Reproductive and Pregnancy Dynamics in Pigs: Physiology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Immunity | Chapter 9 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

Reproduction and pregnancy in pigs involve complex coordination of body temperature, metabolism, hormones, and immune tolerance. Understanding these changes is crucial for reproductive efficiency, maternal health, and fetal survival. This chapter summarises variations in key physiological parameters (rectal temperature, respiratory and pulse rates) across reproductive stages, outlines serum biochemical shifts during gestation, and highlights the roles of hormones like progesterone and oestrogen in supporting pregnancy. It also discusses the immunological environment, shaped by cytokines such as IL-10, IFN-γ, and IFN-β, which maintain uterine immune balance and allow fetal development. These interlinked systems work together to ensure reproductive success. The establishment of pregnancy is further secured by maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP), involving the integrated actions of reproductive hormones and immune mediators that maintain corpus luteum function and promote a favourable uterine environment.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Rajashree Dutta Purkayastha
College of Veterinary Science, Assam Veterinary and Fishery University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, India.

 

Simson Soren
Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Veterinary and Fishery University, Joyhing, North Lakhimpur-787051, India.

 

Sanjib Borah
Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Veterinary and Fishery University, Joyhing, North Lakhimpur-787051, India.

 

Biju Borah
Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Veterinary and Fishery University, Joyhing, North Lakhimpur-787051, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6858

 

Reproductive and Pregnancy Dynamics in Pigs: Physiology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Immunity | Chapter 9 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

Reproduction and pregnancy in pigs involve complex coordination of body temperature, metabolism, hormones, and immune tolerance. Understanding these changes is crucial for reproductive efficiency, maternal health, and fetal survival. This chapter summarises variations in key physiological parameters (rectal temperature, respiratory and pulse rates) across reproductive stages, outlines serum biochemical shifts during gestation, and highlights the roles of hormones like progesterone and oestrogen in supporting pregnancy. It also discusses the immunological environment, shaped by cytokines such as IL-10, IFN-γ, and IFN-β, which maintain uterine immune balance and allow fetal development. These interlinked systems work together to ensure reproductive success. The establishment of pregnancy is further secured by maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP), involving the integrated actions of reproductive hormones and immune mediators that maintain corpus luteum function and promote a favourable uterine environment.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Rajashree Dutta Purkayastha
College of Veterinary Science, Assam Veterinary and Fishery University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, India.

 

Simson Soren
Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Veterinary and Fishery University, Joyhing, North Lakhimpur-787051, India.

 

Sanjib Borah
Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Veterinary and Fishery University, Joyhing, North Lakhimpur-787051, India.

 

Biju Borah
Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Veterinary and Fishery University, Joyhing, North Lakhimpur-787051, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6858

 

Association of Teenage Pregnancy with Increased Risk of Maternal and Neonatal Complications: An Overview | Chapter 9 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 7

The present study examines whether teenage pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications compared to adults through a systematic literature review to help clinicians in their actions before and during pregnancy in adolescents. Adolescent pregnancy is still a common occurrence, mostly in developing nations. Because it is associated with both obstetric and perinatal outcomes, maternal age is an important factor to consider while managing obstetric patients. A literature review to address the obstetric results of pregnancy in teenage mothers was conducted. Articles for the last 5 years in different databases including ‘Pregnancy’, ‘Teenager’, ‘Adolescent’, ‘Complications’, and ‘Outcomes’ as keywords were reviewed. A total of 2260 articles were obtained after the initial search, but only 28 met the inclusion criteria and were therefore reviewed. The outcomes were divided into complications of pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium, and neonatal complications. It was found that there is an association between young maternal age and preterm birth, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and stillbirth, among others. The results of this review indicate that there is an association between young maternal age and low birth weight, preterm birth, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, anaemia, fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, and premature rupture of membranes. For the newborn, it was found that outcomes such as low APGAR scores and admission to intensive care were more frequent in teenage mothers. It is assumed that the risk is greater when taking into account other aspects such as the socio-economic and cultural impact on adolescents or the weight of parenting, data that do not arise from our research but should be the object of further studies. Finally, it is recommended that future research addressing adolescent pregnancy could help better understand this phenomenon and its implications.

 

Author (s) Details

Paller L
Clinica Ginecotocologica B, Uruguay.

 

Feldman F
Clinica Ginecotocologica B, Uruguay.

 

Lauria W
Clinica Ginecotocologica B, Uruguay.

 

Rey G
Clinica Ginecotocologica B, Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v7/11725F

 

Health Care Seeking Behaviour Among Pregnant Women in Rural Western India: A Qualitative Study | Chapter 9| An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

Background: One of the most important aspects of maternal health services is antenatal care (ANC).

