Monitoring Physicochemical Parameters During Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils in Brazzaville, Congo | Chapter 6 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

The biodegradation of hydrocarbons by bacteria is undeniably one of the most successful processes in the elimination of hydrocarbon pollutants. Several bacteria have already been used in numerous applications in the bioremediation of environments polluted by hydrocarbons. However, few bioremediation studies have been carried out with indigenous Bacillus genus strains obtained in Congo-Brazzaville. This study aimed to treat soils polluted by hydrocarbons using the bioremediation technique. Soil samples were taken from four (04) garages chosen in some districts of Brazzaville, namely Ouenzé, Mfilou, Djiri and Talangai. Four treatments were carried out for bioremediation treatment while monitoring physicochemical parameters by bioaugmentation, biostimulation and a mixture of bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Several physicochemical parameters were monitored during the different treatments to understand the factors that could influence microbial metabolism during the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were extracted by Soxhlet during the treatments. The results obtained showed that the physicochemical parameters are optimal during organic degradation processes. The ranges of physicochemical parameters values are respectively between 23.3 and 28.4°C for temperature, between 38.6 and 5266.01µS/cm for conductivity, between 6.01 and 7.5 for pH, between 0 and 70% for the maximum water retention capacity, between 1 and 10% for humidity, between 0 and 88 mg/Kg for nitrogen and between 0 and 298.93 mg/Kg for potassium. The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations in polluted soils decreased significantly throughout the treatments, with a drop between 25% and 85%. The greatest drop (75%-85%) in hydrocarbon concentrations is observed for Bioaugmentation (Bacteria) and Biostimulation+Bioaugmentation (NPK+Bacteria) combination treatments. Thus, bioremediation by adding Bacillus genus bacteria would be an alternative way for the depollution of soils polluted by hydrocarbons. Future research should focus on optimising the bioremediation process by investigating a wider diversity of indigenous microbial strains from different ecological niches in Congo-Brazzaville with a focus on enhancing hydrocarbon degradation efficiency.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kiele Molingo Mbemba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Gabriel Judicael Okeni-Boba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Jean Maurille Ouamba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6749

Monitoring Physicochemical Parameters During Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils in Brazzaville, Congo | Chapter 6 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

 

The biodegradation of hydrocarbons by bacteria is undeniably one of the most successful processes in the elimination of hydrocarbon pollutants. Several bacteria have already been used in numerous applications in the bioremediation of environments polluted by hydrocarbons. However, few bioremediation studies have been carried out with indigenous Bacillus genus strains obtained in Congo-Brazzaville. This study aimed to treat soils polluted by hydrocarbons using the bioremediation technique. Soil samples were taken from four (04) garages chosen in some districts of Brazzaville, namely Ouenzé, Mfilou, Djiri and Talangai. Four treatments were carried out for bioremediation treatment while monitoring physicochemical parameters by bioaugmentation, biostimulation and a mixture of bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Several physicochemical parameters were monitored during the different treatments to understand the factors that could influence microbial metabolism during the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were extracted by Soxhlet during the treatments. The results obtained showed that the physicochemical parameters are optimal during organic degradation processes. The ranges of physicochemical parameters values are respectively between 23.3 and 28.4°C for temperature, between 38.6 and 5266.01µS/cm for conductivity, between 6.01 and 7.5 for pH, between 0 and 70% for the maximum water retention capacity, between 1 and 10% for humidity, between 0 and 88 mg/Kg for nitrogen and between 0 and 298.93 mg/Kg for potassium. The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations in polluted soils decreased significantly throughout the treatments, with a drop between 25% and 85%. The greatest drop (75%-85%) in hydrocarbon concentrations is observed for Bioaugmentation (Bacteria) and Biostimulation+Bioaugmentation (NPK+Bacteria) combination treatments. Thus, bioremediation by adding Bacillus genus bacteria would be an alternative way for the depollution of soils polluted by hydrocarbons. Future research should focus on optimising the bioremediation process by investigating a wider diversity of indigenous microbial strains from different ecological niches in Congo-Brazzaville with a focus on enhancing hydrocarbon degradation efficiency.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kiele Molingo Mbemba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Gabriel Judicael Okeni-Boba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Jean Maurille Ouamba
Université Marien Ngouabi, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, BP 69, Brazzaville, Congo.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6749

A Review on the Role of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress in Cutaneous Chronic Wound Pathogenesis | Chapter 3 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 6

 

