Entropy of Information in Clinical Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders | Chapter 13 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 10

 

The absence of biomarkers poses a significant challenge to the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) in children, particularly during routine newborn examinations. Consequently, post-birth years often rely on identifying difficulties in social interaction and other emerging factors to evaluate ASD in children. This study presents numerical findings examining social interaction and repetitive behaviors in both ASD and non-ASD cohorts. To illustrate these interactions, we employ two sets of random walkers, each representing distinct characteristics. One set, akin to children with autism, exhibits persistent and resistant dynamics, while the other, labeled as healthy, demonstrates diffusive behavior resembling the Elephant Random Walks (ERW) model. We analyze the influence of these two sets on each other's entropy variations using an information entropy framework. By examining paired interactions between walkers, we assess how these interactions impact the entropy fluctuations within each set. Surprisingly, our findings reveal that variations in the strength of interaction, represented by probability f, do not induce entropy changes in the group of random walkers simulating children with autism.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Silvério Sirotheau

Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Brazil.

José Leão de Luna

Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Brazil.

Thiago R. S. Moura

Faculty of Physics, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Brazil.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v10/938

 

Enhancing Theory of Mind Skills: Intervention Strategies for Individuals with Autism | Chapter 4 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

 

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand another’s perspective. It has two components- cognitive and affective. The cognitive component means understanding others’ beliefs, intentions, perspectives, etc. and the affective component indicates knowledge regarding emotions. Impairment in ToM is one of the major features of Autism. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired communication and Socialization. Individuals with Autism experience difficulties in understanding the intentions, beliefs, and perspectives of other individuals because of their limited ToM skills, and they also find it difficult to predict the emotions of another individual. Therefore, structured interventions are required to improve ToM skills in individuals with Autism. The present study focuses on different ToM intervention methods and the effectiveness of those methods. However, the present review observes that most of the interventions are suitable for individuals with high-functioning Autism. Besides these interventions are heavily loaded with language and therefore these interventions are not suitable for the nonverbal group. Thus, most of the individuals with Autism are out of the scope of these interventions. Therefore, ToM interventions suitable for nonverbal and low-functioning groups of Autism are required.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Payel Dey Ghosh

Amity University, Kolkata, India.

Mallika Banerjee

Techno India University, Kolkata, India and University of Calcutta, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/1691

Identifying Causes of Breast Cancer and Autism: A Novel Method for Analyzing Non-infectious Disease Factors | Chapter 2 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 1

Background: Breast Cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the breast. Breast cancer occurs mostly in women, but men can develop breast cancer too. Currently, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the USA. Breast cancer accounts for about 30% of all new female cancers each year. In the USA, there is a 1 in 8 chance for women to develop Breast Cancer. The exact causes of breast cancer are currently unknown. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability characterized by persistent impairments in social interaction and the presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities that can cause an array of difficulties in social interaction, communication, and participation in daily activities. Autistic children often don't speak, have delayed speech, or lose previous ability to say words or sentences. According to the USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of Autism in the USA is 1 in 36 children (as of 2020). The rate of Autism's prevalence has grown significantly over the years from 1 in 150 in 2000 to 1 in 36 in 2020. Currently, Autism spectrum disorder has no single known cause.

Methodology: In this work, an author analyses the causes of Breast Cancer and Autism using a novel method presented in the article “Method of Combining Multiple Researches to Determine Non-Infectious Disease Causes, Analysis of Depression and Celiac Disease Causes”. The method uses a special algorithm based on math which allows to find disease causes for a specific non-infectious disease using the results of multiple research regarding the risk factors of the disease. The use of the method requires finding the number of causes for a specific non-infectious disease using a special formula and data on the incidence rate of disease in a specific population. These disease causes are two or more physiological changes beyond approximately 1-sigma interval which if they co-exist long enough must trigger the non-infectious disease (triggering is not optional). After that, the method requires finding disease causation factors out of multiple risk factors found for a disease. Only some of the risk factors are real disease-causing factors. This is achieved using a set of special disease causation criteria discussed in the article above and provided here for reference as well.

