Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum ZS62 in a Mouse Model of Colitis | Chapter 4 | Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Functional Foods

 

Lactobacillus plantarum belongs to the genus Lactobacillus, which is the largest genus of lactic acid bacteria. Previous research revealed that L. plantarum  ZS62 has a protective effect on the stomach, and the stomach and intestine are often considered to be two inseparable organs that ensure the normal function of the gut. In this study, a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mouse model was established to investigate the preventive effect of Lactobacillus plantarum ZS62 against IBD, with a focus on its modulatory roles in oxidative stress and immune responses. The alleviative effect of this strain on IBD was evaluated by assessing colon length, histopathological alterations, serum antioxidant capacity, inflammatory cytokine levels, as well as mRNA and protein expression of relevant genes in colon tissues. The results demonstrated that L. plantarum ZS62 significantly alleviated colon shortening and reduced histological damage in IBD mice. It downregulated serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-12, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and decreased the relative mRNA and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-12, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) in colon tissues. Conversely, L. plantarum ZS62 upregulated serum levels of catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and IL-10, and enhanced the expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), CAT, IL-10, and inhibitor of κB-α (IκB-α) at both transcriptional and protein levels in the colon. In summary, Lactobacillus plantarum ZS62 exerted a notable preventive effect against DSS-induced IBD by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, highlighting its potential as a probiotic candidate for intestinal health management.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Yanni Pan
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea.

 

Yujing Ning
Anorectal Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, People’s Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing 401320, China.

 

Jing Hu
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Zhiying Wang
School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040 Heilongjiang, China.

 

Xiufeng Chen
Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400044, China.

 

Xin Zhao
Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-0-3/CH4

Concurrent Immune Thrombocytopenia and Crohn’s Disease: A Review of Reported Cases |Chapter 4 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 

Background and Aim: The coexistence of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Crohn’s disease (CD) is not common. This review investigated studies involving cases of concurrent ITP and CD.

 

Methods: A literature search and review of studies on patients with comorbid ITP and CD, excluding those with drug- or vaccination-induced ITP, was conducted.

 

Results: Of the 32 cases included in this review, 17 (53.1%) were men, and 15 (46.9%) were women. Ten (31.3%) patients were initially diagnosed with ITP, and 12 (37.5%) with CD. Meanwhile, 10 (31.3%) patients were simultaneously diagnosed with ITP and CD. The development of ITP might be associated with CD aggravation in some cases. The standard therapeutic approaches for comorbid ITP and CD were glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulin, biologics, and splenectomy. However, ITP remission might be achieved with bowel resection for CD. No fatalities were reported.

 

Conclusion: In the reported cases of comorbid ITP and CD, no clear trends were observed regarding sex and preceding disease. Nevertheless, the prognosis in these cases can be favourable.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Toru Shizuma
Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143, Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v5/6056

 

Comorbid Cases of Immune Thrombocytopenia and Crohn’s Disease | Chapter 10 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 8

Background and Aim: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) does not commonly coexist with Crohn’s disease (CD). Therefore, this review aimed to investigate studies involving patients with comorbid ITP and CD.
 
Methods: A literature search and review was conducted for the patients with comorbid ITP and CD, excluding those with drug or vaccination-induced ITP.
 
Results and Conclusion: Among 26 cases included in this review, ITP, CD, and comorbid ITP and CD were initially diagnosed in 8, 10, and 8 cases, respectively. The onset of ITP might be associated with CD aggravation in some cases. Although standard therapies in comorbid ITP and CD cases were glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulin, biologics, and splenectomy, bowel resection for CD might achieve ITP remission in some cases. No fatalities were reported among 26 cases.

Author(s) Details:

Toru Shizuma,
Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143, Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V8/article/view/13523

An Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) | Chapter 6 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 8

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of intestinal diseases that cause prolonged inflammation of the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are two main types of IBD. Both usually involve severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss. The exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown. People who have a parent, sibling or child with IBD are at a much higher risk for developing it themselves. Chronic inflammation can lead to ulcers anywhere in the digestive tract, including the mouth and anus and in the genital area (perineum). IBD treatment usually involves either drug therapy or surgery. IBD can cause some discomfort, but there are ways an individual can manage the disease and still live a healthy, active lifestyle.

Author(s) Details:

Balwant Singh Gill,
SGRDH-Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology & Pancreatico - Biliary Sciences, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V8/article/view/13519

T Cell Orchestration: Understanding the Immune Symphony in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Chapter 10 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder and one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in young adults. It is now equally prevalent in Western countries as well as in Asian countries. Immune dysregulation in the GI tract incited by various pathogenic stimuli has also gained great attention from researchers in the field of IBD. Recently, there has been an increasing IBD burden in low- to middle-income countries as opposed to the earlier notion of this being a disease of affluence. It occurs due to a variety of factors, namely, local immune alteration, disruption, and inflammation of the mucosa, environmental factors, microbial commensals, and pathogen-induced genetic predisposition or genetic alteration in protective factors, etc. IBD majorly includes two forms of disease, namely, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). UC presents as mucosal inflammation, particularly involving the colon, while CD manifests as patchy inflammation within the proximal colon, mainly the ileum.