 

Aim of the Study: The perceptions and care-seeking behaviour of pregnant women living in rural Western India are examined in this study, as is their knowledge of pregnancy-related complications.

 

Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was carried out in 2022 with 74 pregnant women who were randomly selected from the ANC register and were in their third trimester. Using a pretested guide that covered eight thematic areas, data were collected through in-depth interviews. Thematic coding was used to analyse the transcriptions of the interviews.

 

Results: The majority of women understood the value of regular ANC visits. However, little was known about specific complications like pre-eclampsia or gestational diabetes. Although transportation obstacles and reliance on spouses for decision-making were observed, government health services were favoured because they were accessible and reasonably priced. Families provided support, and there was little dependence on traditional healers. A few participants voiced concerns about the results of deliveries, especially caesarean sections.

 

Conclusions: The study draws attention to the disparity in general ANC awareness and specialised knowledge regarding pregnancy complications. Maternal outcomes can be improved in rural Western India with sustained community involvement and education provided by primary healthcare systems.

 

Author(s) Details

Pravin Yerpude
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences, Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh)-480001, India.

 

Keerti Jogdand
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences, Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh)-480001, India.

 

Mohini Jogdand
Department of Community Medicine, Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Government Medical College, Ambajogai, (Maharashtra)- 431517, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v3/5781

Postpartum Rectus Abdominus Injury and Broad Ligament Hematoma: A Rare Case| Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 7

 

Trauma to a pregnant woman, irrespective of its intensity and the lack of any resulting shock, is a potential danger to both the mother and fetus. Severe damage to the right rectus abdominus muscle associated with a uterine broad right ligament hematoma is a rare complication of an accident during pregnancy. This study describes the case of a 31-year-old primiparous pregnant woman who had been a victim of a road accident at 28 weeks of pregnancy. The patient was struck by a car, with the impact occurring on the right anterolateral area of the patient’s abdomen. The pregnancy continued normally and the patient was ultimately delivered vaginally at 41 weeks of gestation. Despite the trauma, the baby was normally grown and had Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at 1 and 5 minutes of life. The patient underwent a laparotomy in the immediate postpartum period for a significant hemoperitoneum; this revealed the lesions and allowed treatment. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the 6th postpartum day. The detachment and the damage of the rectus abdominus muscle associated with a hematoma of the right broad ligament, as observed in this patient, appear exceptional, as does the fact that they were of no real significance to the mother or her fetus until after delivery. This case highlights that the management and monitoring of a pregnant victim of a road accident (regardless of gestational age, the seat of the traumatic impact point and the importance of shock) must be performed in a specialised service. The complete and thorough initial examination and a methodical and rigorous para-clinical supervision in a specialised service are necessary to allow the early detection of any complications and to provide better overall care.

 

Author(s) Details

Loué V
Houphouet Boigny’s University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Mother-Child Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Cocody, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Effoh D
Houphouet Boigny’s University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Mother-Child Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Cocody, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Gbary E
Houphouet Boigny’s University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Mother-Child Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Cocody, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Yao A
Houphouet Boigny’s University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Mother-Child Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Cocody, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Ouattara L
Houphouet Boigny’s University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Mother-Child Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Cocody, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v7/5538

Essentials Counselling Skills for Community Health Workers: Supporting Pregnant Adolescents | Chapter 6 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 10

Background: Counselling is crucial to provide support to pregnant adolescents during these challenging times. Adolescent pregnancy has significant global implications. It endangers the lives of the mother and the unborn child, contributing to maternal and child morbidity and mortality rates. Furthermore, it threatens the achievement of sustainable development goals of ending poverty (Goal 1), zero hunger (Goal 2), providing good health care (Goal 3), quality education (Goal 4), empowerment of women and girls (Goal 5), providing decent jobs and promoting economic growth (Goal 8). Community health workers (CHWs) play a role in empowering adolescents through counselling skills, thus promoting informed decision- making for better outcomes.

Aim: The study aims to evaluate the counselling skills of CHWs in their efforts to support pregnant adolescents (PA) in Limpopo province.

Setting: The research was carried out with CHWs in the Mopani and Vhembe districts of the Limpopo province in South Africa.

Methods: A quantitative descriptive approach was used to evaluate CHWs’ counselling skills for PAs in Limpopo. The study included CHWs who were actively involved in addressing AP issues within the community. A sample of 81 respondents was selected using simple random sampling. Ethical approval was obtained. Data were collected from July to October 2022 using a questionnaire guided by the Theory of Reasoned Action. Descriptive statistics were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists version 24. The questionnaire’s validity was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, resulting in a correlation coefficient of 0.710.

