The Role of Vitamin D in Different Stages of Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and its Correlation with Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-𝛽1): A cross Sectional Study | Chapter 03 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Aim: The present study analyses the role of vitamin D status in different stages of type 2 diabetic nephropathy and its correlation with transforming growth factor beta-1.

Background: A microvascular consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic nephropathy (DN) is becoming more common each year. Patients with diabetic nephropathy should have their vitamin D levels regularly monitored, as low vitamin D levels may be associated with an increased risk of developing diabetic nephropathy.  Studies evaluating the role of vitamin D in DN are few. Conflicting data is available on the correlation between vitamin D and Diabetic Nephropathy. Studies revealed the sample population is Vitamin D deficient. Therefore, it is important to understand the correlation of Vitamin D with severity of Diabetic nephropathy and its role in fibrogenesis.

Methods: A 1.5-year cross-sectional study of 120 diabetic patients, 60 with nephropathy and 60 without nephropathy patients enrolled to MES Medical College. Patients with heart, liver, or thyroid disease, as well as those on dialysis, were excluded from the study. The VITROS 5600 integrated system were used to measure fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, creatinine and vitamin D.  Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-𝛽1) is measured using ELISA technique. According to HbA1c and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values, the study population is divided into two groups. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software was used to conduct the analysis. The level of significance was calculated at 95%.

Results: Compared to diabetic individuals without nephropathy, those with nephropathy had much-decreased vitamin D levels. Serum creatinine, urea, HbA1c, and TGF-𝛽1 in individuals with diabetic nephropathy revealed a highly significant negative association with vitamin D status, whereas eGFR showed a highly significant positive correlation.  Experimental studies, observational studies, and clinical trials have indicated the possible effects of vitamin D in protecting against the progression of DKD and preserving the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. These studies have highlighted the necessity of clinicians to be alert to vitamin D deficiency in patients with DKD and the importance of supplementation among high-risk groups.

Conclusion: A deficiency of vitamin D has a role in the development and severity of DN, and showed a highly significant correlation with the regulator of fibrosis, TGF-𝛽1. This finding indicates that vitamin D could be an important factor for the development and progression of Diabetic nephropathy. So supplementation of vitamin D may slow down the progression of DN.

 

Author(s) Details :-

 

Liji Kavuparambil
Department of Biochemistry, MES Medical College, Perinthalmanna, India.

Ashok Kumar Pammi
Department of Biochemistry, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, India.

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v7/140

Vitamin D Metabolism in Health and Disease: From Classical Functions to Pleiotropic Actions and Implications for Chronic Kidney Disease| Chapter 2 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone essential for maintaining calcium and phosphate balance, as well as promoting bone health. However, its roles extend beyond these traditional functions, engaging in complex interactions with various metabolic processes that have important implications for global health. Despite the body's ability to produce vitamin D through sun exposure, deficiency has become a widespread problem affecting people of all ages and regions. The physiological effects of vitamin D are mediated through its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], which binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) found throughout the body. This binding controls the expression of hundreds of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, immune response, and inflammation. These mechanisms explain why vitamin D deficiency is linked to an increased risk of various non-skeletal diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and infectious diseases. Adding to this complexity is the phenomenon of non-classical activation. In many extra-renal tissues, such as immune cells, the endothelium, and the parathyroid gland, 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) is expressed, allowing for local production of active vitamin D. This enables tissue-specific regulation independent of the body’s systemic calcium needs. Understanding this non-classical pathway is especially important for addressing the pathology of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with CKD, the gradual loss of renal 1α-hydroxylase activity hampers classical vitamin D activation. At the same time, disruption of local non-classical vitamin D activation in various tissues has become a key factor in increased inflammation, immune imbalance, and higher cardiovascular risk in this population. This study offers a comprehensive review of vitamin D metabolism, covering its synthesis and both classical and non-classical modes of action. It underscores the serious consequences of vitamin D deficiency and emphasises the importance of maintaining optimal levels, particularly for high-risk groups such as those with CKD.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Samuel Adinoyi Adavba
Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v7/6482

Influence of Soy-enriched Cookies on Bone Mineral Density in Perimenopausal Women | Chapter 10 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

Background: Isoflavones are abundant in soy and other legumes, have established estrogenic properties, and had impressive biological effects in preclinical models. Isoflavones have been suggested as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy.

 

Objectives: This study evaluates the influence of soy-enriched cookies on bone mineral density in perimenopausal women.

