Targeting Molecular Pathways for Atopic Dermatitis Therapy: An Overview | Chapter 8 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 3

 

This study provides a review of Molecular Pathways and the Future Therapeutic Implications for Atopic Dermatitis. No available treatments can provide long-term remission for patients with moderate to severe Atopic Dermatitis (AD) creating a large unmet need for effective systemic treatment. Together with asthma and allergic rhinitis, it constitutes the “Atopic Triad”. The important factors and related mechanisms for AD are the following: (a) Genetic, (b) Neurohumoral, (c) Skin barrier dysfunction, and (d) Immunological mechanisms. Much progress has been made in the understanding of its genetic background and pathophysiology through studies in genetics, epidemiology, and immunology. The cellular interactions, molecular events, and pathways for the pathogenesis of AD were integrated into a hypothesis and reported recently. As the new insights into the immune and molecular pathways of AD increase, a variety of experimental agents, particularly biological agents that target pathogenic molecules bring promise of safe and effective therapeutics. Some of the most promising biological therapies that are in development or in clinical trials are based on principles as the following: Barrier repair, Allergen-specific immunotherapy, Targeted Immunomodulating Therapies (TIT) (Anti-IgE therapy, Anti-CD20, Inhibition of T-cell responses, Th2-cell inhibition strategies/ Anti IL-4 therapies, Anti IL-5 strategies, Anti IL-31), Targeting Th22, Targeting Th17/IL-12/IL-23 pathway, Recombinant IFN-y, Anti IL-6R, Anti TNF agents, Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, PPAR-gamma agonists.

All these biological therapies are at different phases of clinical trials. There has been a growing trend toward the use of targeted therapies in treating AD in recent years.  These biological agents would potentially hold great promise for the treatment of AD if they can offer advantages, i.e. low toxicity, good efficacy, improved patient compliance via weekly/biweekly/and even monthly administration, reduction of disease activity, relapse prevention, etc. In Summary, the recent advances in understanding the immunopathogenic mechanisms provide an opportunity for the development of biological therapies directed at pathways driving AD. This is possibly the beginning of an exciting era in AD therapeutics with the impending availability of drugs having low toxicity and increased patient compliance. These expected drugs will not only treat this disease but also prevent the development and relapse of new skin lesions. In this article, attempts have been made to provide an updated account of these new possibilities. The recent advances in our understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms implicated in AD provide an opportunity for the development of biological therapies directed at pathways driving AD.

 

Author (s) Details

 

ASM Giasuddin
Medical Research Unit (MRU), MHWT, Plot-4 Road-9 Sector-1, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh.

 

Shafiqul Islam
Department of Dermatology, Medical College for Women & Hospital (MCW&H), MRU, MHWT Plot-4 Road-9 Sector-1, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh.

 

Khadija Akther Jhuma
Department of Biochemistry, MCW&H, Member Secretary, MRU, MHWT Plot-4 Road-9 Sector-1, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh.

 

AM Mujibul Haq
Department of Medicine, MCW&H & Chairman Projects and Chairman, MRU, MHWT, Plot-4 Road-9 Sector-1, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v3/2459

Pyometra and Ovariohysterectomy: Effects on Acute Phase Response and Serum Biomarkers in Female Dogs | Chapter 7 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 10

Pyometra, a severe uterine infection, triggers a systemic inflammatory response characterized by elevated levels of acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and Serum Amyloid A (SAA). The subsequent ovariohysterectomy, necessary for treating pyometra, introduces additional stress, further influencing these biomarkers and various biochemical parameters.

 

This chapter examines changes in CRP, SAA, and other biochemical markers in female dogs diagnosed with pyometra compared to healthy controls. The findings underscore the importance of monitoring these biomarkers for diagnostic and management purposes, providing veterinarians with critical information for effective treatment and care. The study highlights the complexity of the acute phase response and its role in understanding the broader implications of infection, inflammation, and surgical intervention in veterinary practice.

 

Key observations include a significant increase in leukocytes, fibrinogen, and CRP levels in dogs with pyometra. Additionally, a strong positive correlation was found between CRP and fibrinogen, and between fibrinogen and leukogram parameters. The study concludes that analyzing leukocytes, fibrinogen, and CRP can be recommended as supplementary examinations for diagnosing the inflammatory process in bitches with pyometra. Furthermore, the research suggests potential novel applications of acute phase proteins in monitoring stress and overall health in laboratory animal medicine.

 

Overall, this comprehensive examination provides valuable insights into the systemic effects of pyometra and ovariohysterectomy, emphasizing the significance of acute phase proteins as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in veterinary medicine.