Cutaneous wounds occur when the skin is injured mechanically, chemically, or by extreme temperatures. Wound healing is a very complex process composed of several phases in which precise events occur, both temporally and spatially. However, when these processes go awry, biofilm-forming bacteria become installed in the healing tissue, and the patient has comorbidities, so the wounds do not heal and become chronic. In this review, we describe the importance of high levels of oxidative stress (OS) and bacteria from the skin microbiome in the initiation and development of chronic wounds. The skin microbiome is diverse in humans, and its composition is dependent on the environment in the specific areas of the body. OS is critical for wound healing as it stimulates the immune system to destroy pathogens and secrete cytokines and growth factors that stimulate healing. When OS levels become high in the wound, and the bacteria of the skin install themselves in the wound, chronicity ensues. However, neither OS nor the bacteria of the skin alone can initiate chronicity. However, when present together, chronic wounds develop. Given the complexity of chronic wound initiation, developing treatment for these wounds has been difficult. Based on current published findings, a potential approach to treating chronic wounds after debridement was recently proposed. It was proposed that it is important to treat the physiological problems related to the comorbidities these patients have prior to and during wound treatment. Patients should also be put on a diet that is rich in products that stimulate an increase in the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ensure that the cells have sufficient energy to function, and is rich in α-tocopherol (Vit E) to decrease lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage, and patients should also take antioxidants to reduce OS. Here, we also discuss the challenges of treating chronic wounds and offer a potential sequence of approaches to treating these wounds after debridement.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Manuela Martins-Green
Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

 

Jane Kim and Klara Aziz
Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v6/6757

 

Trends of Neonatal Infections in Libya after a Decade: Common Bacteria and Treatment Strategies | Chapter 1 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 7

Neonatal infections represent a prevalent issue impacting newborns during their initial days, resulting in escalated mortality rates, particularly evident in less developed nations. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze various aspects related to neonatal infections, including the incidence of deaths among newborns at different times in the same hospitals, the policy of antibiotics used for treatment in neonatal intensive care rooms in Libyan hospitals, and a comparison of the types of microbes present during different years. A total of 112 patients (61 males and 51 females) in 2003 and 120 patients (65 males and 55 females) in 2013, all aged between one day and twenty-eight days, were selected from the neonatal intensive care units of two separate hospitals, Tripoli Medical Centre (TMC) and Al-Jalaa Paediatric Hospital, Tripoli, Libya. Two studies examined the microbes responsible for the beginning of infections in newborns and compared different treatment modalities. Predominant infectious manifestations included septicemia, meningitis, septic arthritis, and pneumonia. A descriptive analysis was performed with SPSS version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Gram-negative Klebsiella and Staphylococcus emerged as the prevalent bacterial strains responsible for neonatal infections. The antibiotic regimens commonly employed in medical facilities in Libya comprised ampicillin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, amoxicillin, meropenem, amikacin, tazocin, and cloxacillin. Gender disparities were observed in the incidence rates of septicemia and meningitis, with the former being more recurrent in females. The collective fatality rate stood at 5–10% among the entire neonatal cohort. Further research and surveillance efforts are warranted to address evolving bacterial resistance patterns and refine therapeutic approaches in this vulnerable population.

 

Author (s) Details

H. Abushwereb
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tripoli, Libya.

 

R. Ibrahim
Al-Jalaa Pediatric Hospital, Libya.

 

F. Ennafathi
Tripoli Medical Centre, Libya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v7/1187

Comparison of Epidemiological Characteristics of Clinically Isolated ESBL and Non-ESBL Producing Escherichia coli from 2014 to 2022: A Single-Center Study | Chapter 7 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Background: Over the years, the emergence and spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli strains have become a significant concern in clinical settings. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates is crucial for effective infection control and antibiotic stewardship.

Aim: This single-center study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of clinically isolated Escherichia coli from 2014 to 2022.

Methods: In vitro drug sensitivity of E. coli to 20 antibiotics was examined using the microbroth dilution method. A total of 7580 clinical E. coli strains were isolated from 2014 to 2022, among which 56.9% were identified as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains. Drug susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method according to the guidelines provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The data were analyzed using the software WHONET5.6 and the R language platform.