So far, an exact etiopathogenesis of IBD is yet to be completely elucidated. Several recent research have emphasized the role of altered innate and humoral immunity in its causation, many of them based on animal models of IBD. Due to the poor understanding of its etiopathogenesis, IBD is still a challenge for the treating clinicians leading to persistent and recurrent disease in many cases.

Immune dysregulation in the GI tract incited by various pathogenic stimuli has gained great attention from researchers in the field of IBD. This review focuses on highlighting the role of various T cell subsets, their interplay, and associated  cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBD along with a short description of genetic as well as other immunological factors. This will help to assess the Th lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs) and associated cytokines involved in the etiopathogenesis of IBD. A better understanding of the pathogenic factors and subsequent randomized controlled trials targeting these factors is prudent for better therapeutic approaches for IBD. Immune dysregulation and its clear understanding will help to address this prevalent disease more precisely.

Author(s) Details:

Shreekant Bharti,
Department of Pathology/Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, India.

Mridushri Bharti,
Department of Microbiology, Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital, Patna, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13221

Molecular Pathogenesis of Gut Microbiome Associated Colorectal Cancer: Recent Updates | Chapter 10 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality vary distinctly around the world. It is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in females and third in males while it ranked second in cancer-related deaths globally. Mutational landscape including chromosomal damage and microsatellite instability enabled to insignificant weightage about the survival of patients and their therapeutic response against CRC. Root cause of colorectal carcinogenesis has traditionally based on genetic alterations; however, in broader sense CRC advances as a result of complex communications between the microbiota, host mucosa, aberrant signaling, dietary components and inflammatory mediators. Additionally, it has increased risks combined with inflammatory bowel disease. Possible mechanism associated with CRC and microbial dysbiosis includes various bacterial signatures expose colonic mucosa via different metabolic and inflammatory stimuli, producing a proinflammatory state enabling DNA damage, aberrant signaling and ultimately CRC.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of gut microbiota in CRC pathogenesis in light of recent updates.

Methods: PubMed and google scholar databases and carried out selective literature review on contribution of gut microbiota and associated mechanism in pathogenesis of CRC.

Results: Under normal conditions gut microbiome act as barrier to other pathogens or infection in gastrointestinal tract but studies suggest change in microbial composition related to CRC progression. Imbalance in microbial composition is related with inflammation induced tumorigenesis and modulation of anti-cancer immune response. Thus, gut microbiota can be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and predict the effect of immunotherapy.

Conclusion: This review is focused on to dissect the role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites, signaling molecules and pro-inflammatory factors that directly or indirectly influencing the molecular carcinogenesis ultimately leading to CRC development. The recent updates will be benefited to many translational researchers as well as clinicians.

Author(s) Details:

Akansha Yadav,
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Rajendra Prakash Maurya,
Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Akhilendra Kumar Maurya,
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12728

In vivo Models of Chemically Induced Colitis for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Overview| Chapter 10 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 The most prevailing chronic gastrointestinal condition in teenagers and adolescents is Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). IBD is a group of reoccurring and transferring inflammatory gastrointestinal ailments, the most ordinary of which are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). IBD is a complex turmoil of intestinal invulnerable homeostasis from changes in intestinal barrier permeability and an weird immunological response to luminal microflora. Several animal models of IBD have existed established over the last 2-3 decades, helping in the identification of novel therapeutic marks and medication situations, as well as defining a device for abortive and safeguard medications. These animal models have given relevant knowledge in addition to a framework for seeing the effects of hormones, genes, and many environmental stimuli in the way that sound, light, etc. on the pathophysiology of IBD. This chapter aims to present ultimate popular chemically persuaded models of intestinal inflammation for the amount of new drugs. Each model outlined particular pathological traits of IBD, such as chronic redness, mucosal layer turmoil, increased gut permeability, etc. In addition to various IBD animal models, this study addressed the histological features of the affliction-related environments.

Author(s) Details:

Meenakshi Jaiswal,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

Nidhi Agrawal,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

Yogendra Kumar,
Shri Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Junvani, Bhilai, Durg (C.G.) - 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.

