ronchen Wei,
Department of Research and Development, Shing Huei Group, Taipei, Taiwan.

Esegbue Peters,
Department of Community and Public Health, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria.

Charles Ofili,
Department of Community and Public Health, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria.

Ezekiel Uba Nwose,
Department of Community and Public Health, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria and School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Australia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V8/article/view/12407

Emerging Role of Irisin as Metabolic Marker of Peripheral Insulin Resistance | Chapter 6 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 Irisin a currently discovered exercise-induced myokine, raise mostly in wasted muscle and adipose fabric. It functions as a signaling molecule in metabolic managing and plays an important function in the field of exercise physiology. The men and females have variances in Irisin levels established hormonal profiles and body arrangement. Due to substantial effect of Irisin on metabolic syndrome has attracted the interest of researchers and clinicians.The involved function of irisin in coordinating a variety of corporal responses is explored, specifically its affect energy expenditure, fatty tissue renovation, and insulin sensitivity. Irisin as a riveting myokine that is to say triggered by exercise and released from the power to support organ and fabric physiology and enhance insulin operation by augmenting insulin receptor sensitivity. Understanding the irisin indicating pathways that regulates minor up-regulation of insulin activity in persons is crucial.

Author(s) Details:

K. A. Arul Senghor,
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, SRM IST, Chengalpattu, TN, India.

Renuka P.,
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, SRM IST, Chengalpattu, TN, India.

V. M. Vinodhini,
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, SRM IST, Chengalpattu, TN, India.

Nilofer Sagana M. K.,
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, SRM IST, Chengalpattu, TN, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V9/article/view/12254

Determining the Influence of the Ketogenic Diet on Metabolic Syndrome | Chapter 3 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 Metabolic disease (MetS) is a constellation of extreme blood pressure, hyperglycemia, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Its appearance makes the patient more likely for cardiovascular events. Its predominance has been recorded as 11%–41%. Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of not completely three of the following five medical environments: abdominal corpulence, high blood pressure, extreme blood sugar, extreme serum triglycerides, and depressed serum high-bulk lipoprotein (HDL). Metabolic syndrome is guide the risk of developing heart failure and type 2 diabetes. The incidence of corpulence, the metabolic syndrome, and its pathophysiologic results is on the rise general and has reached unacceptable levels in the majority of Westernized and economically advanced organizations. Obesity, hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hyperlipidemia accompanying reduced skin high bulk lipoprotein concentrations are often associated comorbidities of metabolic disease. Additionally, the condition is frequently followed with a ordinary finding of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance conventional of high-hydrogen diets. The incorporation of the insulin careful ketogenic diet as a dietary strategy for the situation of metabolic syndrome concede possibility bring about betterings in insulin action and substrate exercise in peripheral tissues with not completely a partial alternatively significant determination of the syndrome. Thus, the ketogenic diet in addition to reworking toward a healthy behavior and pharmacologic therapies have existed explored as potential mechanisms to resolve the pathophysiologic result of obesity and metabolic disease and their impact on the childbirth of healthcare. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a condition delineated as a clustering of risk factors that is to say strongly guide obesity, myocardial infarction, and diabetes. It has recently been supposed that the global predominance of MetS has reached epidemic levels containing the U.S.A., where it has existed estimated that 20% to 25% of the adult global community meets the diagnostic test for MetS, which grant permission be established when at least three of the five basic risk factors are present. The risk determinants include a big waistline (abdominal or instinctive obesity), extreme plasma triglyceride levels, depressed plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations, raised blood pressure, and fasting hyperglycemia. The standard and most direct treatments for MetS to date have happened incorporation of behavior changes, with dietary interferences being one of the main effective behavior modifications utilized to treat two together obesity and MetS. The Ketogenic Diet (KD) is one digestive intervention that concede possibility have the potential to improve MetS risk determinants. Historically, one of the primary uses of the KD has happened to treat epilepsy, nevertheless, there is solid evidence that it may also help to help other environments and illnesses, containing obesity and MetS. Despite this potential, sure dietary misconceptions grant permission have prevented or restricted further research on the KD applications to pressure control and use of the KD, particularly the emergence of the nationwide dietary directions that have now advanced a low-fat, extreme-carbohydrate diet for several decades. The purpose concerning this paper is to conduct a review of the information regarding MetS, the KD, and the associations of the KD as a treatment for obesity and MetS. Existing research is orderly reviewed concerning the KD’s potential to address MetS and MetS risk factors. The results of the review signify the validity of the diet and the need for further research on the KD and its potential to address the benefits, potential risks and dispassionate efficacy of the KD on lowering the pathophysiologic sequalae of obesity and MetS. MetS = Metabolic Syndrome, KD = ketogenic diet, KB = ketone frames, including metabolic shreds acetoacetate (AcAc),3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), and acetone, PSMF = Protein Sparing Modified Fast, HDL, HDL-C= plasma extreme density cholesterol lipoprotein, LDL, LDL-C = reduced density cholesterol lipoprotein, TG, TRIG = body tissue triglycerides, CRP = C-reactive protein, GLUT4 = Glucose Transporter 4, and insulin- linked natural entity, ATP = Adenosine tri-phosphate, a extreme energy phosphate, CCK = cholecystokinin, CR = calorie limited diet, LFD = low fat diet, LCKD = reduced calorie ketogenic diet, BP = blood pressure; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic ancestry pressure, A(1c) = glycosylated hemoglobin part, NHLBI = National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health.