 

Author(s) Details

 Nejra Hadzimusic
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

 

Dzenita Hadzijunuzovic Alagic
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v10/1965

Positive Impacts of Olive Oil Enriched with Lycopene on the Plasma Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Status of Hypercholesterolemic Patients | Chapter 2 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 10

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is responsible for several cardiovascular events such as ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and ischemic stroke. Olive oil and lycopene are foods that have potent antioxidant activity. The objective was to determine the effects of consumption of olive oil enriched with lycopene on oxidative stress biomarkers in hypercholesterolemic subjects. The study product sample “lycopene-olive oil” consisted of virgin olive oil enriched with lycopene (350 mg/L). Patients (n = 80) were recruited from the town of Moralzarzal, Madrid, Spain, including healthy men and women with cholesterol levels over 220 mg/dL. The effects of oil enriched with lycopene extract daily intake were examined for 1 month on plasma antioxidant capacity, lipid profile (triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, HDL-C; LDL-C, ox-LDL), biomarkers of oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers related to atherosclerosis risk (C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6; sDC4L) in subjects with hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol > 220 mg/dL). In the group consuming olive oil-lycopene, significant increases (p < 0.05) in the levels of plasma lycopene concentration (0.146 ± 0.03 versus 0.202 ± 0.04 (µmol/L)), α-carotene (0.166 ± 0.064 versus 0.238 ± 0.07) and β-carotene (0.493 ± 0.187 versus 0.713 ± 0.221) were observed. These results are linked with the increases of plasma antioxidants and decrease in biomarkers of oxidative stress (carbonyl groups, malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine) observed in the hypercholesterolemic group. In relation to the lipid profile, a significant decrease was observed in the levels of ox-LDL (781 ± 302 versus 494 ± 200), remaining unchanged in the levels of TG, cholesterol, HDL and LDL-C. Regarding inflammatory biomarkers, the levels of CRP and IL-6 decreased significantly. The positive results obtained in this study support the use of olive oil enriched with lycopene to reduce the risk of coronary disease. The results also indicate that triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels did not change significantly. However, ox-LDL levels decreased significantly only in the group supplemented with lycopene-olive oil. In conclusion, this study suggests that foods containing olive oil and lycopene can significantly contribute to reducing LDL-induced oxidative stress.

 

Author (s) Details

Meryem El Ouardi
Predepartmental Unit of Medicine, Physiology Section, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Jaume I, 12006, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.

 

Guillem Garcia-Llorens
Predepartmental Unit of Medicine, Physiology Section, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Jaume I, 12006, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.

 

Victoria Valls-Belles
Predepartmental Unit of Medicine, Physiology Section, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Jaume I, 12006, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v10/5033

Unveiling a Beginning of New Entity from COVID-19: Chronic Viral Systemic Inflammatory Syndrome | Chapter 9 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 6

The emergence of the novel coronavirus strain SARS-COV-2 has resulted in the accumulation of critically ill patients in hospital beds across the globe. Since the emergence of SARS-COV-2, many updates and assumptions are being discussed based on the emerging understanding of the pathophysiology and outcomes of the infection. The host immune response is the critical factor in disease severity and the unique immune response of each individual has resulted in a broad spectrum of disease severity and clinical presentations. This review aims to identify the potential immune pathways that may lead to the development of chronic systemic inflammatory diseases post-SARS-Cov-2 infection. In this article, combining the emerging knowledge on the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 infection with insights into the underlying mechanisms of certain autoimmune and chronic Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases we propound our hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection produces chronic viral inflammatory syndrome. This study concludes that the breadth of the current SARS-Cov-2 pandemic may require a closer examination of the underlying mechanisms, preventive measures, diagnostic methods, and interventions for post-viral systemic chronic inflammatory sequelae. Thus follow-up of COVID-19 survivors is indispensable to fully appreciate and mitigate a deleterious pile-up of patients with chronic diseases precipitated by the pandemic.

 

Author (s) Details

Dharma Saranya Gurusamy
DME Chennai-600010, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vasuki Selvamurugesan
DME Chennai-600010, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Swaminathan Kalyanasundara
DME Chennai-600010, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Shantaraman Kalyanaraman
DME Chennai-600010, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v6/7590B

Therapeutic Effects of Asparagus officinalis Extract on Carrageenan-Induced Allergic Asthma in Swiss Albino Mice | Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 3

Background: Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory alteration of lung airways stimulated by immune-mediated reactions. The most represented symptoms of asthma are cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath and wheezing.

Purpose: To determine the inhibitory effect of Asparagus officinalis extract (AOE) on allergic asthma induced by carrageenan (CGN).

