AI-Driven Anatomical Mapping of the Head and Neck: Advances in Immunology, Microbiome, and Structural Biomarker Discovery |Chapter 1 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 5

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the anatomical and molecular mapping of head and neck cancers by integrating immunological, microbiome, and structural biomarkers into cohesive diagnostic and prognostic frameworks. Advances in deep learning, digital pathology, radiomics, and spatial omics now allow automated segmentation, immune landscape characterisation, and multi-omics integration with high accuracy and reproducibility. AI-driven spatial profiling has enhanced understanding of tumour–immune interactions, while automated imaging analysis has refined structural biomarker discovery, supporting improved radiotherapy planning and outcome prediction. Concurrently, microbiome-focused machine learning approaches are revealing microbial signatures linked to immunotherapy response. Despite these advances, limitations remain, including small datasets, a lack of standardised protocols, and challenges in model interpretability. However, current literature remains fragmented, often evaluating immunological, microbial, or imaging biomarkers in isolation rather than through integrated AI frameworks. By bridging this gap, AI mapping can facilitate earlier diagnosis, personalise therapy selection, and improve survival outcomes in clinical practice. This review highlights the transformative role of AI in biomarker discovery and precision oncology for head and neck cancers, emphasising the need for multicenter validation, explainable AI, and harmonised methodologies to enable clinical translation.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Shrikrishna B H
Department of ENT, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, India.

 

Deepa G
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v5/6215

 

An Overall Concept on Pre and Probiotics | Chapter 9 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 3

The gut of the human body contains several microorganisms which are collectively known as gut microbiota, microbiome, or Intestinal microflora. Prebiotics and probiotics help in the qualitative and quantitative improvement of microbiome thereby favoring many health benefits if taken through diet or as formulation. The marketing scale of pre and probiotics is being increased day by due to the health benefits shown by them in consumers. The awareness needed to be increased among people regarding the use of pre-and probiotics.

 

Author (s) Details

M. Keerthi
Arya College of Pharmacy, Kandi, Hyderabad, India.

 

AVS Rajeswari
Department of Pharmaceutics, Arya College of Pharmacy, Kandi, Hyderabad, India.

 

K Deekshitha
Medplus, KPHB, Hyderabad, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v3/2742

The Human Microbiome and its Role in Understanding the COVID-19 Pandemic | Chapter 10 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 3

This publication is addressed mainly to that narrow group of experts who are prepared to commit to analysing facts that involve the competencies of other scientific disciplines. This group, unlike the general public, which has exhausted its capacity to accept new, difficult or threatening facts of the pandemic, is willing to undertake that challenge. A significant obstacle to a broader scientific discussion is the hermetic vocabulary and separated definitions of concepts used in specific biological disciplines. Another is the need to absorb a large amount of new, not fully ranked information, related to the explosion of knowledge in different fields. A further barrier is related to overcoming the mental barriers, which were written in previous articles. These are concerned with how information related to the COVID-19 pandemic was received and interpreted. This narrow focus–restricted perception, reflects lived experience in dealing with viral infections in everyday life, and it mirrors social relationships in that the virus must be fought, eliminated or neutralized by humans. However sceptical the reception of the following concept may be received, it is perhaps necessary to counterintuitively identify with the virus; after all, the body is a community in which viruses dominate quantitatively in relation to body cells, as do the prions and bacteria cohabiting within it. In addition to the longitudinal perception of evolution, analysing the formation of species over time, there is an equally important vertical dimension. This consists of the functional integration of different species of living beings (including viruses) in which the human organism is a multi-level product of the vertical course of evolution. The author's hypothesis suggests that the essence of the COVID-19 pandemic is the reduced effectiveness of evolutionarily born mechanisms, with which humans are equipped. These enable humans to coexist with viruses, both in their endogenous form (constitutive of our bodies) and exogenous with which humans continuously interact including those which are pathogenic. This publication seeks to present the complexity and interdependence of the cellular and subcellular organisms that compose the human body, and their sensitivity to toxic influences associated with human industrial activities.