Results: Most of the participants were from the Mopani district (63%), while the remaining (32%) were from the Vhembe district. Females constituted many participants (87.7%), while males accounted for only 9% with 1.2% not responding. The study identified significant variations in counselling recommendations. Preparation: Using private space with fewer distractions showed considerable variability (standard deviation = 0.218). Introduction: High variability was observed in using the SOLER method (standard deviation = 0.316). Working phase: Suggesting rather than advising had notable variability (standard deviation = 0.396). Termination: Avoiding abrupt endings and informing clients about the session’s conclusion demonstrated variability (standard deviation = 0.283). Additionally, the majority (64%) of the participants found record-keeping unnecessary, which demonstrated the highest variability (standard deviation = 0.482).

Conclusion: Counselling plays a crucial role in positively impacting the lives of PAs and their unborn children. The study revealed CHWs’ proficiency in counselling techniques and emphasised the importance of following the counselling stages.

 

Author (s) Details

Rakgadi G. Malapela
Department of Health Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

 

Sheillah H. Mboweni
Department of Health Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

 

Patrone R. Risenga
Department of Health Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v10/2540

Role of Uterine Artery Doppler and Low Dose Aspirin Intervention on Fetomaternal Outcome in Low Risk Pregnant Women: A Prospective Study | Book Publisher International

Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension and Foetal growth restriction are very common complications associated with pregnancy. UAPI may become an early predictor for complications, and early intervention may substantially reduce these complications.               

Aims: Role of uterine artery doppler and low dose aspirin intervention on fetomaternal outcome in low-risk pregnant women.

Objectives

·         Prevalence of women with high UAPI in a low-risk pregnant woman.

·         To study the role of aspirin in women with high UAPI.

·         To compare pregnancy outcomes in women with normal UAPI and those with high UAPI started on aspirin.

·         To establish the role of UAPI as a recommended screening test for improving feto-maternal outcome.

Study Setting and Design: A Prospective, Observational, Analytical study was conducted over a period of 2 years at a tertiary care hospital in western India.

Methods: The present study was carried out on 64 low-risk, primi, singleton pregnant women from the routine antenatal clinic at Ruby Hall Clinic, Grant Medical Foundation, Sassoon Road, Pune. Patients were divided into a study group and a control group. Study group population underwent UAPI measurement at 11- 13+6 weeks of pregnancy along with routine NT – NB scan. Patients with high UAPI were given 150 mg of aspirin. Complication markers were observed and compared with the control group

Results: Overall incidence of preeclampsia and FGR in study group is less, (preeclampsia in study group 12.5% Vs 21.8% in control group & FGR 9.3% in study group Vs 18.75% in control group) attributed by prediction of feto-maternal outcomes by UAPI value (uterine artery Doppler changes) and early intervention with low dose aspirin (150 mg). While in the control group without uterine artery Doppler study and without intervention incidence of preeclampsia and FGR is on the higher side.

Conclusion: Uterine artery doppler at 11- 13th week of pregnancy is instrumental to predict late onset complications and should be included in routine antenatal investigation irrespective of risk factor. Pregnancy-induced hypertensive complications and foetal growth restriction in patients with high UAPI can be reduced by low-dose aspirin.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Rashmi Bala Patel
MBBS, DNB (Obstetrics and Gynecology), Assistant Professor, AIIMS Kalyani, India.

 

Dr. Vineeta Singh
MBBS, MS (Obstetrics and Gynecology), MRCOG, DNB, Associate Professor, AIIMS, Deoghar, India.

 

Dr. Ajay Kumar Patel
MBBS, MS (Anatomy), Associate Professor, AIIMS, Deoghar, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49970-92-2

Advancements in the Treatment of Perinatal Mental Illness: Innovative and Promising Approaches | Chapter 14 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 2

Background and Objective: Around the world, pregnant and postpartum women are susceptible to perinatal mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Excessive stress, violence, trauma, and lack of support are common causes. Psychotherapy and antidepressants are the standard treatment for depression during pregnancy or postpartum. However, several new treatments for depression represent major advances and paradigm changes. This commentary highlights some innovative treatment options that are on the horizon. Most of these modalities are promising, and most are non-invasive. Many of these modalities have been used in the general population, where evidence supports their use. The methods have only recently been used for pregnant and postpartum women. Other modalities are specifically for perinatal women but do not have an established track record yet.

 

Methods: This commentary describes some promising approaches to treatment while acknowledging that the literature is preliminary. The goal is to highlight some interesting approaches drawn from a recent comprehensive review of the entire literature on treatment for perinatal mental illness period.