Methods: Forty male mice were divided into 4 groups: the 1st group was untreated control; the 2nd group was treated orally and daily with 500 mg/kg AOE for one week; the 3rd group was treated with a single dose of CGN 2 % w/v (200 µL/mice) intraperitoneally and left for one week; while the 4th group was treated first with CGN as in the 3rd group and treated with AOE as in the 2nd group after CGN injection for one week. After treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were subjected to white blood cell count. IL-6 and TNF-α was measured in the lung homogenate while histopathological analysis was performed for lung samples.

Results: A single dose of CGN resulted in a significant increase in white blood cell (WBC) count and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (490) and TNF-α (980) pg/ml; p = 0). Histopathological analysis showed severe lung alterations such as accumulation of infiltration cells that blocked alveolar sacs, and over-secretion of collagenous fibers, extracellular matrix, and hyaline membranes. Moreover, treatment with AOE after CGN injection significantly reduced WBC count (14x109) (p = 0) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 (300) and TNF-α (830)pg/ml) that were raised by CGN (p = 0). Furthermore, AOE reduced the pathological signs that were induced by the matrix, and to the improvement of lung function and reduction of collagenous fibers and hyaline membranes.

Conclusion: Carrageenan is an allergen-induced inflammatory agent and causes marked pathological alterations, thereby increasing pulmonary pathological scarring in addition to increasing the WBC count and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Asparagus officinalis extract reduces the allergic effect and lung pathological signs induced by CGN. Since AOE inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines, it has the potential to be developed as a source of active pharmaceutical ingredients for the management of lung and airway injury.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Doaa M Elnagar
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia and Zoology Department, Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

 

Sarah A Banaeem
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Wejdan S AL-Qahtani
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Norah M Al- Qahtani
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ahmed M Rady
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Khalid E Ibrahim
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Aisha H Alqarni
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Shaden A Alshareef
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Samiah A Almalki
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Nuha M Alabdulhadi
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v3/4112

Examining Cytokines Levels in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome and Non-metabolic Syndrome | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 1

Background: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by abnormalities in blood pressure, blood sugar, waist circumference, and cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Cytokines, produced by immune system cells, act as messengers to regulate inflammation and immune response. Studies have demonstrated the contribution of cytokines to metabolic syndrome. Inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) have been associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, a hallmark of the condition.

Aim: The unique aspect of this study is its primary focus on determining whether there is a distinction in inflammatory markers between individuals with metabolic syndrome and those without the condition.

Material and Methods: The study included 50 patients with metabolic syndrome and 50 healthy controls. The research was conducted at Indore Index Medical College & Research Centre. After obtaining approval, the study’s researchers commenced their work. Each subject provided informed consent prior to the study. Individuals with type 1 diabetes or clinical symptoms for fewer than five years and documented T2DM duration were excluded. Healthy controls (non-metabolic syndrome) were individuals without diabetes, multivitamin use, or comorbidities.

Statistical Analysis: Regressions were used to determine the relationship between two variables. Additionally, percentages were calculated. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered significant.

Conclusion: The significance of these results cannot be overstated. The study’s findings unequivocally demonstrate that both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of secondary illnesses associated with metabolic syndrome. The study concluded that both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a role in the development of secondary conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, these analyzed cytokines may serve as biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of secondary complications in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Lingidi Jhansi Lakshmi
Department of Biochemistry, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Rourkela, India.

 

Doddigarla Zephy
Department of Biochemistry, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Rourkela, India.

 

Abdul Rab Alli
Department of Biochemistry, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v1/3864

T Cell Orchestration: Understanding the Immune Symphony in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Chapter 10 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder and one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in young adults. It is now equally prevalent in Western countries as well as in Asian countries. Immune dysregulation in the GI tract incited by various pathogenic stimuli has also gained great attention from researchers in the field of IBD. Recently, there has been an increasing IBD burden in low- to middle-income countries as opposed to the earlier notion of this being a disease of affluence. It occurs due to a variety of factors, namely, local immune alteration, disruption, and inflammation of the mucosa, environmental factors, microbial commensals, and pathogen-induced genetic predisposition or genetic alteration in protective factors, etc. IBD majorly includes two forms of disease, namely, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). UC presents as mucosal inflammation, particularly involving the colon, while CD manifests as patchy inflammation within the proximal colon, mainly the ileum.

So far, an exact etiopathogenesis of IBD is yet to be completely elucidated. Several recent research have emphasized the role of altered innate and humoral immunity in its causation, many of them based on animal models of IBD. Due to the poor understanding of its etiopathogenesis, IBD is still a challenge for the treating clinicians leading to persistent and recurrent disease in many cases.