Results: The number of female patients exceeds that of males (4798 vs.2782), and the median age of females is higher than that of males. Over the study period, carbapenem resistance rates increased by more than 50% (2022 [1.34%] vs 2014 [0.8%]) and the annual number of isolates showed an upward trend (1264 in 2022 vs 501 in 2014). Drug resistance rates were the highest for penicillin (75–85%) and lowest for imipenem (1%). The resistance rate of strains isolated from male patients and sputum was found to be higher than that of female patients and urine, except for quinolones (p <0.05). The drug resistance rates from high to low were penicillins (75– 85%), tetracycline (64%), quinolones (64–67%), sulfamethoxazole (59.3%), cephalosporins (22–72%), aztreonam (34%), chloram-phenicol (21%), amikacin (2.8%), colistin (1.4%), meropenem (1.1%), and imipenem (1%). Urine, sputum, and blood accounted for 51%, 16.6%, and 10.6% of the samples, respectively. A greater number of female patients were included than male patients (4798[63.3%] vs 2782[26.7%]). Patients aged 50–80 accounted for 64.2% of those surveyed.

Conclusion: Carbapenems remain the optimal choice for treating extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli infections (sensitivity rate: 98%). Colistin (87.7%) and amikacin (87%) exhibited good antibacterial activities against carbapenem-resistant E. coli. Long-term and continuous epidemiological surveillance of E. coli can facilitate the development of preventive strategies and control policies. In future research, bacterial genotyping has made a great contribution to the epidemiology of drug-resistant bacteria, and it should gradually become the mainstream monitoring method to be implemented.

 

Author (s) Details

Wei Zhang
Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China and Microbiology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Qing Wang
Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.

 

Liru Zhang
Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiakou Wanquan District Hospital, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jiangxiong Wu
Inspection Center, Qujing No.1 People’s Hospital, Affiliated Qujing Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jinlu Liu
Microbiology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Cheng Lu
Microbiology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xinsheng Wang
Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Zhihua Zhang
Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/2286

Textbook of Microbial Diversity | Book Publisher International

The Textbook of Microbial Diversity is a comprehensive book that explores the diverse world of microorganisms. It covers various groups of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protists, emphasizing their unique characteristics, classification, and ecological roles. The book often integrates information from microbiology, ecology, and genetics to offer a detailed understanding of how these organisms contribute to the environment, human health, and industrial applications. The key topics covered in this book include microbial classification and taxonomy, diversity of microbial life exploring the immense variety of microbial species found in different ecosystems, microbial ecology that discusses the fundamental interactions between microbes and their environment and their role in nutrient cycling, biotechnological applications of microbes in various sectors and outline of the use of various modern techniques require to study microbial diversity. The book aims to provide readers with a foundational understanding of microbial life and the methods used to study and appreciate its complexity and importance. It serves as a useful resource for degree students, researchers, and teachers interested in microbiology, botany, ecology, and other related fields.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Dipak Kewalramji Koche
Department of Botany, Shri Shivaji College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Akola (MS), India.

 

Dr. Rupali Prakash Shirsat
Department of Botany, Shri Dr. R. G. Rathod Arts & Science College, Murtizapur District Akola (MS), India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-64-0

Evaluating Public Bathroom Stall Safety: Occupancy Patterns and Disease Transmission Risks during COVID-19 | Chapter 6 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 4

 The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical importance of hygiene in public spaces, particularly in frequently used areas such as public bathrooms. COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases can be transmitted through contact with shared surfaces such as those found in public bathrooms. High-touch surfaces such as door handles, flush levers and toilet paper dispensers can potentially contribute to spreading disease-inducing viruses and bacteria. The risk of contamination and subsequent disease transmission in public bathrooms underscores the need for stringent hygiene practices. One strategy to mitigate this risk at an individual level is to use the least used bathroom stall, with less human traffic and potentially fewer pathogens. This study looked at occupancy rates of bathroom stalls in a public facility. Observation of stall occupancy was recorded at separate times. Only times when at least 1 stall was occupied were recorded. There were three stalls in a row. Stall 1 was located at one end, with one partition of this stall against a wall and the other partition was shared with the middle stall. Stall 2, the middle stall, shared a partition with Stall 1 and 3. Stall 3 shared a partition with Stall 2 and the other partition was adjacent to an open common area in the restroom. There was a total of 37 observations. Stall 1 was occupied 62% of the time, Stall 2 occupied 30% of the time and Stall 3 occupied 32% of the time. Stall 1, Stall 2 and Stall 3 accounted for 50%, 24% and 26% of overall occupancy. Stall 1 was significantly more likely to be occupied than Stall 2 or 3 (62% vs 30%, p = 0.0051 and 62% vs 32%, p = 0.0104). Stall 2 had the lowest occupancy, but statistically equally likely as Stall 3 to be occupied (30% vs 32%, p = 0.802). In conclusion, in a bank of 3 stalls, the least used one was the middle one and the most used was the end one with an adjoining wall. Higher occupancy rates mean greater usage and potentially greater chances of disease transmission. The stall with the greatest privacy was used the most.