 

Results: Integrative treatments include vitamin D, infant massage, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, acupuncture, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Infant massage has been an effective intervention for preterm infants for decades but also helps with maternal mental health. Additionally, ensuring that new mothers are not deficient in vitamin D can reduce the likelihood of depressive symptoms in new mothers likely because correcting the deficiency reduces systemic inflammation. Acupuncture lowered depressive symptoms, made marginal improvements in the brain including changing in gray matter volume, and significantly enhanced resting-state values. Many studies in the general population have found that these integrative treatments are effective, and they also show promise for perinatal women without side effects associated with medications. Some of these treatments can also be adjuncts to what is considered standard care.

 

Integrative treatments three newer medications, brexanolone, zuranolone, and esketamine, quickly and effectively treat severe depression and suicidal ideations. They work on GABA-A and glutamate receptors rather than serotonin or norepinephrine. This represents a shift in depression treatment models.  These medications become less effective after 30 days but can be combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

 

Conclusions: Pregnant and postpartum women seeking care for depression and other mental health conditions have many options beyond psychotherapy and SSRI/SNRI antidepressants. These modalities can also be added to their care.

 

Author (s) Details

Kathleen Kendall-Tacket
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v2/5175

Examining the Perinatal Results in Patients Suffering from Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy | Chapter 1 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 13

Introduction: Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare obstetric emergency requiring immediate attention and intensive care to avoid adverse outcomes for the mother and fetus. High morbidity and mortality are seen among women with AFLP. As this condition poses many complications and is varied in its clinical presentation, the perinatal outcomes in women diagnosed with AFLP were studied.

Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study that involved all patients over the past 6 years who presented with AFLP. Clinical signs and other altered biochemical parameters were included.

Results: In the study, 19 women were diagnosed to have AFLP. The mean age of the study population was 25.74±3.7 years. 14 ( 73.68% ) women were below the age of 30 years. A gestational age of more than 37 weeks was seen in 13 ( 68.42% ) women. Ten primigravidae ( 52.63% ) and nine multiparous (47.3%) women were found to present with AFLP. The mean blood loss at the time of delivery for a lower-section cesarian section and vaginal delivery was 787.5±494.07 mL and 280±44.72 mL, respectively. The preferred treatment at the time of admission was transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) (Mean: 7.00±9 pints), followed by transfusion of platelet (Mean: 2.37±3.515 pints), transfusion of packed red blood cells (Mean: 2.21±3.691 pints) and cryoprecipitate (Mean: 0.0±2 pints). Nine ( 47.37% ) women were delivered through emergency lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) and all 4 (21.05%) pregnant women who succumbed to AFLP underwent an LSCS. Among the newborns, 13 (65%) of them were low birth weight and 2 (10.53%) had fetal distress.

Conclusion: This study showed a higher maternal mortality rate of 21% in comparison to other studies. Health professionals should be sensitized about this condition and the use of the existing scoring system available to help in detecting AFLP at an early stage to reduce maternal mortality and adverse fetal outcomes. Blood loss at the time of delivery makes it imminent to arrange for appropriate treatment and supportive care in the management of the patient, which includes fresh frozen plasma transfusion which was found beneficial in the patients.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Christy Vijay
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. John’s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Annamma Thomas
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. John’s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Angeline Yvette Mascarenhas
Department of Emergency Medicine, St. John’s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Naveen Ramesh
Department of Community Medicine, St. John’s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v13/4088

Respiratory Complications in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes from a Retrospective Analysis | Chapter 4 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 12

Introduction: The frequency and significance of acute and chronic respiratory disorders in pregnant women have increased in recent years. Pregnant women with respiratory conditions, ranging from asthma to adult respiratory distress syndrome, should be promptly diagnosed and treated. Clinicians must have an understanding of cardiopulmonary physiology to promptly recognize and treat pregnant women with respiratory conditions ranging from asthma to adult respiratory distress syndrome. Significant changes are seen in respiratory parameters as pregnancy progresses.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of respiratory diseases in pregnancy in a tertiary healthcare hospital and assess the maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with respiratory disease and complications.

Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective record study, which analyzed various respiratory diseases in pregnancy and their effects on the perinatal outcome. Hospital documents of pregnant women who delivered in the institution during the years 2015–2019 were studied. Pregnant women with respiratory complications in pregnancy including new onset/or exacerbations of preexisting respiratory diseases like asthma, acute bronchitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and pneumonia were noted. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16 after it was manually entered in Microsoft Excel. Pearson’s Chi square and Fisher’s exact test were used as the tests for significance, and a value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The study identified 214 pregnant women with respiratory complications over a period of 5 years. The overall incidence was 2.3%; 94.4% were 20–35 years of age, and 82.2% delivered at term gestation (37–40 weeks). Respiratory complications like infective, restrictive, and obstructive lung diseases were seen. Bronchial asthma exacerbations in 155 (72%), respiratory tract infections (upper and lower respiratory tract infections) in 23 (10.7%), acute bronchitis in 16 (7.5%), ARDS in 8 (3.7%), pleural effusion in 3 (1.4%), tuberculosis in 2 (0.9%) and OSA in 1 (0.5%) were seen. A total of 3.2% had intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and there was 1.4% maternal mortality. The following observations were made in women with respiratory complications: a higher incidence of preeclampsia in 31 (14.4%), an increased rate of lower segment cesarean sections (LSCS) in 99 (46.2%), intrauterine death (IUD) in 12 (5.6%), and poor Apgar scores as well as neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions in 99 (46.3%) women.