Immune dysregulation in the GI tract incited by various pathogenic stimuli has gained great attention from researchers in the field of IBD. This review focuses on highlighting the role of various T cell subsets, their interplay, and associated  cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBD along with a short description of genetic as well as other immunological factors. This will help to assess the Th lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) and associated cytokines involved in the etiopathogenesis of IBD. A better understanding of the pathogenic factors and subsequent randomized controlled trials targeting these factors is prudent for better therapeutic approaches for IBD. Immune dysregulation and its clear understanding will help to address this prevalent disease more precisely.

Author(s) Details:

Shreekant Bharti,
Department of Pathology/Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, India.

Mridushri Bharti,
Department of Microbiology, Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13221

The Role of Interleukin-12 Cytokines in Periodontitis Pathogenesis | Chapter 4 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

 Every instigative process is fueled by a cascade of instigative mediators. Periodontitis is a common angering condition that affects people general. The causative microorganisms release chemicals that mobilize the innate invulnerable system, causing it to hide proinflammatory cytokines, which aid in further progress. This activates the acquired invulnerable system, making further damage to the periodontal attachment apparatus. The cytokines freed by the invulnerable response can cause supplementary damage to the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone as the invulnerable response advances. Cytokines of various sorts have existed associated with periodontitis.Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a strong harmful impetus in the pathophysiology of many inflammatory afflictions. Increased levels of IL-12 in blood and gingival crevicular fluid have existed linked to the severity of periodontitis. However, the distinguishing role of IL-12 in periodontitis debris uncertain. This member will focus on IL-12 cytokines as instigative mediators in periodontal disease. It describes the pathophysiology of periodontitis and the key instigative mediators.

Author(s) Details:

Nada Tawfig Hashim,
Rak College of Dental Science, Rak Medical Health Sciences University, Ras-Al-Khaimah, UAE.

Mohammed Mustahsen Rehman,
Rak College of Dental Science, Rak Medical Health Sciences University, Ras-Al-Khaimah, UAE.

Bakri Gobara Gismalla,
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V3/article/view/12366

A Critical Examination of the Potential Benefits of Theophylline on Extended Acute Inflammation in Old Age | Chapter 15 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 This episode presents a critical review of the potential benefits of theophylline by way of to reduce the burden of post-acute redness in older age groups. A supporting-inflammatory state often perseveres, or is extended, following in position or time sepsis, trauma and added acute sicknesses in old age, particularly above the age of 80 age. The presence of swelling at above-baseline amplitudes or excessive event is associated with a bigger likelihood of delirium, eating disorder, unplanned burden loss, lethargy, despair, weakness and added markers of weakness. There is also an association accompanying less favourable clinical consequences and a higher risk of losing individual independence. Theophylline has happened shown to have an anti-instigative effect, probably arbitrated through the induction of histone deacetylase-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid switching in invulnerable competent cells, that has happened observed at basic and whole organism levels. The main effects are a decline in the production and release of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6, accompanying a sequential fall in CRP and increase in IL-10, and a change of invulnerable cells to their antagonistic-inflammatory phenotypes. This occurs when theophylline levels are between 5 and 10 mg/L, which is inferior the range for bronchodilators (10 to 15 mg/L) and presents a relatively reduced risk of toxicity. We hypothesize that low-measure theophylline treatment likely to elderly subjects accompanying acute swelling, for example due to respiring infection, septicaemia or damage, will change the setting of their biochemical status from an incorrectly extended supporting-inflammatory pattern toward a more normalized baseline pattern and therefore reduce the risk of unfavorable clinical outcomes.

Author(s) Details:

S. C. Allen,
University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

G. T. C. Wong,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

D. Tiwari,
University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

A. Khattab,
Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

J. S. K. Kwan,
Imperial College London, London, UK.

M. Vassallo,
University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, UK and Centre for Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V3/article/view/10890

Recent study on Laboratory Development Cellular Immune Features and Immune Interference of Prototype Eschericia Coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Combined Bacterins in a Lapin Model| Chapter 7 | Issues and Development in Health Research Vol. 4