 

Author (s) Details

Thomas F Heston
Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA and Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v4/3993

Rhizobium and Virus Interaction on Growth and Yields of Cowpea | Chapter 11 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

 This review has as allure focus microbe-microbe interplay and its effects on swollen object and yields of cowpea, with a view to analyzing the impacts on sustainability of food production arrangement. Cowpea is a nutritious piece that is widely devoured in tropical and subtropical poor countries with its own government. Pathogens and pests to a degree bacteria, viruses, fungus, and bugs can harm it at any stage of happening. Microbes, plants, and animals all communicate in both isolated and complex methods. To complete the food web process, these interplays might be plant-plant, plant-microbe, bacteria-microbe, or microbe-microbe-plant. While few interactions are active and helpful to the relationship's shareholders, others are poisonous and detrimental.  Knowledge of specific relationships might aid embellish productivity and allow for the development of novel tactics for plant guardianship, parasite control, and land yield increase. Hence this article determine the interaction of rhizobium and virus on cowpea swollen object and yields with a view to judging their contributory effects and determine their individual potency in the interplay.

Author(s) Details:

Oyatokun, O. S.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria.

Oyelakin, F. O.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria.

Akanbi, W. B.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria and Department of Crop Production and Soil Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Adigun, M. A.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria.

Ajiwe, S. T.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V7/article/view/11856

Assessment of The Impact of Biological Products on the Quality of Potato Tubers | Chapter 6 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

 The aim of the study search out assess the effect of advantageous microorganisms introduced into the soil on picked indicators of the feature of edible vegetable tubers. The study evaluated an early, honest, drought-resistant, extreme cold-resistant and stress-opposing potato type of the Russian selection "Udacha". When increasing potatoes, organic products "Organic", "Protection of ancestries" and "Crop rotation" were secondhand, which involve bacteria and fungi in allure composition. The experiment help 4 options: 1) Control, 2) "Organic", 3) "Protection of roots", 4) "Crop turn". Biological products "Organic" and "Protection of ancestries" were applied when setting potatoes, and the organic product "Crop turn" was applied two weeks before establishiing. In the grown vegetable tubers, the starch arrangement was determined utilizing the polarimetric method, the source of nourishment C composition was determined utilizing the visual titration design, the polyphenol composition was driven using the spectrophotometric design applying Folin's acid-base indicator, the antioxidant activity was driven using potassium permanganate titration, and the nitrate arrangement was determined utilizing an ion-selective terminal on an ion meter. The results of the research demonstrated that in potato tubers the vigor composition was the lowest in the control variant (14.9%), and the topmost in the variant with the organic product “Crop Rotation” (17.8%); the arrangement of vitamin C was rude in the control variant (18.9 mg/100 g), and it was the highest in the variant accompanying the biological device “Crop Rotation” (25.3 mg/100 g); the composition of polyphenols (in mg-eq of gallic acid per g of dry burden) was the highest in the variant accompanying the biological produce “Organic” (4.1), and the lowest in the control variant (3.0); antioxidant exercise (in mg-eq of gallic acid per g of dry weight)  was the lowest in the control variant (6.5), and it was the capital in the variants accompanying biological production "Organic" and "Crop rotation" (8.4); the arrangement of nitrates decreased completely experimental modifications in comparison accompanying the control variant. The application of advantageous bacteria and fungi into the soil considerably contributed to the bettering of the quality signs of grown potato tubers.

Author(s) Details:

S. P. Zamana,
State University of Land Use Planning, 15 Kazakova St., Moscow, 105064, Russia.

T. V. Papaskiri,
State University of Land Use Planning, 15 Kazakova St., Moscow, 105064, Russia.

T. D. Kondratieva,
Bioelements limited Office G56, The Bio Centre, Innovation Way, York Science Park, YO10 5NY, United Kingdom.

D. A. Shapovalov,
State University of Land Use Planning, 15 Kazakova St., Moscow, 105064, Russia.

T. G. Fedorovsky,
State University of Land Use Planning, 15 Kazakova St., Moscow, 105064, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V7/article/view/11851

Vaccines and Vaccine Interference | Book Publisher International

 Basic cure backgrownd and vaccine meddling were outlined. Prototype experimental cure candidates for arising and re-emerging microbial catching diseases are bieng established. The text was organized knowledgeable two parts. The first part inculdes monotypic vaccines. While the second part ensemble the combined vaccines and cure interference.