 

Author (s) Details

Bohdan W. Wasilewski
Psychosomatic Institute, Warsaw, Poland.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v3/3777

Epigenetic Aberrations in Mental Disorders are Linked to Diet and Gut Microbiome Alterations | Chapter 12 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

Food and metabolism modify epigenetic codes to a degree histone methylation or acetylation and DNA methylation intervened by bioactive nutrients and gut microbial factors by way of influencing the gut–brain hinge, which adjust neuronal activity and behavior.This stage discusses epigenetic aberrations had connection with diet and gut microbiome alterations in major psychiatric afflictions such as schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness, and autism. Here, this study first argued modifications to the structure and makeup of gut microbiome and their duty in brain functional changes in weighty mental sicknesses. Afterwards, potential interactions with maternal diet, environmental determinants, nutrition, and gastrointestinal microbiome, and their acts in the pathogenesis of mental illnesses by way of epigenetic changes were discussed. This study still provided an overview of the friendship between the gut microbiome, oxidative stress, and inflammation moving epigenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, this chapter presented latent mechanisms which arbitrate the influence of gut microbiome, probiotics, and psychiatric drugs on insane health via microbiome-epigenetic modifications. Completely, it was concluded that disease pathogenesis is connected to changes in the microbiome structure/arrangement by perturbing the microbiome–gut-brain axle functions. Further research is needed to obtain better insights on unusually transmitted microbiomes on infant well-being, to mitigate the inceptions of neurodevelopmental diseases at early ages.

Author(s) Details:

Shabnam Nohesara,
Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.

Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky,
Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA and Department of Surgery, Nutrition / Metabolism Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA, 02215, USA.

Sam Thiagalingam,
Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V10/article/view/12837

Molecular Pathogenesis of Gut Microbiome Associated Colorectal Cancer: Recent Updates | Chapter 10 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality vary distinctly around the world. It is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in females and third in males while it ranked second in cancer-related deaths globally. Mutational landscape including chromosomal damage and microsatellite instability enabled to insignificant weightage about the survival of patients and their therapeutic response against CRC. Root cause of colorectal carcinogenesis has traditionally based on genetic alterations; however, in broader sense CRC advances as a result of complex communications between the microbiota, host mucosa, aberrant signaling, dietary components and inflammatory mediators. Additionally, it has increased risks combined with inflammatory bowel disease. Possible mechanism associated with CRC and microbial dysbiosis includes various bacterial signatures expose colonic mucosa via different metabolic and inflammatory stimuli, producing a proinflammatory state enabling DNA damage, aberrant signaling and ultimately CRC.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of gut microbiota in CRC pathogenesis in light of recent updates.

Methods: PubMed and google scholar databases and carried out selective literature review on contribution of gut microbiota and associated mechanism in pathogenesis of CRC.

Results: Under normal conditions gut microbiome act as barrier to other pathogens or infection in gastrointestinal tract but studies suggest change in microbial composition related to CRC progression. Imbalance in microbial composition is related with inflammation induced tumorigenesis and modulation of anti-cancer immune response. Thus, gut microbiota can be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and predict the effect of immunotherapy.

Conclusion: This review is focused on to dissect the role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites, signaling molecules and pro-inflammatory factors that directly or indirectly influencing the molecular carcinogenesis ultimately leading to CRC development. The recent updates will be benefited to many translational researchers as well as clinicians.

Author(s) Details:

Akansha Yadav,
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Rajendra Prakash Maurya,
Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Akhilendra Kumar Maurya,
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12728

The Role of the Microbiome and Green Tea Catechins in Prostate Cancer: Contemporary Issues in Research | Chapter 7 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 Clinical research focus men with local prostate cancers is a challenging endeavor. The guidelines and flags for management - active following versus definitive medicine although well established in current years, patients touch grapple with the decision to persist active surveillance. Accumulating evidence supports green beverage catechins (GTCs) in chemoprevention for prostate cancer (PCa), a leading cause of malignancy morbidity and mortality between men. GTCs include (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, that has been shown to adjust molecular pathways involved in prostate carcinogenesis. Previous research on GTCs submitted that they are bioavailable, safe, and effective at modulating dispassionate and biological markers guide prostate cancer. GTCs may be exceptionally beneficial to those with inferior PCas, which are typically trained with careful listening through active surveillance (AS).  The gut microbiome enzymatically revolutionizes GTC structure when administered verbally, altering its bioavailability, bioactivity, and toxicity. In addition to xenobiotic absorption, the gut microbiome has multiple other corporeal effects potentially complicated in PCa progression, including organizing inflammation, hormones, and other popular/unknown pathways. Therefore, the contemporary approach from now on clinical trials search out  consider not only the independent role of chemopreventive powers such as GTCs, but in addition, contain the synergestic  role of the gut microbiome in the context of PCa chemoprevention, as they can relate to individual responses to GTCs, that, in turn, can enhance dispassionate decision-making.