S. K. Lanjhiyana,
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)- 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V10/article/view/8804

Important Aspects of Toll-like Receptors: Signaling Pathways in Diseases | Book Publisher International

 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of receptors that serve as the body's first line of defence against microorganisms. They can detect invading pathogens as well as endogenous danger compounds generated by dying cells and damaged tissues, and they serve an important role in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs are found in a wide range of immune and non-immune cells. TLR expression and location are altered in response to pathogen-derived or damaged host-cell-derived chemicals. When ligands bind to TLR, they trigger intracellular signalling cascades that launch host defence responses. Recent research has discovered that gastrointestinal epithelial cells express nearly all TLR subtypes known to date, and that TLR expression and activation throughout the GI tract are closely regulated and coordinated. An excessive host defence reaction of the intestinal epithelium to endogenous luminal bacterial flora may be responsible for the initiation and persistence of inflammatory intestinal responses in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed constitutively in intestinal epithelial cell lines, and they appear to be essential regulators of the innate response system. Stomach epithelial cells are the first line of defence against H. pylori, and they respond to infection by triggering a series of cell signalling cascades that result in cytokine production and the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the gastric mucosa. Many of these cell signalling processes are mediated by pathogen recognition receptors from the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Signaling downstream of toll-like receptors on immunological and resident vascular cells can elicit proinflammatory cytokine release, lipid uptake, and foam cell production, as well as activate cells of the adaptive immune system, which can alter atherogenesis. TLR1, -2, -3, -4, and -6 are expressed by tubular epithelial cells, which suggests that these TLRs may have a role in the activation of immune responses in tubulointerstitial damage (e.g., bacterial pyelonephritis, sepsis, and transplant nephropathy). Several studies have revealed that Toll-like receptors are an important part of our microbial defence system, but their potential involvement as mediators in allergies and asthma has yet to be determined. Toll-like receptor 4, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor that initiates an inflammatory cascade in response to different CNS stimuli, is an essential contributor to microglial activation.

Author(S) Details

Najah R. Hadi
Professor and Consultant, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq.

Saad Rasool Shaker
Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Alnajaf Health Directorate, Iraq.

Nada R. Alharis
Professor of Diagnostic Radiology Faculty of Medicine University of Kufa Iraq.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IATLRSPD/article/view/3432

Metformin as an Adjuvant Therapy Attenuates Dextran Sulphate Sodium-induced Acute Colitis in Rats: A Recent Study | Chapter 3 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 The goal of this study is to see if patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are resistant to routine treatment. Immunosuppressive medications like sirolimus (SIR) and tacrolimus (TAC) have been proven to work. However, they have adverse effects that limit their use. Metformin (MET) is an anti-diabetic drug. medication, having anti-inflammatory properties that are promising. As a result, the goal of this research was to confirm the effect of the In the treatment of experimentally produced pain, concurrent administration of MET with SIR or TAC colitis is a disease that affects the digestive system. The Dextran sulphate (DSS) induced colitis model was used in this study.

Methodology: For 9 days, colitis was induced by giving 5 percent DSS in water twice a day via oral gavage. MET 200 mg/kg can be used alone or in conjunction with SIR. On day 7, 1 mg/kg or TAC 1 mg/kg was begun and continued for a total of 12 days. After that, histological and immunohistochemical staining of distal colon tissues was performed. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-17A were then evaluated in tissue homogenates. The effects of DSS and the levels of all proinflammatory cytokines were dramatically reduced by MET, SIR, or TAC. Furthermore, MET enhances the effects of SIR and TAC.

Conclusion: When it came to DSS-induced colitis, MET exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect. As a result, it could be a viable adjuvant therapy for IBD management. Inhibition of NF-B activation was one of the mechanisms behind the impact. This study can be utilized as a foundation for pilot clinical trials to examine the effect of MET on IBD, given the size of its efficacy and its safety profile. The findings of this study, however, need to be further confirmed and translated into clinical consequences.

Author (s) Details

Rania M. Magadmi
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Fahad H. Aljahdali
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Compliance Management at Directorate of Health Affairs in Jeddah City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Mustafa Alsawy
Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

Ahmed S. Ali
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Egypt.

Fatemah O. Kamel
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V3/article/view/1146

Highlights on the Inflammatory Bowel Disease, a Rare or under Diagnosed Disease in Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 4

Six Nigerians, consisting of 5 females and 1 male with confirmed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were recruited from a tertiary institution and two private hospitals in Lagos into this study from January 2001 to January 2014. Their ages at the time of first visit ranged from 27 to 65 years. They all had repeated bouts of bloody mucoid stools and abdominal pain plus or minus tenesmus requiring admission and fluid replacement. One of the cases even showed a total reversal of barium enema findings after the follow up treatment of oral sulphasalazine and prednisolone given. The four females and the male have remained relatively symptom free up to the time of their last visit in the follow up clinic, while one of the females was lost to follow up. This is a prospective case series that highlights the need for a high index of suspicion to make a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in an environment where the reported incidence is low. Its diagnosis requires a team approach between the gastroenterological surgeon, radiologist, gastroenterologist Physician and a sub-specialized pathologist. 

Author(s) Details

 Mobolaji Oludara
Department of Surgery, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria and Department of Surgery, Formerly Chief Consultant Surgeon, Eko Hospital Lagos, Nigeria.

Rachael Akinola
Department of Radiology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Abiodun Popoola
Department of Radiology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

Samira Makanjuola
Department of Pharmacology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Nigeria

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/212