Fern-Insect Interactions: Specialization and Evolutionary Ties |Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Ferns are the second largest group of vascular plants, just after angiosperms. Initial analysis of fern–insect herbivore interactions first appeared in the 1970s–1980s. The ferns were actually the primary food supply for the herbivorous sauropods during the Mesozoic epoch. Given their ability to contain a large amount of energy in tiny packaging, fern spores have been shown to be rich in lipids. The presence of simple phenolics, which can be regarded as one of the primary causes of repulsion, makes insect phytophagy on ferns a rare occurrence. Unlike angiosperms, ferns contain special chemicals. The level of specialisation of insects that currently feed on ferns is well illustrated. In recent years, different cases of interaction between insects and extant ferns and fern allies have been reported. The aim of the study is to report observations of fern-insect interactions in order to understand their effects on the fern, as well as their broader impact on the environment. A fern collection tour was conducted in Dehradun district from 2008 to 2011. It was found that the number of different insects, such as beetles, flea beetles, sawflies, bugs and mealybugs, infested different ferns. Despite the increased toxicity, some insects, such as snails and grasshoppers, can consume mature ferns on a daily basis. Further study has to be carried out to find how these insects affect the growth and metabolism of the ferns. Fern-insect interactions can be explained by their evolutionary ties. Only four Lepidopteran families exhibit the rare phenomenon known as fern-spore-feeding (FSF). Fern proteins regulate insects that are resistant to Bt insecticidal proteins, indicating different methods and/or areas of action and perhaps providing a novel method of managing insect pests. For both ferns and insects, targeted sampling of interactions conducted in an aphylogenetic framework appears to be the most fruitful.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Chhaya Singh
Government PG College, Thalisain, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Neha Chauhan
Department of Microbiology, SGRRU, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Vivek Rawat
Department of Chemistry, Government PG College, Thalisain, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Neeraj Aswal
Department of Botany, Government PG College, Thalisain, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Anju Rani

Faculty of Life Sciences, HRIT University, Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh), India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v8/6450

 

Entropy of Information in Clinical Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders | Chapter 13 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 10

 

The absence of biomarkers poses a significant challenge to the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) in children, particularly during routine newborn examinations. Consequently, post-birth years often rely on identifying difficulties in social interaction and other emerging factors to evaluate ASD in children. This study presents numerical findings examining social interaction and repetitive behaviors in both ASD and non-ASD cohorts. To illustrate these interactions, we employ two sets of random walkers, each representing distinct characteristics. One set, akin to children with autism, exhibits persistent and resistant dynamics, while the other, labeled as healthy, demonstrates diffusive behavior resembling the Elephant Random Walks (ERW) model. We analyze the influence of these two sets on each other's entropy variations using an information entropy framework. By examining paired interactions between walkers, we assess how these interactions impact the entropy fluctuations within each set. Surprisingly, our findings reveal that variations in the strength of interaction, represented by probability f, do not induce entropy changes in the group of random walkers simulating children with autism.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Silvério Sirotheau

Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Brazil.

José Leão de Luna

Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Brazil.

Thiago R. S. Moura

Faculty of Physics, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Brazil.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v10/938

 

Rhizobium and Virus Interaction on Growth and Yields of Cowpea | Chapter 11 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

 This review has as allure focus microbe-microbe interplay and its effects on swollen object and yields of cowpea, with a view to analyzing the impacts on sustainability of food production arrangement. Cowpea is a nutritious piece that is widely devoured in tropical and subtropical poor countries with its own government. Pathogens and pests to a degree bacteria, viruses, fungus, and bugs can harm it at any stage of happening. Microbes, plants, and animals all communicate in both isolated and complex methods. To complete the food web process, these interplays might be plant-plant, plant-microbe, bacteria-microbe, or microbe-microbe-plant. While few interactions are active and helpful to the relationship's shareholders, others are poisonous and detrimental.  Knowledge of specific relationships might aid embellish productivity and allow for the development of novel tactics for plant guardianship, parasite control, and land yield increase. Hence this article determine the interaction of rhizobium and virus on cowpea swollen object and yields with a view to judging their contributory effects and determine their individual potency in the interplay.