Author(s) Details:

Michael E. Anderson,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, MSR1110, British West Indies.

Orien L. Tulp,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, MSR1110, British West Indies.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V6/article/view/12140

A Study of the Correlation between Pulmonary Function Test and Different Components of Metabolic Syndrome in South Indian Patients with Metabolic Syndrome | Chapter 13 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 This episode aims to determine the connection between Metabolic syndrome and Pulmonary function in cases with metabolic disease as well as association 'tween different parts of metabolic syndrome concerning impairment of pulmonary function test.Metabolic syndrome has happened linked to pulmonary dysfunction. However, skilled is inadequate data, specifically in Indians, on the connection accompanying individual components of metabolic condition and the overall effect on multiple components of pulmonary function.This cross-divided study was carried out in the Department of General Medicine at Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India. The study was comprising 50 subjects with metabolic disease.An unpaired t-test and Pearson's prejudiced correlation cooperative were used to assess the relationship 'tween the various components of the metabolic syndrome and the pulmonary function tests, which were executed to all of the individuals.Females revealed moderately negative meaningful correlations between compulsory vital competency (FVC) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), abstaining blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG),midriff circumference (WC) and bulk mass index (BMI) whereas a definite weak non-meaningful correlation was seen 'tween FVC and High-densitylipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), while no specific relation was establish with forced expiratory capacity in one second (FEV1).In men, there was a negative, moderately important association 'tween FVC and FBS, but a strong, helpful, significant link between FVC and WC and betwixt FVC and BMI. FEV1 and WC had a negative, marginally important connection, as did FEV1 and BMI.Our study erect that FBS and WC significantly diminished FVC in both sexes, while additional metabolic syndrome factors had a kind of significant influence on FVC and no effect on FEV1, displaying a restrictive pattern of pulmonary function derangement. Insulin fighting could likely be a ruling contributing determinant. In order to determine if there are direct or unintended processes via that insulin resistance could impact pulmonary function, supplementary research with more generous sample numbers is required.

Author(s) Details:

Sudha Karbari,
Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V6/article/view/10994

Determination of Metabolic Syndrome among North Indian Adolescents| Chapter 4 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 The current review meant to appraise the commonness of MS utilizing pediatric International Diabetic Federation (IDF) definition and contrast it and evaluations of Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) definition among young people in Northern India. The beginning of metabolic condition (MS) in youngsters and teenagers is altogether expanded by adolescence stoutness. Studies are expected to decide the frequency of these metabolic irregularities in the adolescent populace because of the critical commonness of insulin obstruction and MS in the Indian grown-up populace. At a sum of 899 teenagers going to class (matured 10-18 years) partook in this populace based planned review. All the clinical and biochemical appraisal were finished after appropriate assent. The not set in stone by the National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III definition adjusted for age and pediatric IDF definition. The commonness of MS was 3.5% as per ATP III measures and 1.5% in view of IDF models. No critical distinction in sexual orientation was seen in the circulation of MS. Hypertriglyceridemia was the most widely recognized and stomach heftiness the most un-normal constituent of MS. This study gives the primary appraisals of MS involving pediatric IDF definition in the young adult populace from Northern India. Quick way of life alterations are expected to control the weight plague and its metabolic outcomes. Besides, research is had to know the impacts of adolescence on stoutness and its late results.

Author(s) Details:

Riyaz Ahmad Bhat,
Department of General Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

Irshad Paray,
Department of General Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

Showkat Zargar,
Department of Gastroenterelogy, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

Ashraf Ganie,
Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

Imran Khan,
Department of General Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Srinagar, Kashmir, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V4/article/view/8002

Combined Intranasal Insulin/Saxagliptin/Metformin Therapies Ameliorates the Effect of Combined Oral Contraceptives (Cos)-Induced Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) with a Major Target on Glucose Metabolism in Adult Female Wistar Rats: A Recent Study | Chapter 10 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

This study's goal is to assess the impact of long-term usage of combination oral contraceptives (COC; ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) on metabolic syndrome indicators in adult female wistar rats, as well as any potential therapeutic treatment.