The method often enables the identification of a few dozen disease causation factors, and potentially more, for a non-infectious disease based on existing medical research. These disease causation factors all point to the same set of a limited number of physiological parameter changes beyond 1-sigma. The number of these physiological changes usually varies depending on the non-infectious disease from a minimum of 2 to a maximum of 6 or very rare. In this case, the few dozen of disease causation factors make changes (we can say “point”) to the same set of 3 physiological parameters (for example). The method then allows to find these physiological parameter changes (which are the real cause of the non-infectious disease) using a property based on math.

After this, the method allows to determine which physiological parameter of this group is impacted by each of the dozens of disease causation factors previously found. The method allows to group of these factors according to the physiological parameters they impact. The disease causation factors taken out of each group of these factors and combined together will cause a change beyond 1-sigma to all required for disease-triggering physiological parameters. These combinations of disease causation factors applied long enough will cause a non-infectious disease. The occurrence of the disease causation factors is random but once they act together the non-infectious disease triggering is a must unless the factors are removed fast enough. The final step of the method is validation of its results using other research or the already discussed disease causation criteria in order to eliminate any human errors in steps of the method that could be potentially made.

Once the simultaneously taking place physiological changes causing a non-infectious disease has been found the method allows to build a hypothesis of the disease pathology by using them and “connecting the dots”. The example of this process is shown in the work as well. The hypothesises of Breast Cancer and Autism pathologies are proposed as examples of this.

The article introduces the basics of the novel method, provides required formulas for calculations and then moves to a detailed analysis of two non-infectious diseases - Breast Cancer and Autism. As the method is novel the appendix has an analogy to explain the idea of the method at “high level”. The author’s introduction to the method will allow other medical researchers to use their own and existing research to determine the causes of non-infectious diseases as per the presented model, using a simple algorithm.

Results: Using this method and applying over 29 existing selected studies at the same time an author analyses Breast Cancer and as a result, the work concludes that the next combination of physiological parameters changes beyond the 1-sigma interval (slightly less, actually) causes Breast Cancer if the changes coexist long enough. This combination for Breast Cancer consists of 4 physiological changes that should coexist at the same time: Increased DNA strand breaks (beyond 1-sigma), TNF-alfa increased (beyond 1-sigma), Leptin level increase(beyond 1-sigma), High estradiol (beyond 1-sigma). This disease-causing combination is the same for all individuals with Breast Cancer but the factors which can cause them can vary significantly and some are determined in this research.

Investigating Autism causes by applying over 34 existing selected studies using this novel method the author determines a set of physiological parameter changes beyond the 1-sigma interval (slightly less, actually) which if coexisting long enough are triggering Autism. Using the method an author shows that Autism is caused by 2 physiological parameter changes (beyond 1-sigma) combinations for boys and 3 physiological parameter changes (beyond 1-sigma) combinations for girls at the present time. These combinations of physiological parameter changes consist of: 1) Insulin Resistance increase (beyond 1-sigma), 2) Increase in TNF – Alfa (beyond 1-sigma), 3) low Iron (beyond 1-sigma). Low iron is likely required to trigger Autism only in girls as the 3rd physiological change. This combination of physiological changes that causes Autism can be developed under the action of a variety of different factors some of which are determined in this research.

The differences in the number of physiological parameters that are causing Autism in boys and girls (2 for boys vs 3 for girls) explain why girls’ rate of Autism is much less than in boys as more physiological changes are required to trigger the non-infectious disease the less its incidence rate [1]. This research determines that there used to be around 7 physiological changes required to cause Autism in the past, in the 1980s and earlier. However, some external factors have removed multiple defensive mechanisms by moving some physiological parameters beyond 1-sigma to a new “norm” and left us at present time with only 2 physiological defenses for boys and 3 physiological defenses for girls as shown in this work. This removal of physiological defenses has caused a significant rise in Autism in recent years.