Author(s) Details:

Oyatokun, O. S.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria.

Oyelakin, F. O.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria.

Akanbi, W. B.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria and Department of Crop Production and Soil Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Science and Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Adigun, M. A.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria.

Ajiwe, S. T.,
Department of Crop and Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ajayi Crowther University, P.M.B. 1066, Oyo, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V7/article/view/11856

Complexity in Dynamic Academic Systems from Topology and Genetic Grammars | Chapter 13 | Research Highlights in Language, Literature and Education Vol. 6

 This affiliate sheds a new light on the hypothetical foundations of the main contemporary drives towards the adequacy of the education-learning process to the excellent changes of our society. An academic environment can progress from chaos to stabilised states, and this hypothetical study will present and also discuss a turbulent simulation model that addresses this. This study will determine a consistent institution for new methodological initiatives that support shifts in the usual paradigm of instruction and learning.The study was planned from the classical literature on disorganized systems accompanying some original hypothetical implementations.This study is based on the configuration of a DAS toy model by way of computational simulations carried out on a practically built haphazard academic environment. The individuals were top-secret by profiles of orderly abilities represented by twofold strings outlining a topology. Such the earth's features fixed the type of the strings and their transcriptions to unit of the mathematical system system. To imitate the evolution of bureaucracy, three differential equations were numerically linked in convolution, individual of which fashioned reference to those strings transfered into decimal signs. The simulations were run using the Maple and R programming languages.Simulations displayed attractors for different occasion intervals of redundancies. For wide ranges of individual propensities to cultivate the six abilities illustrated in the work it was noticed that the dissimilarities of individual profiles induced attractors accompanying narrow boundaries. Growing the number of things, this tendency was uphold.   The study displayed simulations of academic systems containing professors and researchers communicating in a stable environment, emphasize how these structures could change from chaotic configurations to stability and produce clear attractors.

Author(s) Details:

Nilo Serpa,
Centro Universitário ICESP, Brasília,Brazil.

Marcelo Alcântara,
Centro Universitário ICESP, Brasília,Brazil.

Emilly Moura da Cruz,
GAUGE-F Scientific Researches, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHLLE-V6/article/view/10809

Implementation of a Theoretical Approach for Electromagnetic Interaction | Chapter 9 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol. 6

 All four fundamental interactions describe attraction occurrences, with the exception of the electromagnetic interaction, which also describes repulsion events. The four fundamental interactions should all behave in one of two ways, attraction or repulsion, if the stuff that makes up our Universe follows the same physical rules. In this study, a novel method known as the binding cord technique was devised to describe the electromagnetic interaction. With this novel approach, magnetic attraction will be used to explain magnetic repulsion. The binding cord method will allow us to describe particle stability and instability using only a knowledge of the charges and spins that each particle has.

Author(s) Details:

Elie W'ishe Sorongane,
Physics Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V6/article/view/7215

The Differences between Cognitive Ability Based on Learning Method and Personality Types for Early Childhood in Serang, Banten, Indonesia | Chapter 11 | Modern Perspectives in Language, Literature and Education Vol. 10

Children require cognitive ability in order to obtain knowledge. Efforts must be made to pay attention to learning methods and personality types in order to achieve this development. As a result, research was carried out in order to determine the impact of learning methods and personality types on students' cognitive ability. A study on early life in Serang City was done to achieve this purpose, including samples from Al-Kautsar Serang Kindergarten and Amalia Walantaka Kindergarten. A 2x2 factorial design was used for the investigation and interrelationships between variables. The findings revealed that learning methods and personality types had a considerable impact on children's cognitive ability. The occurrence of these connections demonstrates that in the learning process, both methodologies and personality types must be considered, particularly in early childhood education.