64 female Wistar rats were given either distilled water, Norethindrone, COC, Intranasal Insulin, Saxagliptin, Metformin, or INI+MET or INI+SAX in this study. After 8 weeks of COC exposure, the mice were separated into therapeutic groups. Indicators such as changes in body weight, insulin levels, inflammatory cytokines, glycated haemoglobin (Hb1Ac), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were assessed. Treatment with INI+SAX and INI+MET considerably decreased FBG and Hb1Ac levels, while also significantly raising insulin levels in the INI+MET groups (p (leq) 0.05). Analysis of the serum lipid profile showed a statistically significant decrease in HDL levels, which were significantly increased in the INI+SAX group. In the INI+MET group, the decreased catalase activity shown in the COC group was reversed (p (leq) 0.05). The effects of COC therapy on the level of TNF-(alpha) were not significantly increased, while the effects of INI and INI + MET were. It has been proven that using MET, SAX, and INI together can reverse a number of MetS indices. This project will include a clinical phase to support and validate the preclinical findings.

Author(s) Details:

Saheed Olanrewaju Afolabi,

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Joy Folahan,

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Olalekan Agede,

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Olufunke Olorundare,

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V12/article/view/7279

Determination of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Metabolic Syndrome Patients| Chapter 7 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.9

The purpose of the study is to establish the connection of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with metabolic syndrome patients in order to estimate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in metabolic syndrome patients in the South Indian population who have already been diagnosed. Learn about the association between metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as its general characteristics. To identify potential steatohepatitis risk factors in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome, as well as steatohepatitis risk categories in these individuals. There is an increase in the incidence of all metabolic syndrome components, as well as changes in biochemical markers, in cases of nonalcoholic fatty liver.

Author(s) Details:

Pinky Karam,
Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (Affiliated to Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

B. Shanthi,
Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (Affiliated to Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Mary Chandrika,
Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (Affiliated to Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V9/article/view/5967

 

Integrated Risk Assessment Coupled with Molecular Detection Platform Enhance Personalized Health Care in Metabolic Disorders | Chapter 13 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterised by multidimensional metabolic dysfunction caused by endothelium and beta cell malfunction, as well as regulatory molecular dysfunction caused by stress, lifestyle, food, and physical inactivity anchored in the insulin signalling network. It is caused by both environmental and genetic changes, which may play a role in the development of secondary disease as a risk barrier for microvascular disorders such coronary artery disease, hypertension, obesity, stroke, and dyslipidemia. It's also worth noting that T2DM is a risk factor for mental illness accompanied by cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using integrated multi-omics techniques, new evidence suggests that the interrelationship between metabolic syndrome and mental disorders involves multiple biological interfaces and connectivity. This review summarises that these categories include core omics strategy, genomics, transcriptomic, and proteomics; advanced omics applications, such as nutrigenomics, and metabolomics, to better understand pathobiology in metabolic illness and improve prediction skill set of T2DM with complicated genetic background and heterogeneity traits. Diagnostic indicators such as glucose concentrations and haemoglobin A1c are being employed in the blood to predict the state of metabolic surveillance. The human whole genome sequencing project ushered in the post-genomic era. Diet and lifestyle have exhibited dual qualities to be employed in customised dietary medicine as treatment guidance and precision medicine for health surveillance, both of which are dependent on genetic diversity as illustrated by gene-diet interaction. Molecular-based risk assessment using Omics methods such as nutrigenomics and metabolomics can help forecast and prevent health difficulties caused by environmental risk and exposure in people who have adapted to the new post-industrialized niche.

Author(S) Details

Sylvester Ndimele
Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.

Miranda L. Carpenter
Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.

Jae-Hyeon Cho
Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Collegeof Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea.

Diane E. Heck
Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.

Hong Duck Kim
Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V3/article/view/5889

Proposal for the Modification of Plant Proteins in Order to Release Bioactive Peptides against Metabolic Syndrome | Chapter 6 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 10

 Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance are among the illnesses that make up the metabolic syndrome. Its treatment is centred on lifestyle changes, although this approach frequently fails to improve metabolic syndrome signs over time. The sequences of certain representative vegetable proteins were investigated in order to uncover bioactive peptides with activity against metabolic syndrome illnesses. Legumin (chickpea), glutelin type A-2 (chickpea), glutelin type B-2 (rice), prolamin PPROL 17 (maize), and glutelin (rice) are five proteins that have shown to have a strong potential for preventing metabolic syndrome. After simulating gastrointestinal digestion, we created and assessed in silico alterations to their amino acid sequence to release bioactive peptides (SGD). The method described here enables the creation of proteins that could be used to treat metabolic syndrome, which can then be produced and studied afterwards. These proteins can be made through heterologous expression in bacteria or yeast, and in the long run, transgenic plants could be used to make them. These proteins may be employed as functional meals in the future.

Author(S) Details

Diego Armando Maldonado-Torres
Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIBA-IPN, Carretera estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla 90700, Tlaxcala, México.

D. Alejandro Fernández-Velasco
Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04510, México.

Gema Morales-Olán
Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIBA-IPN, Carretera estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla 90700, Tlaxcala, México.

Flor de Fátima Rosas-Cárdenas
Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIBA-IPN, Carretera estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla 90700, Tlaxcala, México.

Silvia Luna-Suárez
Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIBA-IPN, Carretera estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, Tepetitla 90700, Tlaxcala, México.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V10/article/view/4887