Author(s) Details:

Ibrahim Mohamed Saeed Shnawa,
College of Biotechnology, University of QASIM, Babylon, Iraq and Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/VAVI/article/view/10383

Analysis of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistant Microbiome from Hospital Wastewater Effluent in Aizawl, Mizoram | Chapter 2 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 

Effluents from hospital wastewater are recognized as important sources of antibiotic and heavy metal resistant bacteria and might play a role in the removal and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the environment. The release of resistant bacteria to the receiving environment can pose public health impact. The microbiome analysis was carrying out from wastewater soils of hospitals in Aizawl city, Mizoram, India. According to 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing, the isolated bacteria from the wastewater soils were found to be mainly of Morganella morganii and Bacillus cereus. These isolated bacteria were found to be highly resistant to a wide range of antibiotics and heavy metals. The antibiotic resistance profiles of these isolated bacteria were analyzed. The strains HC and HR possessed a high level of resistance to different antibiotics, and both grew remarkably well even at 200 mg/ml of ampicillin, 100 μg/ml of kanamycin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin even at a concentration of 50 mg/ml could not inhibit the growth of the HC strains. The level of resistance was also remarkably high when compared to earlier reports of antibiotic resistance observed in the corresponding bacteria. Our results suggested that the high level of resistance is probably conferred by the continued exposure to antibiotics from hospital effluent leading to a selected population of highly antibiotics resistant bacteria. The heavy metal resistance profile of the isolated species was studied. The HC and the HR strains show high resistance to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) compared to the control (DH5α).

Author(s) Details:

Lalremruata Hauhnar,
Department of Zoology, Govt. Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram, India.

Lallianmawii Pachuau,
Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.

H. Lalhruaitluanga,
Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V4/article/view/10128

Advanced Thermophilic Fermentation of Wood Wastes with Nitrogen-rich Agricultural and Other Organic Wastes for the Production of Biomethane/Renewable Natural Gas Globally | Chapter 1 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 Improved thicket management formed of the collection of tree mortalities and of the pruning of tree stands can yield a big, but as of now mainly un-utilized biomass property that can be employed as well high in nitrogen content land wastes such as animal manures to produce inexhaustible natural gas via a organic process.  The novel process mimics the well-known forest digestion to poison gas employed by lower termites but operating at thermophilic temperatures. The adaptation process of renewable forest to green or bio-poison gas, designated as “Wood to Methane 3+2” exists of five (3+2) steps. The initial “3” steps of the process include (a) forest maceration to 1 mm pieces, (b) aerobic hyperthermophilic (70o) hydrolysis of the homogenized combination of wood and manure accompanying the aid of thermophilic fungi (Humicola insolens and Sporotrichum thermophile), and (c) the anaerobic thermophilic (55oC) co-digestion of the feedstock into biogas. The definitive “2” steps consist of (d) the improve of the generated biogas into “basic” bio-methane fuel by way of a three-stage commercial sheath separation plan along with the sequestration of the colorless odorless gas, and (e) the conversion of the isolated carbon dioxide into “subordinate” bio-methane fuel accompanying hydrogen produced by wind-stimulate water electrolysis in a thermophilic (55oC) anaerobic trickle bed catalyst employing hydrogenotrophic archaea (Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus). An optimally patterned, modular, industrial type plant treats occurring 12,000 mt (metric tons) of forest wastes (80% TS) and 12,000 mt of suitable animal manures (10% TS) and create 7.6 million Nm3 of primary and subordinate bio-poison gas fuel along with biography-fertilizers amounting to 2,800 mt of green liquid as ammonium nitrate, 1,000 mt of potassium concentrate and 3,500 mt of phosphate-rich humic soil amendment, has a negative 10,000 mt colorless odorless gas footprint and demands 25 MW of wind power.  The caused renewable natural gas maybe employed essentially or along with green hydrogen as an state-of-the-art, renewable, negative carbon conveyance fuel. The available appropriate waste-wood possessions globally are adequate to supply as much as 1/5 of the world’s energy basic needs in the 2nd half of the 21st century.