Conclusion: In this article, it is shown how research that estimates the risk of non-infectious disease can be used to determine disease caused as a set of physiological parameters changes beyond 1-sigma (actually, slightly less than this interval). The process of determining which physiological parameter is impacted by a specific external factor has been shown. It was also shown how certain different combinations of external factors can cause a disease if they act together and how to determine these disease-causing factors combinations. Overall, the method presented here allows to increase the efficiency of existing medical research in finding non-infectious disease causes and also stresses that non-infectious diseases have a multi-factorial cause.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Alan Olan
Kazan State Technical University, USSR, Russia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v1/3056

Decoding Neurophysiological Differences in the Autistic Brain | Chapter 16 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 6

EEG mapping of the autistic brain reveals that a dysfunctional cingulate gyrus (CG) hyperfocuses attention in the left frontal lobe (logical/analytical) with no ability to access the right frontal lobe (emotional/creative), which plays a central role in spontaneity, social behavior, and nonverbal abilities. Autistic people live in a specialized inner space that is entirely intellectual, free from emotional and social distractions. They have no innate biological way of emotionally connecting with other people. Autistic people process their emotions intellectually, a process that can take 24 hours, by which time it is too late to have felt anything. An inactive amygdala makes it impossible for autistic people to experience fear. Because they do not feel emotion, they have no emotional memories. All memories are of events that happened about which they felt no emotion at the time and feel no emotion when talking about it afterward.

Author(s) Details:

David Rowland,
Independent Researcher Registered with ORCID, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V6/article/view/13396

A Family Based Case Control Study on Perinatal Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Autism | Chapter 1 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 A kin-based case-control research was transported to assess the equivalences between autism and exposure to atmosphere air pollution during the whole of each trimester of pregnancy and the first few months of history. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a affecting animate nerve organs and developmental disorder that affects by means of what people communicate with possible choice, communicate, discover, and behave. Although autism can be investigated at any age, it is specified as a "developmental disorder" cause symptoms mainly appear in the first 2 years of existence. Although the frequency of autism has considerably grown, nothing is famous about its creation. Several research have examined the impact of air pollution uncovering on autism, despite hints that skilled may be links betwixt it and neurodevelopmental diseases. However, the results are irregular. The possible role of obscure confounders is mainly damned for this inconsistency. To underrate confounding belongings, we evaluated the impact of air pollution uncovering on autism using a classification-based case-control study. Cases were 97 things with a disease of autism born betwixt 2009 and 2012 in Isfahan city, Iran. The controls were 54 individuals who acted not have a previous experiences of autism and were cousins of the case person. The controls were doubled with the autistic cases in agreements of residential location and age range. For each trimester of gestation, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), gases forming the atmosphere (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and PM10 exposure were supposed using the opposite distance weighted method. The reasoning indicates a meaningful association middle from two points CO exposure and autism in the second trimester (OR = 1.59; ρ = 0.046, 95% CI: 1.01 - 2.51) and complete pregnancy (OR = 2.02; ρ = 0.049, 95% CI: 1.01 - 2.95). Likewise, exposure to NO2 all along the second trimester (OR = 1.17; ρ = 0.006, 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.31), third trimester (OR = 1.11; ρ = 0.046, 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.24), and whole pregnancy (OR = 1.27; ρ = 0.007, 95% CI: 1.07 - 1.51) were establish to be guide increased risk of autism.Overall, our study found taller exposure to CO and NO2, specifically during the second and triennial trimesters of pregnancy, was considerably associated with a higher risk of autism.

Author(s) Details:

Nima Ghahari,
Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia and Department of Survey Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.

Fatemeh Yousefian,
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.