Conclusion: Respiratory illnesses in pregnancy pose more risk to the mother than to the fetus. Close monitoring of the antenatal period with pulmonary function testing increases the chance of a good pregnancy outcome. Mothers with respiratory diseases should be screened antenatally as the chances of preterm and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are high in the fetus. Close monitoring of the antenatal period with pulmonary function testing increases the chance of a good outcome of the present pregnancy.

 

Author (s) Details

Shashikala Karanth
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Johns Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Christy Vijay
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Johns Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

C Jaya Sibi Mol
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Johns Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Nirupama Vijaykumar
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Johns Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Uma Devaraj
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. Johns Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Chaitanya Harita Balakrishnan

Department of Medicine, St. Johns Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v12/3785

Aumkar Meditation: A Pathway to Blissful Pregnancy | Chapter 5 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 

Aumkar also known as the “pranava mantra” is the most chanted mantra during and spiritual or regional practices as well as during meditation. Regular practice of aumkar meditation helps in tuning the internal vibratory frequency with the external vibratory frequency, which helps in dealing with the external as well as internal stressful situations during pregnancy. Along with this, it also helps in increasing the parasympathetic system activity which induces relaxation and provides calmness. This is useful in dealing with hormonal emotional outbursts during pregnancy and reduced the pain and fear related to delivery and improved vaginal delivery rates. Hence, the aim of this chapter is to describe how practicing aumkar meditation helps to lead a blissful pregnancy.

 

Author (s) details

 

Dr. Tushara Nair (Assistant Professor)

College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), India.

 

Dr. G. P. Kumar (Dean)
College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), India.

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v9/55

Factors Associated with Febrile Treatment-seeking Behaviour among Expectant Mothers in Ssekanyonyi, Mityana District, Uganda | Chapter 2 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Background: Febrile disease is very common among pregnant women in developing countries and sometimes not given relevant due diligence and perceived as a minor or common malaria situation. However, febrile disease most times is accompanied with some major disease condition which is life threatening to the pregnant women. This is a serious health problem that contributes greatly to morbidity and mortality in most developing economies including Uganda. In Mityana District of Uganda, 4 in 10 pregnancy deaths are malaria related and mothers who do not seek treatment in health facilities when they experience febrile illnesses. This is a major health challenge.

Aim: The present study was undertaken to identify factors associated with treatment-seeking behavior among pregnant women suffering from febrile illnesses suspected to be malaria in Ssekanyonyi Sub-County in Mityana District, Uganda.

Methods: A cross-sectional study in which questionnaires were administered to 198 expectant mothers to generate data on their socio-demographics and treatment seeking behaviour. SPSS software version 20.0 was used for data analysis and a Logistic Regression model was fitted to identify factors that independently influenced their treatment-seeking behavior. Relevant REC authorization and standard operating procedures of the Uganda Ministry of Health were duly followed.

Results: Out of the198 expectant mothers enrolled in the study, 42.9% were aged 15-25 years, 73.7% had achieved Secondary education, and 46.5% were married. The treatment-seeking behavior was found to be standing at only 56.6%. Among the different factors studied, health education on malaria (AOR = 3.68, P = 0.000), the attitude of midwives (AOR = 1.45, P = 0.003), patient care (AOR = 0.33, P = 0.030), and attitude of the pregnant mother (AOR = 5.38, P = 0.000) were found to be statistically significantly associated with treatment-seeking behavior among pregnant mothers with febrile illnesses. The results show that the attitude of midwives is significantly associated with treatment-seeking behavior for febrile illnesses assumed to be malaria among pregnant mothers.

Conclusion: The study concluded that health education and awareness on malaria, attitude of midwives and pregnant mothers, and how the pregnant mothers are handled are the most important factors in positively affecting treatment seeking behavior among pregnant mothers with febrile illnesses.

Recommendations: Health education on malaria, midwives' attitudes, patient treatment, and pregnant mothers' attitudes must all be addressed in order to prevent febrile infections. The Ministry of Health and other responsible stakeholders must reinforce health education programs for women of reproductive age about the dangers of febrile illnesses during pregnancy. It is also critical to assist midwives in addressing issues related to their attitudes toward pregnant mothers.