Author(s) Details:

John G. Ingersoll,
ECOCORP INC., Arlington, VA-22202, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V4/article/view/10127

Oral Microbiota: As a Cause of Head and Neck Cancers | Chapter 9 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 11

 Head and narrow connector squamous cell cancers are a meaningful source of cancer-accompanying morbidity and humanness worldwide (HNSCC). Risk factors like terrestrial differences, ancestral predisposition, gender, age, type of diet, hot and/or alcohol devouring habits, and intercourse preferences may imitate in the etiology of HNSCC, contingent upon the site that is troubled. Another hypothesis for the cause of HNSCC is dysbiosis. Over 700 symbionts and pathogenic microbial variety can be found in the spoken microbiota. By causing never-ending inflammation and creating an invulnerable-suppressed microenvironment that advances cell increase and inhibits apoptosis, disruption of the active balance of the oral microbiota compensate the carcinogenic mechanisms (Fig. 1). With traditional links between the spoken microbiota and chronic inflammation and container proliferation, current studies have discovered that things with the human microbiome are linked to a type of cancer types. The bacterial genome, poisons, and metabolites have also been projected as additional causes or enablers of carcinogenesis and allure progression in the head and neck domain in addition to incessant inflammation. But it's still not completely clear what the exact mechanisms are. However, a deeper comprehension of the latent mechanisms ability result in the creation of new preventive or specific therapies that can be used in standard clinical practice. A current and well-received topic in the oncological and dental societies is the connection 'tween oral dysbiosis and the rise of HNSCC. As a result, this chapter aims to present a thorough survey of the information that is to say currently available on the potential mechanistic relates between alterations in the spoken microbiota and the emergence of HNSCC, which is still in the research time.

Author(s) Details:

Efsun Somay,
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.

Busra Yilmaz,
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.

Erkan Topkan,
Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey.

Ahmet Kucuk,
Department of Radiation Oncology, Mersin City Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.

Berrin Pehlivan,
Department of Radiation Oncology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Ugur Selek,
Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey and Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V11/article/view/9516

The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Sutherlandia frutescens (Unwele) and Benzathine Penicillin on Enterococcus faecalis| Chapter 6 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 Therapeutic plants have existed used, for many age, traditionally for situation of infections. The mounting tumor of antimicrobial resistance, now, has led to chemists exploring their decontaminating activity to form an essential part of alternative situations.Aim: To assess the operation of the combination of the liquid extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens (S. frutescens) and benzathine penicillin on Enterococcus faecalis (E faecalis) utilizing disc spread and microdilution methods.Method: Leaf extract, of S. frutescens, were prepared in accordance with modified form of the German Homeopathic Pharmacopoea. The antibacterial endeavor of the combination, of the plant extract and benzathine medicine, was evaluated utilizing the disk diffusion test. The consolidation, of plant extract and penicillin, was in the percentage of 1:1. Results showing some form of inhibition were rooted, by the minimum inhibitory concentration assays, utilizing the agar dilution form. Bacterial sensitivity experiment was performed similarly modified Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial sympathy test. The combination and penicillin were all proven against E faecalis and, the results were compared to decide the synergistic or opposing activity.Results: Benzathine medicine inhibited the microorganisms producing a zone of hindrance which was effective 27 mm. The zones of inhibition for the alliance of extract and benzathine penicillin, against E faecalis, was 21 mm. The minimum inhibitory aggregation, of the combination, was 0% growth for 1 in 2 to 1 in 16 dilutions. This plainly indicates an opposing activity.Conclusion: The potential for evolving antimicrobials from plants, in vitro, supports a platform for phytomedicine and pharmacological studies.

Author(s) Details:

N. W. Nsele,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, South Africa.

S. Moodley,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V10/article/view/8800

Role of Metabolic Engineering in the Synthesis of Plant Secondary Metabolites | Chapter 6 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

Metabolic engineering has recently emerged as a promising approach for improving secondary metabolite production. Metabolites are the intermediate products of metabolism, and metabolism is a collection of life-sustaining chemical processes within organisms' cells. Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes are bacteria that have been shown to limit practically all of the earth's ecological treasures. Their ability to create secondary metabolites is what distinguishes them. The pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and food sectors are all interested in secondary metabolites since they have a wide spectrum of biological functions. In the industrial, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and allied industries, biotechnology has opened up new opportunities for utilising prospective, efficient, and beneficial microbiomes that produce secondary metabolites. The chapter focuses on various approaches and metabolic engineering to boost secondary metabolite yield and scale-up production of the secondary metabolite of choice. The study's main goals are to differentiate between distinct plant secondary metabolites, their origins, functions, and biotechnological uses, as well as microbial secondary metabolites.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Korrapati Narasimhulu
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal-506004, Telangana, India