Ehsan Najafi,
Department of Survey Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V8/article/view/12180

Autism Spectrum Screening Instrument (M-Chat) in Day Centers in the City of Iranduba-AM: Application and Its Significance | Chapter 10 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

 This episode investigated the request of M-Chat method in children accompanying autism spectrum disorder the one did not have an early diagnosis, in four daycares in the city of Iranduba/AM.Autism is individual of a group of neurodevelopmental disorders known as extensive developmental disorders. These disorders are characterized by three gist deficits: injured communication, impaired exchanged social interplay and restricted, repetitive and standard patterns of behaviors or interests. This is a cross-divided, quantitative study, accompanying application of a questionnaire, nevertheless, specifically to measure concerned with manner of behaving criteria compatible accompanying autistic spectrum disorder.The form used for data group was a modified report of the checklist for Autism in Toddlers, known as M-Chat. Specifically focus were 116 children middle from two points ages 24 and 36 months who were at scholar age agreeable with Maternal 1 and 2 individually. In order to reveal the number of kids with suspected Autistic Spectrum Disorder - ASD, outside early diagnosis, in nursery school centers in Iranduba-AM, teachers and guardians of 116 children in four concerning cities daycare centers in the city of Iranduba-AM were consulted. Results yielded those 10 possible cases of ASD lied within this group; these things then underwent further judgment by specialists at Psychosocial Care Center in Iranduba - AM named CAPS where 6 diagnoses of ASD were made: 5 women and only one male; results were antagonistic to previous studies subpoenaing higher prevalence rates between males. The study of cases diagnosed in the target populace of our study revealed a predominance of 5.17 cases per 100 children. The cause for this outcome, in addition to the potential tangible improving in global occurrence, remnants unidentified.Despite being saw as a useful tool for research purposes established our findings, it concede possibility be noted that correct identification could not have existed achieved outside the involvement of attentive educators helped by observant persons whose eagerness significantly donated towards promoting early discovery among affected youngsters thus aiding improved outcomes post-disease intervention exertions.

Author(s) Details:

Cristianne Confessor Castilho Lopes,
University of Joinville Region, Joinville, SC, Brazil.

Rayssa Figueiredo Magalhães Santiago,
Nilton Lins University, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Adriana Auzier Loureiro Barbosa,
Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Thalyssa Figueiredo Magalhães,
University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Aline Garcia Farias,
University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Ananias Nogueira Mendes,
Nilton Lins University, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Karen Aline Brandão Campos Abtibol,
University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Moisés Abtibol Machado,
Nilton Lins University- Manaus, AM, Brazil.

 de Morais,
University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Fernanda Albuquerque da Silva,
University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Maria Helena Rego Martins,
University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.

Larissa Magalhães Figueiredo,
UniNorte University Center- Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.

Miriam Sabino de Oliveira Pereira,
Vale do Sapucaí University, Pouso Alegre, MG, Brazil.

Claudio Rodrigo Maia Santos,
Amazon University of Pando, Cobija-Pando, Bolivia.

Bruno Alves Menezes de Lima,
University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Ana Lang Botticelli,
Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Ricardo Wagner Botticelli,
Interamerican Open University, Rosario, Argentina.

Rodayne Khouri Nascimento,
Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

José Francisco Dalcin,
Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

Renato Afonso Salgado,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

Vinicius Soriano de Brito,
Interamerican Open University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Izabela de Souza Campos Nogueira,
Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.

Maria Julia Mesquita,
Interamerican Open University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Flávia Martins,
Interamerican Open University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Youssef Elias Ammar,
Interamerican Open University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V1/article/view/11067