 

Author(s) Details

 

 

Nanjobe Uniah
Department of Public Health, Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

David R. Mutekanga
Department of Public Health, Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Christopher Ddamulira
Department of Public Health, Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Stephen S. Kizza
Department of Pathology/ Non-Communicable Diseases, Central Public Health Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Lawlence Sserwanga
Department of Public Health, Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/12289F

Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnancies Complicated by Heart Disease: A 5-Year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Center Hospital in Klang Valley, Malaysia | Chapter 1 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

Background: Maternal heart disease is a leading cause of indirect maternal mortality worldwide similarly in Malaysia with substantially increment in heart disease related. Due to enhanced childhood survival rates, an increasing number of women with congenital heart disease are entering their reproductive years, contributing to an expanding high-risk obstetric group.
 
Aim: To assess the obstetrical and neonatal outcomes among women with maternal heart disease, encompassing both acquired cardiovascular conditions and congenital heart disease.
 
Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study involved pregnant women with heart disease at Hospital Serdang from 2014 to 2018. Maternal sociodemographic information, maternal outcomes, and neonatal outcomes were gathered using a proforma from the hospital registry. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25.0.
 
Results: A total of 255 cases of heart disease in pregnancy were collected, with 183 (72%) cases being acquired heart diseases and 72 (28%) cases being congenital heart diseases. A significant correlation was noted between the presence of additional medical comorbidities in expectant mothers, the birth weight of infants, and neonatal admission to the intensive care unit in relation to the type of heart disease in pregnancy.
 
Conclusion: There is a substantial increase in adverse perinatal outcomes. In a rapidly developing country, enhancing the management of pregnant women with heart disease is crucial. This involves improving resources, establishing quality cardiac care facilities, and adopting a collaborative multi-disciplinary team approach. Early cardiac surgical intervention may be beneficial for severe cases, and pre-pregnancy counselling is advised to prevent pregnancy in women with complex diseases, emphasizing the importance of effective contraception for better maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Author(s) Details:

Habibah Abdul Hamid,
Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Karthini Paramasivam,
Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Ameerah Izzati Mohamad Hamsan,
Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Zulida Rejali,
Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V5/article/view/14026

Investigating the Dental Health and Oral Hygiene Status of Pregnant Women in Rural India | Chapter 5 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 The dental health is affected by increase in levels of oestrogen and progesterone hormone in the second month of pregnancy and continues to affect till term and subsides after puerperal period. There is increase in periodontitis, gingivitis and dental caries in women during pregnancy. The outcome of pregnancy is affected by increase in preterm delivery, low birth weight and preeclampsia in pregnancy. The outcome is influenced by life style, dental hygiene and socioeconomic status.

 

The cohort prospective study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Integra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Lucknow from March 2012 to April 2013, for the period of 1year. The dental health statuses of 600 antenatal cases were studied. The prevalence of gingivitis, dental caries and periodontal disease were studied. The association between poor oral hygiene, gingivitis and dental caries were studied in the pregnant women. In the study the prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis and periodontal disease were 90%, 98% and 90.33% respectively. The antenatal cases with poor oral hygiene were 2.5times more likely to have dental caries.

Author(s) Details:

Bhavana Gupta,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. KNS MIMS, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Yajat Gupta,
Department of Dentistry, SS Institute of Medical Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India.

Rakesh Kumar Gupta,
Sri Sushruta Bone and Joint and Women’s Clinic, Lucknow, India.

Akshaj Gupta,
Sri Sushruta Bone and Joint and Women’s Clinic, Lucknow, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13925

Obstetric Complications Leading to Acute Renal Failure: Insights into Management Challenges | Chapter 11 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) during pregnancy poses a formidable challenge to healthcare practitioners, demanding a profound understanding of the intricate interplay between renal physiology and the unique physiological changes inherent to gestation. This chapter endeavors to unravel the complexities surrounding ARF in the pregnant population, providing a comprehensive overview. The physiological alterations of ARF explored the hemodynamic changes, alterations in glomerular filtration rate, and hormonal influences, providing a foundation for comprehending the unique challenges posed by renal failure in the pregnant population. The incidence of AKI in pregnancy (P-AKI) has markedly decreased over the last three decades in India, particularly due to decreased incidence of postabortion AKI. However, P-AKI still accounts for 3%–5% of cases of total AKI. Postabortion sepsis has decreased to between 0.9% and 1.5% in 2014 from 9.4% in 1980– 1990 in the new millennium. A multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, nephrologists, and other specialists is often necessary to address the complex nature of ARF in pregnancy and to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the developing fetus.