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V5/article/view/6567

Evaluation of Bacillus albus SMG-1 and B. safensis SMG-2 Isolated from Saemangeum Lake as Probiotics for Aquaculture of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): A Recent Study | Chapter 1 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 5

 Shrimp farmers are growing increasingly hesitant about which probiotics to trust due to the huge variety of commercially available probiotics for aquaculture and the doubt around the effectiveness of some of the products. The goal of this research was to create microbial strains that could boost white shrimp productivity and increase the quality of probiotic products offered to farmers. Bacillus albus SMG-1 and Bacillus safensis SMG-2 were found to be efficient probiotics for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture. Three experimental groups were grown in water treated with B. subtilis, B. albus SMG-1, or B. safensis SMG-2, while a control group was cultured without probiotics. B. albus SMG-1 and B. safensis SMG-2 were isolated from the water of Saemangeum Lake in Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea (35°52'07.3"N, 126°30'29.8"E). 240 white shrimp weighing 0.53 0.01 g (average SD) were randomly distributed in 12 acrylic tanks (50 L) with 20 shrimp each tank for 8-week duplicate trials. Weight gain, feed efficiency, and specific growth rates of the microorganism-inoculated groups were considerably higher than those of the control group after 8 weeks (P 0.05). All groups infected with microorganisms had considerably lower concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus than the control group, indicating that B. albus SMG-1 and B. safensis SMG-2 improved water quality. We found the first indication that microorganisms from Saemangeum Lake can be used as probiotics in this investigation. Our findings suggest that B. albus SMG-1 and B.safensis SMG-2 could be employed as new aquaculture probiotics to boost white shrimp productivity. As a result, we feel it is critical in future studies to accurately reveal the microorganism strains that are beneficial for increasing production, to collect reliable information for farmers, and to give effective microorganisms that are tailored for each aquaculture species.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Soohwan Kim,
Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Jeonbuk 54150, Republic of Korea.

Hyuncheol Jeon,
Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Jeonbuk 54150, Republic of Korea.

Prof. HyonSob Han,
Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Jeonbuk 54150, Republic of Korea.

Jun Wook Hur,
Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan, Jeonbuk 54150, Republic of Korea.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V5/article/view/5710

Studies and Investigations on Various Aspects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatments for Sewage and Industrial Effluent | Chapter 1 | New Innovations in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 5

 Aerobic and anaerobic treatments can reduce wastewater's oxygen consumption. Activated sludge, trickling filters, and advanced oxidation processes are examples of aerobic treatments. Aerobic systems have higher initial expenses for aeration equipment, as well as higher operational and maintenance costs. For sewage treatment, anaerobic treatments have a number of advantages. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors are one of the most essential treatment technologies. This approach has high conversion rates and is cost-effective. In addition, a high percentage of methane in the generated gas adds value. Anaerobic technologies have the advantage of a smaller reactor size and less biomass output. Anaerobic treatment is harmed by the presence of oil and grease. Anaerobic therapies are best for very high organic loading, while aerobic treatments are best for modest organic loading. This chapter delves into the research and studies that have been conducted on these treatments.

Author(S) Details

Sunil Jayant Kulkarni
Gharda Institute of Technology, Lavel, Maharashtra, India.

Ajaygiri Kamalgiri Goswami
University Institute of Chemical Technology KBC North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V5/article/view/5142

Potential of Bioactive Compounds of Holothuria atra- Associated Bacteria as a Raw Material in Bioindustry | Chapter 07 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 4

 Sea cucumbers contain bioactive substances that are beneficial to one's health. These active compounds have the potential to be employed as raw materials in marine aquaculture. The goal of this research is to see if sea cucumber intestine-associated bacteria may be used as a bioindustry material by looking at their properties using the GC-MS method. In the extraction procedure, the solid-liquid technique is applied. In the fractionation procedure, open column chromatography (OCC) is used. The Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method was used to determine antibacterial sensitivity. The isolation of black sea cucumber symbionts yielded 26 bacterial isolates in this investigation (Holothuria atra). Nine of the 26 bacterial isolates tested positive for antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria. T.1.2, which created a 7.3 mm zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and 7.8 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, and T.1.13, which was only active against Staphylococcus aureus with an inhibition zone of 8.2 mm, were chosen from the 9 test results. The identification of chosen isolates revealed that isolate T.1.2 had 97 percent identity with Bacillus manliponensis and isolate T.4.1.25 had 95 percent homology with Bacillus oceanisediminis. In sea cucumber intestine-associated bacteria, GC-MS analysis revealed Methyl hexadecanoate/methyl palmitate, Bis (2-ethylhexyl)-1,2-benzene dicarboxylate, 9-Octadecenal, Glycerol-1,3-dihexadecanoate, and Diisooctyl-1,2-benzene dicarboxylate. Diisooctyl-1,2-benzene dicarboxylate is a raw ingredient for plastic that can also be utilised in the bioindustry. Because they contain natural components for plastic raw materials, the bioactive compounds of sea cucumber intestine-associated bacteria discovered in H. atra are beneficial as a raw ingredient of marine aquaculture products, according to the study.