 

Methodology: A total of 36 women with perimenopausal older than 40 years were enrolled for the 8 weeks of study, and participants of the study were allocated into two groups, 18 participants in each group. Group G0 was the control group with no supplementation, and group G1 was the treatment group with 40g soy flour cookies. The participants were selected from the Orthopedic ward of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. The 40g soy cookies were given to the participants on a daily basis for 8 weeks. The study parameters such as Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus and BMD levels were measured at the start and end of the study.

 

Results: The mean age of participants enrolled in this study was 43.042±3.79 years in G0, and in G1 it was 42.45 ±4.45. The mean BMI was 24.2±3.10 and 22.50±2.50 kgm-2 in both groups, respectively after treatment, with no statistical association. There was a significant change observed in Vitamin D levels with values of 23.82±4.373 and 26.50±4.50, pre and post-treatment respectively. Calcium levels improved significantly, rising from 11.52±3.01 to 12.00±2.85 with significant association (p-value less than 0.05). On the other hand, Phosphorus levels also increased from 2.62 ± 0.75 to 3.00 ± 0.80 mg/dL. At the same time, BMD levels significantly (P<0.05) improved in the treatment group from 0.727±0.09 to 0.800±0.1 with significant p-value.

 

Conclusion: In conclusion, the study demonstrated that soy-enriched cookies significantly improve Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus levels and bone mineral density in perimenopausal women. These findings suggest that incorporating soy flour cookies into the diet could be an effective strategy for enhancing bone health and mineral metabolism in this population.

Author (s) Details

Maira Munir
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Farah Khanum
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Nudrat
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Yusra Rasheed
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Muntaha Jafar
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Sara
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Anam Aslam
The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Misbah Arshad
Staffordshire University, England.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v2/5413

Advancements in the Treatment of Perinatal Mental Illness: Innovative and Promising Approaches | Chapter 14 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 2

Background and Objective: Around the world, pregnant and postpartum women are susceptible to perinatal mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Excessive stress, violence, trauma, and lack of support are common causes. Psychotherapy and antidepressants are the standard treatment for depression during pregnancy or postpartum. However, several new treatments for depression represent major advances and paradigm changes. This commentary highlights some innovative treatment options that are on the horizon. Most of these modalities are promising, and most are non-invasive. Many of these modalities have been used in the general population, where evidence supports their use. The methods have only recently been used for pregnant and postpartum women. Other modalities are specifically for perinatal women but do not have an established track record yet.

 

Methods: This commentary describes some promising approaches to treatment while acknowledging that the literature is preliminary. The goal is to highlight some interesting approaches drawn from a recent comprehensive review of the entire literature on treatment for perinatal mental illness period.

 

Results: Integrative treatments include vitamin D, infant massage, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, acupuncture, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Infant massage has been an effective intervention for preterm infants for decades but also helps with maternal mental health. Additionally, ensuring that new mothers are not deficient in vitamin D can reduce the likelihood of depressive symptoms in new mothers likely because correcting the deficiency reduces systemic inflammation. Acupuncture lowered depressive symptoms, made marginal improvements in the brain including changing in gray matter volume, and significantly enhanced resting-state values. Many studies in the general population have found that these integrative treatments are effective, and they also show promise for perinatal women without side effects associated with medications. Some of these treatments can also be adjuncts to what is considered standard care.

 

Integrative treatments three newer medications, brexanolone, zuranolone, and esketamine, quickly and effectively treat severe depression and suicidal ideations. They work on GABA-A and glutamate receptors rather than serotonin or norepinephrine. This represents a shift in depression treatment models.  These medications become less effective after 30 days but can be combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

 

Conclusions: Pregnant and postpartum women seeking care for depression and other mental health conditions have many options beyond psychotherapy and SSRI/SNRI antidepressants. These modalities can also be added to their care.

 

Author (s) Details

Kathleen Kendall-Tacket
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v2/5175

Age-Associated Variations in Vitamin D Levels among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Men | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 8

Background: The required quantities of exposure to sunlight differ from other seasons, as the majority of people suffer from reduced levels of vitamin D, especially during the winter season. The periods of exposure differ according to the seasons of the year, the place, terms of the skin exposed to the sun and the type of skin as well as the type of clothes, in the summer the best time For exposure is the middle of the morning or In the afternoon outside the peak of UV rays, while in the winter there are longer periods of exposure to the sun with the preference of the near time from the afternoon, it is important to establish a balance between the need for sunlight in order to produce what is appropriate for vitamin D and avoid the risk of a skin lesion with excessive exposure for the sun at the same time.