Author(s) Details:

Medhavi Sharma,
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V1/article/view/13660

Emerging Trends: Genomic Insights into the Virulence Factors of Bacterial Strains in Asymptomatic Bacteriuria during Pregnancy | Chapter 8 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 9

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common problem in women at all stages of life, and assume greater importance particularly during pregnancy. UTIs can be divided into two types - lower tract infections and upper tract infections. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a common condition among pregnant women, characterized by the presence of a significant quantity of bacteria in the urine without the typical symptoms of a UTI. The primary objective of this study is to providing a genomic Insights into the Virulence Factors of Bacterial Strains in Asymptomatic Bacteriuria during Pregnancy. Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Symptoms and Signs of ASB in Pregnancy have been discussed here. The diagnosis of ASB in pregnancy is typically made through urine culture. Prompt identification and treatment of ASB are crucial to mitigate adverse outcomes. Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment, and safe antibiotics include nitrofurantoin, cephalexin or amoxicillin, and cephalosporins. The study recommends that all pregnant women should be screened for ASB in early prenatal care and at the beginning of third trimester. In cases of increased risk of infection (e.g., diabetes mellitus), consider more frequent screening. Awareness among healthcare providers and pregnant women, coupled with appropriate interventions, can significantly improve perinatal outcomes in cases of ASB.

Author(s) Details:

Medhavi Sharma,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ail India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V9/article/view/13627

Assessment of Biochemical Parameters of Mothers and Neonates in Cigarette Smoke Exposure: A Cross Sectional Study from Vidarbha Region, India | Chapter 2 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 8

Introduction: Vitamin D is a nutrient that is needed for bone growth and processing. Vitamin D and calcium are extremely important during certain stages of life, such as the baby’s development, childhood, childhood and adolescence, breastfeeding, lactation, and old age. Vitamin D and calcium deficiency have severe implications at this time. Maternal nutrition status is the most significant determinant of the nutritional status of a newborn and other maternal well-being and fertility outcomes.

Aim: This Study aims to analyse the biochemical parameters of mothers and neonates in cigarette smoke exposure in the Vidharbha region.

Material and Methods: Pregnant non-smoker women who were referred to a Tertiary Health Care Hospital in Vidarbha region were selected for the study.. Distribution was done on the basis of their history of exposure to tobacco smoke; 54 subjects were exposed to tobacco smoke and 54 subjects were not exposed to tobacco smoke.

Result: Maternal Vitamin D was highly significantly low in pregnant females exposed to tobacco smoke (13.71± 4.33 ng/ml) as compared to non –exposed pregnant females (21.02 ± 4.96 ng/ ml) ((p-value <0.0001) Based on self-reported exposure, maternal serum calcium levels was highly significantly low in exposed females (8.43 ± 0.64mg/dl) than in non-exposed females (10.04 ± 0.72mg/dl) (p <0.0001). There was no significant difference in serum Parathormone level and serum phosphorus levels between the 2 groups (P- value for Parathormone- 0.2163 and for Phosphorus-0.1904. Alkaline phosphatase levels in the exposed group were found to be significantly high than the non-exposed group (p = 0.0129).

In neonates of mothers exposed to tobacco smoke, cord blood serum Vitamin D and Calcium levels were significantly low as compared to neonates of non- exposed mothers.

Conclusion: The findings showed that, second-hand smoke consumption had a detrimental effect on pregnant women. In mothers and neonates exposed to the tobacco smoke, serum Vitamin D levels and Calcium level s were significantly lowas compared to the non exposed mothers and neonates. These studies recommend steps should be taken to minimize exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and to improve the use of vitamin D and calcium supplements during pregnancy, taking into account the risk to women during this crucial time of life and the effects on the well-being of the infant.

Author(s) Details:

Prajakta Warjukar,
Department of Biochemistry, Datta Meghe Medical College, Nagpur, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, India.

Ankush Mohabey,
Department of Orthopedics, AIIMS, Nagpur, India.

Gangaram Bhadarge,
Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, India.

Pratibha Dawande,
Department of Pathology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Nagpur, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, India.

Roshan Kumar Jha,
Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V8/article/view/13515 

A Retrospective Analysis on the Urgent Need to Optimize Gestation Weight in Overweight/Obese Women to Lower Maternal-Fetal Morbidities: 59000 Singleton Term Pregnancies | Chapter 1 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 1

Objective: This study primarily focuses on examining the criticalities of optimizing gestational weight for obese women to reduce fatal morbidities. We retrospectively did a simulation applying the optimal gestational weight gain (optGWG) equation (that we proposed in 2018) on our population, and observed if its effect on maternal/fetal morbidities in singleton term pregnancies (≥37 weeks).