Author(s) Details:

Nagi B. Kumar,
Cancer Epidemiology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Stephanie Hogue,
Cancer Epidemiology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Julio Pow-Sang,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Michael Poch,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Brandon J. Manley,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Roger Li,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Jasreman Dhillon,
Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Alice Yu,
Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Doratha A. Byrd,
Cancer Epidemiology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and  Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V8/article/view/10206

Analysis of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistant Microbiome from Hospital Wastewater Effluent in Aizawl, Mizoram | Chapter 2 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 

Effluents from hospital wastewater are recognized as important sources of antibiotic and heavy metal resistant bacteria and might play a role in the removal and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the environment. The release of resistant bacteria to the receiving environment can pose public health impact. The microbiome analysis was carrying out from wastewater soils of hospitals in Aizawl city, Mizoram, India. According to 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing, the isolated bacteria from the wastewater soils were found to be mainly of Morganella morganii and Bacillus cereus. These isolated bacteria were found to be highly resistant to a wide range of antibiotics and heavy metals. The antibiotic resistance profiles of these isolated bacteria were analyzed. The strains HC and HR possessed a high level of resistance to different antibiotics, and both grew remarkably well even at 200 mg/ml of ampicillin, 100 μg/ml of kanamycin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin even at a concentration of 50 mg/ml could not inhibit the growth of the HC strains. The level of resistance was also remarkably high when compared to earlier reports of antibiotic resistance observed in the corresponding bacteria. Our results suggested that the high level of resistance is probably conferred by the continued exposure to antibiotics from hospital effluent leading to a selected population of highly antibiotics resistant bacteria. The heavy metal resistance profile of the isolated species was studied. The HC and the HR strains show high resistance to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) compared to the control (DH5α).

Author(s) Details:

Lalremruata Hauhnar,
Department of Zoology, Govt. Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram, India.

Lallianmawii Pachuau,
Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.

H. Lalhruaitluanga,
Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V4/article/view/10128

The Gut Microbiome and the Pathophysiology of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders with Psychiatric Symptoms | Chapter 4 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 11

 Uterine anomalies account for 10% of unproductiveness cases and 50% of women who happening recurrent early gestation loss, while fallopian tube deformities account for 20% of aforementioned cases. HSG was performed on 61 unproductiveness and subfertility patients who were withstanding evaluation and situation at our centre. A total of 25 patients from this group underwent demonstrative laparoscopy, and their results were retrospectively correlated accompanying HSG findings. All of the cases included in the study had either primary or subordinate infertility. There were 49 basic infertility patients and 12 subordinate infertility sufferers among the 61 unproductiveness patients. Patients ranged in age from 23 to 35 age. The average duration of basic infertility was 5 age, and 3.5 years for secondary unproductiveness. Total 61 patients seen HSG, 42(68.8%) patients had normal judgments and 19(31.14%) patients had anomalous findings. In atypical findings 4(6.55%) were Mullerian abnormalities and 15(24.59%) were either one-sided or bilateral tubal block. Total 25 cases underwent diagnostic laparoscopy at a distance 61 patients. The feeling of HSG was 90% and specificity was 60 % accompanying positive predictive profit of 60% and negative predictive worth of 90% as compared to diagnostic laparoscopy. Peri-adnexal adhesions were found in 5 (20%) of the obstructed tubes all along our laparoscopic examinations. One (4%) of the blocked tubes had endometriosis, and two (8%) had possible intra-tubal block. In 3 (12%) cases, pelvic inflammatory disease was discovered expected a factor. In our study, HSG demonstrates extreme sensitivity. As a result, it bear be used as the beginning in determining uterine abnormality and tubal patency. Because the particularity is low, we trust that laparoscopy is required to identify cases of tubal block that were misplaced or incorrectly labeled on HSG. Furthermore, in patients the one were found to have tubal block on HSG, laparoscopy assists in determining the cause of unproductiveness, such as the ghost of peritubal adhesions and endometriosis, which can guide appropriate therapy.