Author(S) Details

Delianis Pringgenies
Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

Gunawan Widi Santosa
Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

Ali Djunaedi
Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

A. B. Susanto
Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V4/article/view/4299

Describing the Role of Aerobic Microorganisms in the Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Laboratory Contaminated Groundwater | Chapter 1 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

 The role of aerobic bacteria in the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater was investigated in this study. A nutrient-treated groundwater sample was compared to an untreated water sample. At day 56, the percentage elimination of total hydrocarbon content in the water treated with nutrients and the untreated water sample (natural attenuation) was 89 and 74, respectively. The number of total heterotrophic and total hydrocarbon-using bacteria rose over time in all experimental samples. Bacillus sp., Arthrobacter sp., Micrococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Alcaligenes sp., and Flavobacterium sp. were among the bacteria isolated. At the end of day 56, the total petroleum hydrocarbon in water samples treated with nutrient and untreated water sample decreased from 15.33955 mg/L to 3.90361 mg/L and 9.49634 mg/L, respectively. At day 56, the physicochemical assessments were within the World Health Organization's drinking water standard. The aerobic bacteria found in the water samples used total petroleum hydrocarbons in laboratory contaminated groundwater; however, treatment with nutrient resulted in better elimination of the hydrocarbon pollutants.

Author (S) Details

O. Aleruchi
Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

G. O. Abu
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B.5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V1/article/view/3759

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Study | Chapter 10 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 Background: Antimicrobial drugs are any agents that work against microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. When bacteria or other microbes become resistant to the effects of a drug after being exposed to it, this is referred to as antimicrobial resistance. Bacterial species that are susceptible to a specific drug are naturally resistant. The term "acquired resistance" refers to species that were once sensitive but eventually became resistant to it. Many human illnesses are caused by bacteria and can be treated with appropriate antibiotics, which are mostly chosen based on culture and sensitivity. Antimicrobial resistance has spread throughout the world, affecting both inpatients and outpatients. We must all work together to preserve the power of antimicrobials so that they can be used effectively in disease treatment. The study's goal is to determine the prevalence of infection and the sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: For one year, researchers at Vinayaka Missions Medical College and Hospital in Karaikal, Puducherry (U. T) studied the culture and sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates from blood, urine, sputum, wound, and ear/throat swab (June 2012- June 2013). The positive cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing were carried out in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines (CLSI). The lab data from the Microbiology department were used and entered into a proforma before being analyzed. Proteus (4.05 percent) and oli (3.71 percent ). Staphylococcus (35.47 percent) was the most common Gram positive organism (GPO). Imipenem (100%), Gentamycin (90.20%), and Amikacin (89.14%) were the antimicrobials most sensitive to GNO, while Ceftriaxone (100%), Cefotaxime (100%), Nitrofurantoin (96.15%), and Linezolid (92.13%) were the most sensitive to GPO. Resistance to Nalidixic acid (99 percent ), Ampicillin (85.90 percent ), and Cefuroxime (75 percent ) is seen in both groups, while resistance to Cefazolin (79.25 percent ) and Norfloxacin (83 percent ) was observed in GNO, and resistance to Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (81.66 percent ) and Imipenem (55.55 percent ) was observed in GPO. Conclusion: Technical capabilities for detecting novel, resistant mechanisms and overcoming microbial resistance must be enhanced. Antibiotic policies developed in collaboration with clinicians, microbiologists, and pharmacologists will guide good prescribing, provide maximum coverage for treating infections, and ensure antibiotic cycling.

Author (S) Details

C. M. Divyashanthi
Department of Pharmacology, JIPMER, India

S. Adithiyakumar
Vinayaka Mission’s Medical College and Hospital, Keezhakasakudimedu, Karaikal-609609, Pondicherry (U. T), India.

N. Bharathi
Vinayaka Mission’s Medical College and Hospital, Keezhakasakudimedu, Karaikal-609609, Pondicherry (U. T), India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V7/article/view/1847