Understanding Autism: Through Mirror Neuron Dysfunction | Chapter 8 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 Autism or Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) has induced the interest of many neurobehavioral researchers for allure formidable challenge. ASD concede possibility affect as many as 1 in 250 youngsters in India, according to dossier available. Autism is a neuro-enlightening condition that primarily influences social friendships and reciprocal behaviours. Several specialists in this sector have administered extensive research on the belongings of lack of empathy in autistic crowd. A fresh outlook on a number of neuro-concerned with manner of behaving problems has arose as a result of the finding of the Mirror Neuron System (MNS). Recent research on the mirror neuron system and allure role cruel emotions and imitating of actions appears to offer a logical excuse for comprehending autism. In community with autism, the system of action likeness, which controls understanding, is affected by mirror neuron failure. This study provides an survey of the scientific evidence, such as fMRI, TMS provocation, and EEG tests used to comprehend autism, the duty of empathy in autism, and the difficulty of MNS in autism. The authors also desire use of "Imitation Theory" to manage autism by utilising the MNS. Researchers situated on sides will be better able to grasp autism in the framework of neuroscientific research and recognise it as more than a plain behavioral disorder if they have a better information of this more current Mirror Neuron Dysfunction perspective on autism.

Author(s) Details:

Maya Jamkar,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India.

Arun Jamkar,
Symbiosis International University, Pune, India.

Shweta Telang,
Department of AYUSH, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik, India.

Gaurang Baxi,
Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V5/article/view/10120

Epidemic of False Diagnoses of Autism | Chapter 4 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

The purpose concerning this study is to decide the reason for rapidly increasing diagnoses of autism.  In 2018, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported that 1 in 44 teenagers were diagnosed accompanying an autism spectrum disorder, for a predominance rate of 2.27% of the population. In 2012, a review of all-encompassing prevalence of autism found 62 cases per 10,000 nation, for a prevalence rate of 0.62 portion. This apparent 266 portion increase in autism prevalence is in bare contrast to all other disorders filed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), for which skilled has been no increase in predominance over this same six-old age period.  The increase in asserted autism prevalence from 0.62 to 2.27 allotment is entirely on account of the DSM-5 creation of a wrong and overly broad autism range (ASD) catch-all category that includes environments unrelated to autism. These figures desire that 70% of those who have happened given an ASD disease may not be autistic.  What the therapy professions urgently demand is a causal located definition of autism, as urged in this report. Autism is an hereditary neurophysiological difference in by virtue of what the brain processes news and is caused by a flawed cingulate gyrus (CG), that part of the brain that focuses attention.

Author(s) Details:

David Rowland,
288 Pirie St., Grand Falls, New Brunswick, E3Z 2X9, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V1/article/view/9502

DIAUTIS II: A Multi-agent Platform for the Diagnosis of Autism and the Design of Serious Games | Chapter 5 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 4

 Early-life onset of autism spectrum disorder results in substantial behavioural abnormalities. The evidence at hand show that the incidence of autism is rising alarmingly. The administration of the aids to which it refers, particularly those pertaining to learning, depends on early diagnosis.

The goal of DIAUTIS I is to support the clinical team, physicians, parents, guardians, and educational institutions in the diagnosis of this illness. The multi-agent system has a wide range of potential applications due to its ability to compute cognitively, fuzzy, and affectively, as well as due to its capacity to learn from experience. One of them involves gathering a range of test results, evaluating the child's test results, and delivering a final diagnosis of the condition the child is suffering from and the severity of the problem. Test results demonstrate that DIAUTIS is capable of consistently and effectively completing a wide range of diagnostic procedures. Through a technique for the production of serious games based on four pillars: knowledge, affect, sensory, and pedagogy, DIAUTIS II increased the potential of DIAUTIS I. Using more than 80 templates, the methodology enables DIAUTIS II agents to create games while taking the child's upbringing into consideration.

Author(s) Details:

Mohamed El-Alami,
Ecole Nationale de Sciences Appliquées, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tanger, Morocco.

Sara El-Khabbazi,
Ecole Nationale de Sciences Appliquées, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tanger, Morocco.

Najoua Tahiri,
Ecole Nationale de Sciences Appliquées, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tanger, Morocco.

