Revealing The Gut-brain Connection: The Effects of Microbiota Extend Beyond Digestion | Chapter 9 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 9

 

The gut microbiome is a dynamic internal ecosystem that plays a crucial role in shaping our overall health. A balanced gut microbiome aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, immune function, mental clarity, and emotional regulation, and protects against diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune conditions. Comprising bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms, this vast ecosystem is essential but often overlooked in its impact on health. It transforms dietary components into important neurotransmitters and antioxidants, including serotonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). However, factors like poor diet, excessive hygiene, stress, and antibiotic use can disrupt this delicate balance by decreasing microbial diversity and impairing function. The gut microbiota is linked not only to digestive diseases but also to mental health conditions. This chapter emphasises the influence of stress, probiotics, circadian rhythms, diet, and environmental exposures on the gut microbiota’s interaction with brain function via the gut-brain axis—a bidirectional communication system. It explores how gut microbes affect the nervous system through neurotransmitters, the endocrine system, immune mechanisms, and microbial metabolites. Additionally, it discusses how alterations in gut microbiota may be involved in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

 

 

Author(s) Details

Chandrasekar R
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Pooja R.P
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Sadhana A
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Snehalatha K
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Prasanna Venkatesh J
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Selvakumar M
Department of Pharmacognosy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Sivagami B

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, AP, India.

 

Kumanan R
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy, Malappuram, 673634, Kerala, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v9/6889

Optimising Neurodevelopment in Preterm Low Birth Weight Infants through Structured Early Physiotherapy | Chapter 11 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Background: Preterm birth and medical complications related to Low birth weight can adversely affect long-term development, often leading to neuromotor delays, intellectual disabilities, and behavioural challenges. Early Intervention involves delivering specialised therapeutic programs to infants at risk of developmental delays with regular evaluations of their motor skills, cognitive abilities, language development, and adaptive functioning.

 

Aim: This study investigated the effect of early physiotherapy intervention on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm low birth weight (LBW) infants during their first six months of life.

 

Methodology: A total of 100 preterm LBW infants were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and the Referral Newborn (RNB) Unit at Raja Muthiah Medical College and Hospital (RMMC&H) and recruited for the study. The Early Intervention (EI) group consisted of infants who consistently received early physiotherapy sessions. In contrast, the Non-Early Intervention (NEI) group included infants whose families declined participation despite being advised and counselled. The Amiel-Tison Neurologic Examination assessed neurological function. At the same time, the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) evaluated developmental milestones, covering the gross motor, fine motor/adaptive, language, and personal-social domains. The therapist conducted assessments at six months of corrected age.

 

Results: The results revealed that infants in the EI group exhibited significantly better outcomes across all assessed domains than those in the NEI group. Improvements were particularly notable in gross motor and language development. These findings highlight the critical role of early physiotherapy in enhancing neurodevelopmental trajectories among high-risk preterm LBW infants.

 

Conclusion: Early therapeutic engagement during the neonatal period is essential for promoting more favourable long-term developmental outcomes and mitigating the risk of delays. This study supports integrating structured early physiotherapy programs into routine neonatal care practices to improve the quality of life and developmental potential of this vulnerable infant population.

 

Author (s) Details

N. Meena
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Government Medical College and Hospital (Erstwhile RMMCH), Annamalai Nagar, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v1/5502

Biochemical Changes as Early Markers of Adverse Neuro-developmental Outcome in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome-Neonate | Chapter 15 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

 This study was understood to identify the biochemical gravestones during neonatal period that correlate accompanying neurodevelopmental outcome, so that even when hide and early imaging gives no clues, clinicians maybe on guard about later onset of delays. The multisystem angering syndrome-Newborn (MISC-N) occurs in male babies innate to Covid positive founders and is a sign that the mother has Covid-19, making pregnant mothers and newborns particularly naive to it. Sixteen newborns born to Covid positive founders were enrolled prospectively in this place study after earning informed consent at 40 weeks of gestational age. Newborns with MIS-N accompanying proven agent for negating the effect of an infection or poison titers and newborns with positive Covid experiment for the mother at transfer were included in the study. Demographic description, treatment details and biochemical limits were analyzed accompanying neurodevelopmental follow-up. 25% mothers taken 2 doses of Covid vaccine; 50% had oligohydromnios and 75% taken antenatal steroids.87.5% were preterm of which 62.5% required surfactant accompanying ventilator support and 75% necessary ionotropic support. Significant association was erect between the antibody level and D-dimer admit the ferritin and LDH levels of the baby (p < 0.05); gestational age with LDH and D-dimer levels (p < 0.05) and Covid often causing illness level of the baby vs the duration of ventilator necessity (P-value-0.0009). Babies innate to Covid positive founders should be included in the extreme-risk newborn type and should be strictly listened and followed up for early labeling of neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral problems and early stimulation and attack. D-dimer values of babies were absolutely associated with two together maternal antibody and D-dimer levels. Neurodevelopmental effect done at 6 months of rectified gestational age showed 37.5% were normal, 37.5% hypertonic and 25% hypotonic. HINE score was beneath 60 in 62.5%. Development assessment utilizing Bayley-III showed a delay in the engine domain (62.5%), cognitive rule (56.25%) and language rule (62.5%). Hence, it should be born in mind that neurodevelopmental questions occur in babies innate to Covid positive mothers and endure be stratified as “extreme risk”. Anticipatory guidance bear be given to prospective inventors for preterm care. Covid antibody titre and D-dimer levels can help to predict the NICU stay, ventilator necessity and the adverse neuro-enlightening outcomes in these babies.

Author(s) Details:

Devika Sanil Kumar,
Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

Lal Devayani Vasudevan Nair,
Department of Pediatrics, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

Perumalsathya Sankaranarayanan,
Department of Pediatrics, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

Harshitha Shanmuganathan,
Department of Pediatrics, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

Santosh Kamalakannan,
Department of Neonatology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V5/article/view/10875

New Direction for Autism Research: A Review | Chapter 7 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The goal of this research is to see if there is a need for a major shift in autism research strategy. Autism prevalence appears to have risen from 0.62 percent in 2012 to 1.85 percent in 2020 at first appearance. However, no rise in the prevalence of any of the other illnesses listed in the DSM-5 has been documented over the same 8-year period. This threefold surge in autism diagnoses corresponds to the development of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) umbrella category in 2013, which now encompasses a wide range of confusingly comparable illnesses. As a result, it appears that 75% of persons labelled with ASD may not be autistic. If that's the case, current research on the genetic causes and dangers of autism seems suspect. There's no way of knowing if the links discovered by researchers are related to autism or to other illnesses.

Author (S) Details

David Rowland

Independent Researcher, Canada

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V5/article/view/4194