Design: This is a Retrospective observational study.

Setting: The setting for this study was in a single large tertiary maternity unit in Reunion Island, Indian Ocean, overseas French department.

Population or Sample: All consecutive singleton births delivered at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hospitalier Sud Reunion's maternity was the chosen population for this study. A standardized epidemiological perinatal database was used here.

Methods: This study employed mathematical simulation on a 19-year historical cohort (2001-2019)'. Data was presented as numbers and proportions for categorical variables and as mean and Standard Deviation (SD) for continuous ones.

Main Outcome Measures: Five Maternal/fetal morbidities were measured for this study.

Results: Beginning with overweight women, and enlarging the effect with the rise of different obesities (class I to III) and considering maternal pre- pregnancy BMI (ppBMI), individualized counselling women on their GWG (optimal gestational weight gain, optGWG) lowers significantly maternal/ fetal morbidities: in a logistic regression model among overweight/obese women, with the outcome optGWG, several morbidities have a negative coefficient as independent factors: cesarean-section, birthweight ≥ 4000 g, term preeclampsia, lowering the effect of rising maternal ppBMI per increment of 5 kg/m² (coefficient -0.13), all p < 0.001. Dietary and lifestyle interventional studies have reduced GWG by 0.7kg or 3.7kg and had no effect on other pregnancy and birth outcomes including GDM, PE, PIH, LGA and macrosomic infants.

We propose as a prediction to be verified in future prospective studies that a follow-up and counselling since the first prenatal visit should also lower gestational diabetes mellitus rates.

Conclusion: We may have significant health (and cost) benefits by lowering c-section rates, term preeclampsia, macrosomic babies and LGA babies in overweight/obese women and low-birthweight babies in lean women. We may have much to win from reducing weight gain during pregnancy in overweight/obese women. It is urgent to verify and establish in all continents the specific linear curve of optGWG for each geographic/ethnic area.

Author(s) Details:

Pierre-Yves Robillard,
Service de Néonatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud Réunion, Saint-Pierre Cedex, La Réunion, France and Centre d'Etudes Périnatales Océan Indien (CEPOI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud Réunion, Saint-Pierre Cedex, La Réunion, France.

Gustaaf Dekker,
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Robinson Institute, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Australia.

Malik Boukerrou,
Centre d’Etudes Périnatales Océan Indien (CEPOI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud Réunion, Saint-Pierre Cedex, La Réunion, France and Service de Gynécologie et Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint-Pierre Cedex, La Réunion, France.

Brahim Boumahni,
Service de Neonatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud Reunion, Saint-Pierre Cedex, La Reunion, France.

Thomas C Hulsey,
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, USA.

Marco Scioscia,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Policlinico of Abano Terme, Abano Terme (PD), Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V1/article/view/12998

Effects of Gestational Hypertriglyceridemia: A Rare Case of Pink Blood Conundrum during Pregnancy | Chapter 9 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 The aims and aims of the chapter are to recognize the effects of Hypertriglyceridemia before birth. Gestation hypertriglyceridemia is one of the exceptional diseases that can construct sequential derangement in the lipid create a likeness in a picture of the  pregnant mothers. A young woman has been picked to examine the impact of Hypertriglyceridemia on her gestation. She developed Gestational hypertriglyceridemia due to assumptive obesity and diabetes that was accidentally found all the while cesarean section, and luckily successful feto-maternal effect afterwards. It is owned by screen the high-risk patient on booking for chances of cultivating Hypertriglyceridemia later in pregnancy to prevent all the complications.

Author(s) Details:

Ayesha Shahid,
Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Amna Javed,
Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Fatima Chaudhry,
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Muhammad Ikram,
Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Rukiya Tariq,
University of the Punjab, Pakistan.

Sana Danish,
Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V7/article/view/12692

What We Need: Assuming Responsibility for Children to Come | Chapter 4 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 Concerning pregnancies and births, it imply the times that many natural processes and positions are being lifted lacking normality into the realm of cure. For early children's education and development, stable, superior child care is essential, particularly for those from socioeconomically, ethnically, and geographically disadvantaged groups. However, the conditions for active conditions need expected established in order for ease to return here. To do this, it is owned by teach pregnant wives how to supply their developing fetuses a healthy frame to live in. Such a protective, particularly in relation to complete and sudden withdrawal from an addictive substance, might stop after harmful processes. Any woman the one intends to create or who could do so has expected ready, and detoxification is a key few that.If the foetus gets toxins or poisons transferred, the parent suffers for many age, and so does society [1].

Author(s) Details:

Doepp, Manfred,
Holistic Center, 13 Haupt St., Abtwil 9030, Switzerland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V9/article/view/12252