Vitamin D Metabolism in Health and Disease: From Classical Functions to Pleiotropic Actions and Implications for Chronic Kidney Disease| Chapter 2 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone essential for maintaining calcium and phosphate balance, as well as promoting bone health. However, its roles extend beyond these traditional functions, engaging in complex interactions with various metabolic processes that have important implications for global health. Despite the body's ability to produce vitamin D through sun exposure, deficiency has become a widespread problem affecting people of all ages and regions. The physiological effects of vitamin D are mediated through its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], which binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) found throughout the body. This binding controls the expression of hundreds of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, immune response, and inflammation. These mechanisms explain why vitamin D deficiency is linked to an increased risk of various non-skeletal diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and infectious diseases. Adding to this complexity is the phenomenon of non-classical activation. In many extra-renal tissues, such as immune cells, the endothelium, and the parathyroid gland, 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) is expressed, allowing for local production of active vitamin D. This enables tissue-specific regulation independent of the body’s systemic calcium needs. Understanding this non-classical pathway is especially important for addressing the pathology of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with CKD, the gradual loss of renal 1α-hydroxylase activity hampers classical vitamin D activation. At the same time, disruption of local non-classical vitamin D activation in various tissues has become a key factor in increased inflammation, immune imbalance, and higher cardiovascular risk in this population. This study offers a comprehensive review of vitamin D metabolism, covering its synthesis and both classical and non-classical modes of action. It underscores the serious consequences of vitamin D deficiency and emphasises the importance of maintaining optimal levels, particularly for high-risk groups such as those with CKD.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Samuel Adinoyi Adavba
Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v7/6482

Fermented Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk) Juice: It’s Potential as Water Supplement on the Production Performance of Growing Japanese Quails | Chapter 9 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

 Quail rearing is stated to be a business enterprise for those who have a restricted budget but want to make a lot of money in a short amount of time. Because of their great reproductive capacity, the meat and eggs of these birds are readily available for human consumption. From January to February 2016, 120 female Japanese quails were used in a feeding trial to assess the growth performance and economic benefits of quails supplemented with varying levels of fermented kangkong juice through the drinking water at the Department of Animal Science-College of Agriculture and Food Science, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines. In a Completely Randomized Design setup, the Japanese quails were randomly assigned to four treatments and duplicated three times with 10 birds per replication. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17.0 software was used to do a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the data collected. In terms of bi-weekly weight increase, average daily gain, bi-weekly voluntary feed intake, and cumulative feed conversion ratio, adding fermented kangkong juice (FKJ) to Japanese quail drinking water had no significant effect on growth performance. The overall result on return above feed and chick cost (RAFCC) revealed a promising future for FKJ supplementation in Japanese quail production.

Author(S) Details

Keiven Mark B. Ampode
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Sultan Kudarat State University – Lutayan Campus, 9803, Philippines.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V4/article/view/5140

Effects of Carbohydrates Supplementation and Physical Exercise: A Review | Chapter 9 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 Carbohydrates are by far the most common biomolecule on the planet. They are critical for muscle contraction during long-duration moderate-intensity exercise and short-duration high-intensity exercise [1,2]. A large number of studies have been conducted on the ergogenic effects of dietary capital in sports performance [3]. Carbohydrates are essential for muscle contraction during sustained moderate-intensity exercise and short-duration high-intensity exercise. Based on this data, this article aims to review the physiological and biochemical concepts and meanings of carbohydrates; look for a link between carbohydrate consumption and daily studies; and primarily examine the links between carbohydrate consumption and physical efficiency, before, throughout, and after competition. To perform the review, a broad search for papers and scientific studies was conducted first, and then the results were filtered using the most recent articles. Athlete strength has a direct impact on his physical output [4]. The amount of stored glycogen increases during the pre-competition period, preventing depletion [5]. During competition, supplementation is used to replace missing fluids and carbohydrates [6]. It is important to rehydrate, replenish glycogen reserves, and restore electrolyte balance after a competition [3]. Literature reviews have been studied as significant connectors in the advancement of science. More studies should be conducted to determine the optimal carbohydrate intake for each sport. The amount of stored glycogen increases during the pre-competition period, preventing depletion [5]. During competition, supplementation is used to replace missing fluids and carbohydrates [6]. It is important to rehydrate, replenish glycogen reserves, and restore electrolyte balance after a competition [3]. Literature reviews have been studied as significant connectors in the advancement of science. More studies should be conducted to determine the optimal carbohydrate intake for each sport.

Author (s) Details

Roscamp R.
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil.

Santos M. G.
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V7/article/view/923