Where it is estimated that the appropriate time to exposure is about 5 to 10 minutes on most of the summer days, and 30 minutes as a maximum during the winter days, and it is preferable that the arms, legs and face are the areas exposed to sunlight, and the period of exposure to the sun may vary depending on the type of skin, and it is useful to know that there is Light than UV rays through Regular transparent windows.

Vitamin D is synthesized from precursors present at the surface of the epidermis and then undergo biotransformation which is achieved at the hepatocytes and finally by hydroxylation enzymes in the nephrons. Sunrays play a crucial role in the beginning of D vitamin formation processes, parathyroid hormone is an essential hormone secreted by parathyroid glands and plays a key role in the activation of D vitamin by renal alfa hydroxylase. Food sources of Vitamin D are also important for supplementation of the human body with some requirements.

Aim: This study aimed to compare the concentration of vitamin D in diabetic patients, and non-diabetic men and its association with age.

Patients and Methods: The current study started at the beginning of June 2018 and continued until the end of March 2019, at the outpatient unit in a special private hospital in Tikrit City - Iraq. Eighty men have been enrolled in the present study.

Results: Eighty men participated in the present study, distributed as 40 non-diabetic subjects as controls and 40 diabetic patients. The mean and standard deviation of D vit. levels of non-insulin-dependent diabetes and normal physically fit men show there is a significant reduction of D vit. Measurements of the diabetic men patients suffering from T2DM, (13.58 ± 5.29) as compared with control subjects, (19.95 ±6.5). There is a significant decrease in vit. D measurements of T2DM young patients. In T2DM patients less than 18 years old have a significant reduction in vitamin D concentration, (13.41 ± 5.1), as compared with T2DM patients aged 18-40 years, (17.23 ± 7.3). Measurements of vit. D. During heat season and compared to cold months. The evaluation of Vit. D. During hot months shows a significant rise (26.4 ± 7.1) in comparison with winter status (13.65 ± 4.2).

Conclusions: The present study concludes that, Vit. D levels show a highly important increment in hot months as compared with the winter season and there are significant reductions in the concentration of vitamin D in young age type 2 diabetic patients.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Abdulhadi Mohamed Jumaa
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq.

 

Meqdam Atiyah Khalaf
Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq.

 

Hassan Yashar Hassan
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v8/4623

The Role of Vitamin D in Different Stages of Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and its Correlation with Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-β1): A cross Sectional Study | Chapter 3 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Aim: The present study analyses the role of vitamin D status in different stages of type 2 diabetic nephropathy and its correlation with transforming growth factor beta-1.

Background: A microvascular consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic nephropathy (DN) is becoming more common each year. Patients with diabetic nephropathy should have their vitamin D levels regularly monitored, as low vitamin D levels may be associated with an increased risk of developing diabetic nephropathy.  Studies evaluating the role of vitamin D in DN are few. Conflicting data is available on the correlation between vitamin D and Diabetic Nephropathy. Studies revealed the sample population is Vitamin D deficient. Therefore, it is important to understand the correlation of Vitamin D with severity of Diabetic nephropathy and its role in fibrogenesis.

Methods: A 1.5-year cross-sectional study of 120 diabetic patients, 60 with nephropathy and 60 without nephropathy patients enrolled to MES Medical College. Patients with heart, liver, or thyroid disease, as well as those on dialysis, were excluded from the study. The VITROS 5600 integrated system were used to measure fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, creatinine and vitamin D.  Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-β1) is measured using ELISA technique. According to HbA1c and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values, the study population is divided into two groups. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software was used to conduct the analysis. The level of significance was calculated at 95%.

Results: Compared to diabetic individuals without nephropathy, those with nephropathy had much-decreased vitamin D levels. Serum creatinine, urea, HbA1c, and TGF-β1 in individuals with diabetic nephropathy revealed a highly significant negative association with vitamin D status, whereas eGFR showed a highly significant positive correlation.  Experimental studies, observational studies, and clinical trials have indicated the possible effects of vitamin D in protecting against the progression of DKD and preserving the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. These studies have highlighted the necessity of clinicians to be alert to vitamin D deficiency in patients with DKD and the importance of supplementation among high-risk groups.

Conclusion: A deficiency of vitamin D has a role in the development and severity of DN, and showed a highly significant correlation with the regulator of fibrosis, TGF-β1. This finding indicates that vitamin D could be an important factor for the development and progression of Diabetic nephropathy. So supplementation of vitamin D may slow down the progression of DN.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Liji Kavuparambil
Department of Biochemistry, MES Medical College, Perinthalmanna, India.