Fernando de Arriaga,
School of Telecommunication Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain and School of Economics and Business, Spanish Open University (UNED), Madrid, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V4/article/view/8283

A Brief Study about How the Autistic Mind Functions, as Experienced by an Insider| Chapter 8 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol.10

 Chemical imbalance can generally plainly be perceived from within watching out. Those searching in have no edge of reference with which to effortlessly comprehend how the situation is playing out. This study lays out that mental imbalance is neither neurodevelopmental nor a problem. It is essentially an inborn neurophysiological contrast in how the cerebrum processes data. The novel and central quality of mental imbalance is hyperfocus, the interminable and tenacious condition of serious focus focused on each thought design in turn to the rejection of all the other things. Mentally unbalanced individuals exist in a specific inward space that is completely savvy and liberated from profound and social interruptions. We concentrate on the world exhaustively, however we are not genuinely put resources into what we see.

Author(s) Details:

David Rowland,
Independent Researcher Registered with ORCID, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V10/article/view/8069

Early Intervention on Autism: Facts and Findings| Chapter 13 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol.4.

 Early intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is the best and most efficient treatment for improving key indications of this neurodevelopmental disease, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Psychiatry Association (APA), as well as various scientific evidences. Specific strategies and approaches, particularly for two-year-old patients, can help you change your prognosis and preserve cognitive characteristics, IQ size, language, and emotional self-regulation. What efforts should be taken to raise awareness and confirm an ASD diagnosis? The purpose of this work is to outline and quickly describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to autism early intervention.

Author(s) Details:

Clay Brites,
Neurosaber Institute, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V4/article/view/6056

A Case Report: An Approach to Recognize a Role in Ketogenic Diet Response in Autism with Positive CHD8 | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Autism is a neurological disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate and socialise. The symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are now untreatable with current medications. Epilepsy is often co-morbid with symptoms of autistic spectrum disorder. Ketogenic diets are very helpful in treating epilepsy in children, and multiple studies have shown that they are also useful in treating Autism and its associated behaviour.

This research examines the impact of a ketogenic diet on a child with autism spectrum condition and their behaviour. Starting at the age of five, the child was put on ketogenic diet formulations, diet protocols were followed, and sociability and reactive behaviour tests were administered. The ketogenic diet helped people with autism spectrum disorder improve their behaviour. Multiple indicators of sociability were enhanced, and repetitive behaviour was reduced in an ASD child who was fed a ketogenic diet. Positive autism gene mutations may play a key role in determining how those children respond to a high-fat diet.

Author(S) Details

Amal AlQassmi
Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Maha AlOtiabi
King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Fahad AlRabeeah
Pediatric Endocrinology, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V9/article/view/4582

A Need to Redefine Autism: A Review | Chapter 8 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 This research explains the unique neurophysiological aetiology of autism, redefines autism in terms of this cause, and offers diagnostic criteria for autism. Autism spectrum disorder is currently diagnosed in one out of every 59 children (1.7%). (ASD). Autism was diagnosed in one out of every 250 people (0.4 percent) in the 1960s. Misdiagnoses caused by shifting criteria are mostly to blame for the seeming 420 percent rise in reported cases. The practise of phenotyping has been abandoned in favour of checking off symptoms on a checklist with just a rudimentary grasp of cause and effect. A broad ASD umbrella category is now being used to encompass a variety of disorders. This research explains autism's unique neurophysiological aetiology, redefines autism in terms of this cause, and offers differentiated diagnostic criteria as well as a litmus test to determine whether someone suspected of being autistic has been accurately diagnosed.

Author (S) Details

David Rowland

Independent Researcher, Canada

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V5/article/view/4195

New Direction for Autism Research: A Review | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The goal of this research is to see if there is a need for a major shift in autism research strategy. Autism prevalence appears to have risen from 0.62 percent in 2012 to 1.85 percent in 2020 at first appearance. However, no rise in the prevalence of any of the other illnesses listed in the DSM-5 has been documented over the same 8-year period. This threefold surge in autism diagnoses corresponds to the development of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) umbrella category in 2013, which now encompasses a wide range of confusingly comparable illnesses. As a result, it appears that 75% of persons labelled with ASD may not be autistic. If that's the case, current research on the genetic causes and dangers of autism seems suspect. There's no way of knowing if the links discovered by researchers are related to autism or to other illnesses.