Author(S) Details

Isti Rusdiyani
Department of Early Childhood Education Teacher, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Indonesia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/MPLLE-V10/article/view/4317

Investigating the Interaction of IAA and NaCl on the Early Growth of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd and Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del. in Semi-arid Area of Sokoto, Nigeria | chapter 2 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 2

 Acacia senegal and Balanites aegyptiaca are two major forest tree species adapted to the semi-arid environment of Sokoto, Nigeria. This experiment was designed to see how these species reacted to hormones (Indole-3-acetic acid IAA) and salt (NaCl). The plants were grown in soil from two locations in Usmanu Danfodiyo University's Dabagi research farm in Sokoto, with salt levels (2.0 and 3.0dS/m), and hormone was applied during the germination and early growth stages. According to the findings, the interaction impact increased leaf and relative growth rates in both plants. This method could be used to aid the growth and establishment of some tree species in semi-arid environments. The species created using this technology could possibly be used in land reclamation initiatives, based on the promising results of this study.

Author (S) Details

G. O. Igbokwe

Department of Forestry and Environment, Usmanu Danfidiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria

A. G. Bello

Department of Forestry and Environment, Usmanu Danfidiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.

A. D. Isah

Department of Forestry and Environment, Usmanu Danfidiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.

M. Audu

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V2/article/view/4076

Determining the Behaviour of Wild Plants’ Use in Meru, Kenya | Chapter 9 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

 The ethnobotanical record resulting from interactions between the Meru people and their wild plants reveals a strong reliance on medicinal and non-medicinal plant uses. Wild plants are increasingly being used for medicine, food, material, social purposes, construction, fuel, environmental beauty, and wind and dust breaks in this part of Africa. Medicine made from wild plants is beginning to compete with conventional medicines in the fight against diseases and ailments. The presence of numerous plant species growing in the area with which humans have interacted for centuries emphasizes the reliance. Indeed, the favorable climate for equatorial forests, where temperatures favor the development of many plant species, contributes to this region's status as a pharmacy in the making. A total of 567 plant specimens collected from three districts in the greater Meru area have been reported to be used to cure a variety of diseases as well as to meet other non-medicinal needs such as fruit, fuel, and building materials. and supplies Data gathered through structured interviews with respondents in the region reveal significant factors that play significant roles in people's lives, influencing their social and cultural behavior. It is concluded that the use of medicinal plants as a supplement to primary health care in Meru is observed and documented among the people. The people's extensive knowledge of useful plants and their medicinal properties was said to date back several generations.

Author (S) Details

Alfreda Kajira Ibui
Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V3/article/view/1600

Research on Plant Growth of Genotypes of Arabica Coffee on Water Stress | Chapter 5 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 5

Due to the changing global environment, a drought-tolerant genotype must be developed. The parental environment may have an impact on the performance of Arabica coffee offspring. Arabica coffee was grown throughout a wide variety of elevations, precipitation, and temperature in Indonesia's North Sumatra province. As a result, a drought-tolerant genotype may be present in this coffee farm. The goal of this study was to see how water stress affected the performance of Arabica coffee genotypes. We employed seven genotypes from seven different habitats, as well as four different levels of water treatments (100 percent, 75 percent, 50 percent, and 25% field capacity). Plant height, stem diameter, and leaf number were all increased by paramaters. The green house was used to conduct a factororial experiment, which included a totally block design with two factors and three replications. The interaction between genotype and water treatment level was shown to be significantly significant. It could be inferred that selecting for drought tolerance genotypes from the existing Arabica coffee population is a viable option. Due to the substantial GxE interaction, selection should be done in a controlled environment.

Author(s) Details

Sabam Malau
Agriculture Faculty of Nommensen HKBP University, Jalan Sutomo 4-A, Medan 20234, Indonesia.

Albiner Siagian
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.

Bilter Sirait
Agriculture Faculty of Darma Agung University, Jl. Doktor TD Pardede No.21, Petisah Hulu, Medan 20153, Indonesia.

Himsar Ambarita
Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.

Maria Rumondang Sihotang
Agriculture Faculty of Nommensen HKBP University, Jalan Sutomo 4-A, Medan 20234, Indonesia.

Benika Naibaho
Agriculture Faculty of Nommensen HKBP University, Jalan Sutomo 4-A, Medan 20234, Indonesia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V5/article/view/985