 

Ashok Kumar Pammi
Department of Biochemistry, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v7/140

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections | Chapter 7 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI) is the leading cause of death in children worldwide, particularly in underdeveloped nations where the incidence is over 10 times greater in children who have an age younger than 5 years old. Multiple in vitro studies have demonstrated the function of vitamin D in facilitating and controlling immune response by interacting with the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between vitamin D receptor polymorphism and ALRI.

Methods: The study examined three vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (FokI, TaqI, ApaI) using the PCR-RFLP technique in 78 hospital cases of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). These patients were then compared to 75 age and sex matched apparently healthy children below the age of five. Additionally, serum levels of vitamin D were assessed.

Results: The presence of the TaqI tt genotype and the independent t allele were demonstrated to provide a substantial protection against ALRI. The genotypes of FokI and ApaI did not show any significant correlation with the risk of Acute Lower Respiratory Infection (ALRI). Children with ALRI exhibited very low levels of vitamin D. The study did not find any statistically significant variation in vitamin D levels across the three genotypes in FokI, TaqI, and ApaI polymorphisms.

Conclusion: This study shows that individuals with the tt genotype have a notable defense against bacterial-induced ALRI.

Author(s) Details:

Prof. Bhaskar C. Kabi,
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Ms. Thuraya Abdulsalam A. A. Al-Azazi,
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Deepa Haldar,
Department of Biochemistry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Prof. Manoj Kumar Nandkeoliar,
Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V4/article/view/14003

Associations between Vitamin D Concentrations and Dementia-Related Disorders | Chapter 1 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

This chapter aims to provide an overview and discussion of the current state of evidence regarding vitamin D and de- mentia-related outcomes. A fat-soluble steroid vitamin, vitamin D is essential for healthy bones. In addition to controlling bone health, it is crucial for the operation of other systems like the endocrine, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Recent data points to its involvement in the decline of amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau, two markers of Alzheimer's disease. Numerous preclinical investigations have bolstered the theory that vitamin D causes behavioral, attentional, and cognitive deficits. Vitamin D levels are continuously much lower in people with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment than in healthy persons, according to cross-sectional research. Longitudinal studies and meta-analysis have also exhibited an association of low vitamin D with cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. A prospective study with two follow-ups, each at 5 years, conducted to examine the as- sociation of dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake and cognitive decline showed an association between high intake and a slower decline in the cognitive domains of verbal fluency. Despite such evidence, the causal association cannot be sufficiently answered. In contrast to observational studies, findings from interventional studies have produced mixed results on the role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment and dementia. The largest problem with the current RCTs is the limited sample size, lack of agreement on the dosage, and age at which vitamin D supplementation to prevent cognitive impairment should be started. Large-scale, double-blind, randomized control trials are therefore required to evaluate the advantages of vitamin D supplementation in the management and prevention of cognitive impairment.

Author(s) Details:

Sadia Sultan,
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdiya, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Uzma Taimuri,
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdiya, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Shatha Abdulrzzaq Basnan,
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdiya, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Waad Khalid Ai-Orabi,
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdiya, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Afaf Awadallah,
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdiya, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Fatimah Almowald,
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdiya, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Amira Hazazi,
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdiya, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V4/article/view/13752

Assessment of Biochemical Parameters of Mothers and Neonates in Cigarette Smoke Exposure: A Cross Sectional Study from Vidarbha Region, India | Chapter 2 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 8

Introduction: Vitamin D is a nutrient that is needed for bone growth and processing. Vitamin D and calcium are extremely important during certain stages of life, such as the baby’s development, childhood, childhood and adolescence, breastfeeding, lactation, and old age. Vitamin D and calcium deficiency have severe implications at this time. Maternal nutrition status is the most significant determinant of the nutritional status of a newborn and other maternal well-being and fertility outcomes.

Aim: This Study aims to analyse the biochemical parameters of mothers and neonates in cigarette smoke exposure in the Vidharbha region.

Material and Methods: Pregnant non-smoker women who were referred to a Tertiary Health Care Hospital in Vidarbha region were selected for the study.. Distribution was done on the basis of their history of exposure to tobacco smoke; 54 subjects were exposed to tobacco smoke and 54 subjects were not exposed to tobacco smoke.

Result: Maternal Vitamin D was highly significantly low in pregnant females exposed to tobacco smoke (13.71± 4.33 ng/ml) as compared to non –exposed pregnant females (21.02 ± 4.96 ng/ ml) ((p-value <0.0001) Based on self-reported exposure, maternal serum calcium levels was highly significantly low in exposed females (8.43 ± 0.64mg/dl) than in non-exposed females (10.04 ± 0.72mg/dl) (p <0.0001). There was no significant difference in serum Parathormone level and serum phosphorus levels between the 2 groups (P- value for Parathormone- 0.2163 and for Phosphorus-0.1904. Alkaline phosphatase levels in the exposed group were found to be significantly high than the non-exposed group (p = 0.0129).