Author(s) Details:

Cristina Gabriela Schiopu,
Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania and Institute of Psychiatry “Socola” Iasi, Romania.

Cristinel Stefanescu,
Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania and Institute of Psychiatry “Socola” Iasi, Romania.

Alexandra Bolos,
Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania and Institute of Psychiatry “Socola” Iasi, Romania.

Smaranda Diaconescu,
Medical-Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University “Titu Maiorescu”, 040441 Bucuresti, Romania.

Georgiana-Emmanuela Gilca-Blanariu,
Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania and Sf Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania.

Gabriela Stefanescu,
Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania and Sf Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V11/article/view/9511

Nutrigenomics and Microbiomics, Contrasting Interpretations of Dismetabolic Diseases | Chapter 11 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

In this paper, we examined current interpretations based on Nutrigenomica and Microbiomic research, according to which, at the root of many pathological and dismetabolic manifestations, there'd be or variations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (Snps) in the Nutrigenomic perspective, or modifications in the normal gut microbiota in the Microbiomic perspective.We have examined rigorously the singular pathogenic coincidence, which raises questions about Snps mutations or the presence of specific Microbiota changes for the same illnesses.

As a result, other possible causes of detected disorders are overlooked.
We will give an alternative understanding of pathogenic causes based on the research reviewed.

Author(s) Details:

Bruno Riccardi,
Representative Lipotech, 56022 Castelfranco di Sotto (PI), Via dei Lazzeri, 33, Italy.

Sergio Resta,
Freelancer, 53043 Chiusi (SI), Via Montegrappa 1, Italy.

Giacomo Resta,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Perugia, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V4/article/view/7594

Oral Epithelial Cytokines: A Review | Chapter 8 | Issues and Development in Health Research Vol. 4

 Oral mucosal epithelia, like other forms of mucosal epithelia, has a reputation for being protective. Oral epithelia was introduced as a non-lymphoid, non-myeloid tissue with immunological potentials in the current chapter. The plural form of the singular epithelium is epithelia. They are specialised layers that cover the outside of the organs that make up the human body. Oral epithelial cells, according to popular belief, contain a TLR system and can recognise microbial invaders. Microbial invaders, in turn, cause epithelia to release pro-inflammatory TH1,TH2 cytokines and chemokines. Chemokines. Species and strain-specific induction procedures are reported. A number of in-vitro models have confirmed natural epithelial cytokine production. Oral epithelial cytokine has multiple immunological activities, including regulating local immune responses, mediating autoimmune illness, and inducing tissue damage when release is elevated. They show multi-factorial influences on the mucosal immune compartment, are an important component of local innate immune responses, and may have implications for vaccine immunity in the future.

Author(s) Details

Prof. Ibrahim Mohamed Saeed Shnawa
College of Biotechnology University of Qasim, Qasim, Babylon, Iraq. Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDHR-V4/article/view/3376

New Interpretations of Nutrigenomics and Microbiomics | Chapter 3 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 In this paper, we examine current interpretations based on Nutrigenomica and Microbiomics studies, according to which, at the root of many pathological and dismetabolic manifestations, there would be or variations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (Snps) in the Nutrigenomic perspective, or changes in the normal gut microbiota in the Microbiomic perspective.

We examine critically the single pathogenic coincidence, which raises questions about Snps mutations or the presence of specific Microbiota changes for the same illnesses.

As a result, other plausible causes of detected disorders are overlooked.

We propose a distinct understanding of pathogenic aetiology based on the literature reviewed. Nutrigenomic study focuses solely on variations in genetic polymorphisms, while Microbiomic research focuses solely on changes in the intestinal microbiome, with the goal of determining their implications on health.

Author (S) Details

Bruno Riccardi
Castelfranco di Sotto (PI), Via dei Lazzeri, Italy.

Sergio Resta
Department of Surgery, General Surgery Specialist, Freelancer, 53043 Chiusi (SI), Via Montegrappa, Italy.

Roberto Fabbroni
Roberto Fabbroni, Scientific Director of I.B.I. ( Istituto di Biofisica Informazionale), Italy.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V7/article/view/2573