Author (S) Details

David Rowland

Independent Researcher, Canada

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V5/article/view/4194

Differential Diagnosis of Autism | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 A diagnosis without a known cause is nothing more than a name that gives the impression of comprehension. Because clinicians diagnose by ticking off symptoms on a checklist with no comprehension of cause and effect, autism has become over-diagnosed and now encompasses a spectrum of diseases with varying degrees of resemblance. This study (a) identifies the unique and defining feature of autism that is responsible for all of its observed traits, (b) maps the neurophysiological differences between an autistic brain and a neurotypical brain, (c) explains the neuropsychological differences between autism and conditions that are frequently misdiagnosed as autism, and (d) provides a litmus test to determine if someone suspected of being autistic has been correctly diagnosed. A malfunctioning cingulate gyrus (CG) causes autism by keeping a person's attention fixed on the left frontal lobe, the logical/analytical section of the brain.

Author (S) Details

D. Rowland

Independent Researcher registered with ORCID, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V5/article/view/4188

A Novel Hybrid Approach to Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Recent Advancement | Chapter 2 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 The goal of our study and this publication is to provide an adequate treatment, mostly symptomatic, for autism spectrum diseases, which are still a mystery to modern neuroscience. A multimodal approach is required for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).

Approach: In this study, we employed the ‘cavity structure impact' and the pharmacochemical effects of plant-derived metabolites to activate and ‘functionally repair' the nerve system of children diagnosed with autism disorders who were up to 7 years old.

Main Findings: The above-mentioned physical and chemical events had a positive impact on the overall performance of the patients studied.

Importance: This study should serve as a theoretical and, to some extent, practical foundation for more in-depth study and well-designed clinical trials.

Author(s) Details

Vasil Kaniskov
National Academy of Arts, Sofia, Bulgaria and Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Iliyan Iliev
Steyr Regional Hospital, Steyr, Austria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V7/article/view/1048

Prevalence of Genomic Change Provides New Visions of Autism| Chapter 15 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 The immense genetic contribution to autism spectrum disorders has been emphasised by genomic research, with over 80 percent of patients displaying improvements through high resolution chromosome (microarray) analysis or whole exome sequencing. An summary of these genetic changes reveals the predicted role of synaptic transmission in autism, demonstrating the significance of visual feedback in the development of sensory systems and social responses along with clinical findings. During periods of neuroplasticity, neonatal detection of autism predisposition via genetic examination could allow sensory stimulation therapies, an approach similar to strabismus correction prior to the deviant eye's cortical dissociation. A good insight can lead to results that can not be achieved by a pointless experiment, and a good idea or analysis may accomplish what a thousand experiments can not do with one hit. Therefore, subject to critical assessment, we must take whatever information is available in every field and attempt to use it to its full extent.

Author(s) Details

Golder N. Wilson
Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Science Centers, Lubbock, USA.

Vijay S. Tonk
Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Science Centers, Lubbock, USA.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/316  

The Neurophysiological Cause of Autism | Chapter 2 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.3

 The current overly broad definition of autism has launched an epidemic of false diagnoses that include conditions of uncertain similarities. Professionals diagnose by ticking off symptoms on a subjective checklist that has no clear relation to causality. This study firmly establishes that autism has a singular neurophysiological cause that is responsible for all 52 of its documented traits, redefines autism in terms of this unique cause, and provides an objective litmus test whereby you can know for certain if someone suspected of being autistic has been correctly diagnosed.

Author(s) Details

David Rowland
Canadian Association for Neuroscience, Canada.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/232