In neonates of mothers exposed to tobacco smoke, cord blood serum Vitamin D and Calcium levels were significantly low as compared to neonates of non- exposed mothers.

Conclusion: The findings showed that, second-hand smoke consumption had a detrimental effect on pregnant women. In mothers and neonates exposed to the tobacco smoke, serum Vitamin D levels and Calcium level s were significantly lowas compared to the non exposed mothers and neonates. These studies recommend steps should be taken to minimize exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and to improve the use of vitamin D and calcium supplements during pregnancy, taking into account the risk to women during this crucial time of life and the effects on the well-being of the infant.

Author(s) Details:

Prajakta Warjukar,
Department of Biochemistry, Datta Meghe Medical College, Nagpur, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, India.

Ankush Mohabey,
Department of Orthopedics, AIIMS, Nagpur, India.

Gangaram Bhadarge,
Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, India.

Pratibha Dawande,
Department of Pathology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Nagpur, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, India.

Roshan Kumar Jha,
Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V8/article/view/13515 

Assessing the Relationship between Vitamin D Supplementation and COVID-19 Risk: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 9 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 The Experience Health Organization (The one) has officially classification COVID-19 as a global pandemic, chief to a significant disaster in global public health. Source of nourishment D is emerging as a crucial minor element under investigation for allure potential to prevent and mitigate the impact of COVID-19. Practical studies have revealed an inverse connection between antitoxin 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and the risk and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The importance of vitamin D in the framework of COVID-19 can be attributed to various pathways, including its function in modulating immune and instigative responses, regulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone order, and participating in level of glucose in blood metabolism and cardiovascular health. Evidence implies that vitamin D supplementation may humiliate the risk of severe ailment progression in COVID-19 patients. This orderly review aims to identify and combine pertinent literature concerning this and to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the potential impact of vitamin D inadequacy on the COVID-19 status and well-being outcomes of individuals accompanying the virus.

Author(s) Details:

Sowjanya Pulipati,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur-522213, Andhra Pradesh, India.

A. Veenadevi,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur-522213, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Surya Prabha Matangi,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Sciences, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur-522213, Andhra Pradesh, India.

K. Preethi,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur-522213, Andhra Pradesh, India.

P. Srinivasa Babu,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur-522213, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V3/article/view/12702

An Overview on Clinical Implications of Vitamin D in Oral Diseases | Chapter 9 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 4

 Systemic well-being can be evident in individual's oral energy. The numerous dietary shortfalls have an impact on oral well-being in addition to the systemic energy. Worldwide, vitamin D lack (VDD) is a common condition. Vitamin D (VD) has a significant affect oral tissues and odontogenesis in addition to being unavoidable for skeletal progress in both childhood and adulthood. VDD affects oral fitness in a number of ways, from schooldays to maturity. While filling out with VD has good effects two together during and after gestation, VD can have a negative impact on the oral fitness of the mother and youngster. Severe VDD in children can hinder molar mineralization, leading to enamel and dentin deformities, and predisposing things to caries. VDD has a fairly wave between audio and infrared of periodontitis and In VDD, periodontitis is remarkably common and has belongings on both systemic and spoken health. VDD is a low occurrence in oropharyngeal malignancies. This chapter emphasises the organic significance of VD and its receptor in spoken diseases, in addition to the impact on oral well-being and potential future efforts for targeted remedy.

Author(s) Details:

Deepa Jatti Patil,
Department of Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology, KM Shah Dental College & Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V4/article/view/9367