 Bacterial vaccinations, often known as bacterins, have both preventative and therapeutic properties. Autogenous bacterins, on the other hand, are critical in specific clinical situations, such as severe urinary tract infections. The purpose of this study was to look at the development, cellular immunological characteristics, and immune interference of E.coli and P.aeruginosa in rabbits. On a laboratory scale, single E.coli and P. aeruginosa strains, as well as balanced [1xE-1xP,2xE-2x P strength] and unbalanced [1xE-2xP, 2xE-1xP strength] heat killed bacterin combinations, were generated, developed, and evaluated. Pure, safe, antigenic, and immunogenic developmental traits were discovered. The combination of bacterins resulted inIL10 mean levels were greater than normal. IL2 concentration mean values are greater in 2x strength bacterin combinations than in single bacterin and control. Both unbalanced bacterin combinations increased TNF alpha concentrations more than a single bacterin or the control. In practise, immune interference in rabbits primed with the study bacterin combination resulted in one of three outcomes: one dampens the other, one enhances the other, and one has no effect. Immune interference took the form of one cytokine response enhancing the other, such as IL2 and IL10 responses. In cases of Pseudomonas lung and urinary tract infections, the current findings are novel.

Author(s) Details

Prof. Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa
Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, University of Qasim, Qasim, Babylon, Iraq. HIlla University College, Rarengia, Babylon, Iraq.

Ferial J. Abd
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq.

Assel H. Neama
HIlla University College, Rarengia, Babylon, Iraq.


View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDHR-V4/article/view/3375

Targeted Immunotherapy in Urological Malignancies | Chapter 14 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 The treatment of urological cancers has been transformed by targeted immunotherapy. The method attempts to mimic the immune system's natural ability to eliminate cancer cells. This can be accomplished by the use of non-specific treatments like recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or particular agents such immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and anti-tumor vaccines. The use of BCG to prevent tumour recurrence and progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has been a huge success (NMIBC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently been utilised to degrade muscle. invasive (MIBC) to non-invasive (NMIBC) or even cure in clinical trials. In advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and refractory germ cell tumour of the testis, the ICI has demonstrated a good response. Pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and ipilimumab were found to be more effective than sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is now the standard of therapy for advanced RCC. The US Federal Drug Administration Agency has approved Sipuleucel-T, an autologous prostatic acid phosphatase dendritic cell loaded vaccination, for CRPC. Immunotherapy comes with controllable side effects such infusion responses and immune-related adverse events. invasive (MIBC) to NMIBC or even achieved cure at the level of clinical trials. The ICI has shown a positive response in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), refractory germ cell tumour of the testis. The ICI such as pembrolizumab, atezolizumab and ipilimumab achieved better response than sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor; which is the standard of care in advanced RCC. Sipuleucel-T, an autologous prostatic acid phosphatase dendritic cell loaded vaccine, has been approved by US Federal Drug Administration Agency for CRPC. Immunotherapy is associated with manageable toxicity such as infusion reactions and immune-related adverse event which respond to the use of corticosteroids with or without cessation of the therapy

Author (S) Details

Dr. Abubakar Sadiq Muhammad
Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V13/article/view/1553

In vitro Studies on Proliferation and Production of Cytokine and IgG by Human PBMCs Stimulated with Polysaccharide Extract from Plants Endemic to Gabon | Chapter 8 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 Polysaccharides were collected from seven Gabonese plants to investigate their immunological capacity. Proliferation, cytokine, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) assays in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (5 105 cells/mL) were performed after stimulation with different concentrations of polysaccharide fractions, compared to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and concanavalin A (ConA) from healthy volunteers. The culture supernatants were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect cytokines and IgG. (ELISA). Pectin and hemicellulose extracts from Uvaria klainei, Petersianthus macrocarpus, Trichoscypha addonii, and Aphanocalyx microphyllus were found to be effective. For IL-12 (3–40 pg/mL), IL-10 (6–443 pg/mL), IL-6 (7–370 pg/mL), GM-CSF (3–170 pg/mL), and IFN- (5–80 pg/mL), Librevillea klaineana, Neochevalierodendron stephanii, and Scorodophloeus zenkeri induced output levels that were variable from one Only Aphanocalyx microphyllus hemicelluloses contain a small amount of IgG (OD = 0.034), but cells stimulated with these polysaccharides proliferate up to 318 percent faster than cells that are not stimulated. When the pectin of some of these plants was treated with endopolygalacturonase, however, the proliferation of PBMCs was stopped (p 0.05). However, both before and after enzymatic treatment or saponification, the pattern of cytokine synthesis remained the same. These polysaccharides appear to stimulate cells in a structure-dependent manner, according to this research. The rhamnogalacturonan-I (RGI) fragment did not induce PBMC proliferation on its own. Polysaccharides' immunostimulatory properties are confirmed in this review.

Author (s) Details

Line Edwige Mengome
Institutde Pharmacopée et de MédecineTraditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), BP 1935 Libreville, Gabon and Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.

Aline Voxeur
Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.

Jean Paul Akue
Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.

Patrice Lerouge
Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, IRIB, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V4/article/view/908