An Updated Insights into Vitamin D Receptor Gene Variation and Steroid Receptor Status in Breast Cancer Risk | Chapter 7 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 This book branch aims to analyze in a systematic habit that the association of VDR allelic variants accompanying breast tumor risk among patients from differing populations. It  have highlighted the new observations of the current understanding of molecular mechanisms of the VDR deoxyribonucleic acid polymorphisms related to conscience cancer risk and also checked the interaction between VDR polymorphisms and steroid birth control method (estrogen, progesterone, and androgen) receptors and their modifying effects on feelings cancer risk, cancer asperity, progression rate, and affliction outcome. This analysis has disclosed that Fok1, Bsm1, Apa1 were to some range associated with breast tumor risk, Taq1 shows no association, and Cdx2, poly(A), Tru91 deoxyribonucleic acid polymorphisms may be susceptible for conscience cancer development.  Bosom cancer is a compilation of specific malignancies that manifests in the front of upper body. Carcinomas make up the majority of conscience cancers while sarcomas such as phyllodes tumors and angiosarcomas are rarely visualized. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) transcriptionally modifies its goal genes involved in cell increase, differentiation, and apoptosis in a ligand-helpless manner, conferring a securing function against the development and spread of cancer. Abundant polymorphisms exist in the VDR gene's systematize and regulatory domains.  (BsmI, Fok1, Taq1, Apa1, Cdx2, poly (A), etc.) that modulate its copy, translation, and mRNA stability. Regardless of this, research in this area has not yet experienced to many conclusions. Vitamin D by way of VDR acts in a multitude of habits on cancer cell any branch of natural science, including the cell phase regulation, apoptosis, invasion, and change, as well as angiogenesis, it has collect a wide-ranging impact on carcinoma development under its rule. The study therefore advise that future research on historical variations of the VDR deoxyribonucleic acid be combined with the judgment of the status of steroid hormone receptors in feelings cancer due to the scarcity of studies and inconsistent results.

Author(s) Details:

Ashok Kumar Dogra,
Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir UT, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V2/article/view/10625

The Role of Vitamin D in the Occurrence and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: Experience from Western India Study | Chapter 1 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

 Background: The aim concerning this study was to interrogate the potential correlation between Vitamin D imperfection (VDD) and the severity of heart failure artery affliction (CAD) in patients who were experiencing coronary angiography, likely that VDD is a prevalent issue in evolving nations and has existed linked to atherosclerosis and CAD in recent research.Materials and Methods: In this explanatory cross-sectional study, successive patients accompanying acute coronary disease or effort disease of the heart who met with coronary angiography were enrolled. Vitamin D levels were calculated and CAD was defined as not completely one ship stenosis >50% on heart failure angiography. The study aimed to correlate Vitamin D confirm the severity and number of bowls involved in addition to traditional CAD risk factors.Results: In the study, it was noticed that 70.72% of the population endured from Vitamin D deficiency. Patients were classification based on their blood levels as bearing normal Vitamin D levels (> 30ng/ml), Vitamin D lack (20-30ng/ml), and Vitamin D deficiency (<20ng/ml). In the group of inmates with normal coronaries, only 2 in a group the total had Vitamin D Deficiency, which gives reason for 12.5%. Among those with Single Vessel Disease (SVD), 57 lacking the total had VDD, accounting for 70.37%. In the group of inmates with Double Vessel Disease (DVD), 91 out of the total had VDD, that accounts for 73.98%. For sufferers with Triple Vessel Disease (TVD), 36 exhausted the total had VDD, which accounts for 83.72%. The results determined that Vitamin D levels were inversely compared with important coronary artery ailment, both in conditions of the number of vessels complicated and their severity (p<0.001), as well as dyslipidemia (p=0.009). However, skilled was no significant equating found 'tween Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and different conventional risk factors, containing age, diabetes mellitus, gender, hypertension and hot.Conclusion: The study found a extreme prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency with patients the one underwent heart failure angiography, and a significant correlation 'tween Vitamin D deficiency and the predominance and severity of CAD. However, further studies including larger societies are necessary to determine if Vitamin D supplementation can forestall the progression of atherosclerosis and the growth of CAD.

Author(s) Details:

Cinosh Mathew,
Department of Cardiology, Smt. B. K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Piparia, 391760, Vadodara, Gujarat., India.

Sara Mary Thomas,
Department of Anaesthesia, Smt. B. K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Piparia, 391760, Vadodara, Gujarat., India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V5/article/view/9884

Nutrition and Life-style Scenario of Mothers from Industrial and Non-Industrial Regions of Czech Republic| Chapter 1 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 11

 The present study speculated that diet and existence style of mothers in those two communes concede possibility be still touched by their economic position. Food supplies minerals and gives strength. Nutrients are essential for human health, but likewise different compounds stretch to be recognized in foods, and their energy features are appropriate better implicit.The respondents were a deliberate sample of founders from two domains of the Czech Republic – parishes of Ceske Budejovice (CB, N=376) and Karvina (KA, N=449). Selected communes were chosen for their distinctness on the way contamination, with CB being individual of the slightest violated and KA individual of the most stained domains/parishes in the Czech Republic. Data were composed in maternity nursing homes in the age 2019 and 2020.The adulthood of accused (98.5%) described their financial position not completely as average. They more consumed routine not completely individual hot food. In Karvina founders occurring every day nibble fish, fowl, legumes and again sweet food and deep-fried food than in Ceske Budejovice, place are occurring every day drank creamery products. Information about energy risk are main for change of their practices. In two together regions, the adulthood of founders in our study ranked their emotional economic position as being sufficient. Higher devouring of fruits and salads, wholegrain money, complaint, and net as well as lower use of sweet drinks and caused meats were all guide better business-related conditions.Notably the devouring of products and produce in the mechanical region has ascend distinguished accompanying premature data, that is an bettering hopeful a better offset position for the new generation.

Author(s) Details:

Ingrid Baloun,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic and Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.

Olga Dvorackova,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic and Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.

Simona Simkova,
Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.

Radim J. Sram,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V11/article/view/9284

Determining the Levels of Vitamin D and Their Association with Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus| Chapter 5 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 This stage aims to determine the Levels of Vitamin D and their Association accompanying Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a noncommunicable disease characterised by hyperglycemia. It is related to a number of limited- and large-scale vascular problems. Vitamin D a stercosterol is an main molecule in the carcass that is complicated in many skeletal and extraskeletal functions. The current study contained one hundred diabetic problems patients and individual hundred healthy family. Blood glucose, Glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile, and vitamin D levels were calculated in all issues.Along with poor Glycemic control and insane lipid profile in subjects with difficulties of type 2 diabetes mellitus, levels of vitamin D were more significantly dropped off in these patients as compared to controls. Moreover 73% of the subjects were deficient in source of nourishment D.Levels of vitamin D are considerably reduced in diabetic inmates with complexities. The role of Vitamin D in differing extra skeletal functions concede possibility be one of the causes of these complications.

Author(s) Details:

Sukhraj Kaur,
Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Amritsar, India.

Pashaura Singh Sandhu,
Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Amritsar, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V8/article/view/8722

Vitamin D and Environmental Factors in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review | Chapter 13 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

An autoimmune disease with an unknown cause and poor treatment outcomes, multiple sclerosis (MS) has a high societal cost. It only makes sense that we look into the various factors (genetic, hormonal, and environmental) that play a role in the autoimmune process in order to better control the immune system's dysregulation given that the myelin destruction model, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic response potential in MS are all linked. Results from epidemiological and clinical investigations strongly imply that variations in vitamin D blood concentrations are connected to the degree of MS risk, the phases of remission and relapse, and gender differences in vitamin D metabolism. To achieve proper calcium metabolism, the blood vitamin D concentration should range from 50 to 80 nmol/l. The application of vitamin D in an ideally effective and safe dosage, a subset of MS patients who are suitable for vitamin D treatment, and the optimal vitamin D blood concentration necessary to regulate the aberrant immune response in MS patients are all discussed. Despite the fact that 17 years is a very short period of time to infer that the population's gene pool has altered, the MS prevalence rate in Bulgaria has doubled in that time. More investigation into potential connections between diverse environmental elements and their role in the development of illnesses is therefore both appropriate and necessary.

Author (s) Details:

Georgi S. Slavov,
Department of Neurology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V1/article/view/7435

Determining the Relationship between Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome and Vitamin D Levels in Obese and Non Obese Women | Chapter 5 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 14

 PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) is a prevalent endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age. The usual trifecta of PCOS symptoms is chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Insulin resistance and metabolic disorders are among its biological features. In addition to its traditional roles in bone and calcium metabolism, vitamin D is now connected to insulin sensitivity, diabetes mellitus type 2 and gonadal activity. Vitamin D could be the missing piece in the puzzle of insulin resistance and PCOS.

Vitamin D levels in PCOS women are low, and vitamin D supplementation may help with the condition. However, clinical trials have not consistently supported this idea.

The connection between PCOS and vitamin D was investigated in a rural medical college in south India. 120 women with PCOS and 60 age-matched non-PCOS women had their BMI and vitamin D levels tested. In 60.8 percent of PCOS women and 61.7 percent of control women, vitamin D insufficiency was identified. Vitamin D levels are higher than 30 ng/ml in just 11.7 percent of the PCOS group and 13.3 percent of the control group. Vitamin D levels were 18.94, 19.2, and 18.6 ng/ml in 120 PCOS women, 68 non-obese PCOS women, and 52 obese PCOS women, respectively. Vitamin D levels are 18.4, 19.0, and 17.3 ng/ml in 60 non-PCOS women, 39 non-PCOS non-obesity women, and 21 non-PCOS obese women, respectively. These differences aren't significant statistically. As a result, it is determined that vitamin insufficiency is prevalent in the general population and has no bearing on PCOS or BMI.

Author(S) Details

Alla Satyanarayana Reddy
Vinayaka Mission`s Research Foundation (DU), Karaikal, Pondicherry, India.

G. Ambujam
Vinayaka Mission`s Research Foundation (DU), Karaikal, Pondicherry, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V14/article/view/4983

A Review on the Management of Insulin Resistance | Chapter 13 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 15

Introduction: Interventions for weight loss and relapse prevention have had mixed results. Furthermore, comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and gout have been treated as separate diseases until now, despite accumulating evidence that these morbidities are the result of a malfunctioning metabolism caused by insulin resistance.

The goal of this study is to gather evidence that treating obesity with weight loss lowers comorbidities and improves quality of life.

Obesity and its comorbidities require a comprehensive approach to treatment. It's possible to accomplish it in primary care. A low carbohydrate diet and exercise should be widely acknowledged as the two key parts of treatment that contribute to the desired result: significant weight loss and reduction of comorbidities, as evidenced by improved blood parameters and improved quality of life. Dietitians, with the help of psychologists, physiotherapists, and fitness trainers, can play a significant role in diet management due to the diet's intricacy. Diet and lifestyle play an essential impact in health, and family physicians and nurse practitioners should be aware of this. Medication is not the ideal treatment for insulin resistance and should be avoided as much as possible.

Conclusions: Health professionals can influence the prevalence and implications of obesity and its comorbidities by identifying and treating insulin resistance in primary care, lowering health care costs significantly. Fasting insulin levels are the best way to diagnose IR. Additional tools include measuring waist circumference and calculating BMI. Weight loss should be prioritised by management, which should include a low-carbohydrate diet with adequate fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Exercise is an important aspect of relapse prevention and management. Insulin-resistant people may be able to regain their health by following these guidelines. They will always be insulin resistant to some level, and they will be unable to consume the typical amounts of carbs recommended in general dietary guidelines.

Author (S) Details

E. Govers
President of KDOO, the Netherlands; vice-chair of ESDN Obesity of the European Federation of Associations of Dietitians (EFAD),Germany.

E. Slof
EetOké, dietitian, member of KDOO Advisory Board, The Netherlands.

H. Verkoelen
Prima-Vita, dietitian and diabeteic nurse, KDOO Board, The Netherlands.

N. M. Ten Hoor-Aukema
Bon Appetit Dietitians, The Netherlands.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V15/article/view/3873

Role of Vitamin D3 in Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome | Chapter 17 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 The prevalence of central obesity along with other metabolic dysregulations such as elevated fasting blood glucose, dyslipidemia, and hypertension is known as metabolic syndrome. The number of metabolic syndrome criteria is growing every day. All of the traditional and expanded criteria are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Vitamin D3 deficiency as a result of a sedentary lifestyle is also a significant cardiovascular risk factor. We attempted to link metabolic syndrome to vitamin D3 in this study.

Author (S) Details

Arkajit Dasgupta
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata – 20, India.

Saumyajit Maiti
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata – 20, India.

Debojyoti Bhattacharjee
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata – 20, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V8/article/view/3120

Vitamin D deficiency and Its Link with Inflammatory Markers in Women | Chapter 16 |Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 Aim: Vitamin D deficiency is a serious health problem that affects people of all ages, particularly elderly women. Menopause is a significant event in a woman's life. Women are becoming more susceptible to a variety of metabolic diseases as they get older. The purpose of this study is to determine serum vitamin D and hs-CRP levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Methods: The study included 500 female participants, with 400 pre- and postmenopausal women serving as cases and 100 serving as healthy controls. Vitamin D levels in serum were measured using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, and hs-CRP levels were measured using a latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay. All female subjects were tested for serum estradiol (E2) using a competitive immunoassay method. SPSS software, version 22.0, was used to analyze the data. When pre- and postmenopausal women were compared to healthy control women, vitamin D levels were significantly lower and hs-CRP levels were significantly higher (p0.001). Serum estradiol levels were also significantly lower in postmenopausal women. We discovered a strong negative correlation between vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP levels in both pre- and postmenopausal women.

Conclusion: Postmenopausal women are more likely than premenopausal women to be vitamin D deficient. Low-grade systemic inflammation has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Deepa Gupta
Department of Biochemistry, NAMO Medical Education & Research Institute, Silvassa, India.

Neelima Singh
University of Kota, Rajasthan, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V2/article/view/1789