Vitamin D Metabolism in Health and Disease: From Classical Functions to Pleiotropic Actions and Implications for Chronic Kidney Disease| Chapter 2 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone essential for maintaining calcium and phosphate balance, as well as promoting bone health. However, its roles extend beyond these traditional functions, engaging in complex interactions with various metabolic processes that have important implications for global health. Despite the body's ability to produce vitamin D through sun exposure, deficiency has become a widespread problem affecting people of all ages and regions. The physiological effects of vitamin D are mediated through its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], which binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) found throughout the body. This binding controls the expression of hundreds of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, immune response, and inflammation. These mechanisms explain why vitamin D deficiency is linked to an increased risk of various non-skeletal diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and infectious diseases. Adding to this complexity is the phenomenon of non-classical activation. In many extra-renal tissues, such as immune cells, the endothelium, and the parathyroid gland, 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) is expressed, allowing for local production of active vitamin D. This enables tissue-specific regulation independent of the body’s systemic calcium needs. Understanding this non-classical pathway is especially important for addressing the pathology of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with CKD, the gradual loss of renal 1α-hydroxylase activity hampers classical vitamin D activation. At the same time, disruption of local non-classical vitamin D activation in various tissues has become a key factor in increased inflammation, immune imbalance, and higher cardiovascular risk in this population. This study offers a comprehensive review of vitamin D metabolism, covering its synthesis and both classical and non-classical modes of action. It underscores the serious consequences of vitamin D deficiency and emphasises the importance of maintaining optimal levels, particularly for high-risk groups such as those with CKD.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Samuel Adinoyi Adavba
Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v7/6482

Background: Traditionally labeled as Sunshine Vitamin, Vitamin D is endogenously produced in the skin when exposed to Ultraviolet B rays. Despite this abundantly available Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency is extremely common among the general population. A few reasons identified for this possible silent epidemic in various parts of the world and also a tropical country like India were religious body covering habits, staying indoors for the majority of daytime, and lack of open spaces and direct access to sunlight in high human density habitations resulting in the high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among adolescents. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2021 to July 2022 for a period of 1 year 6 months at various government rural high schools in Kolar, Karnataka, India. All adolescents who were aged 11-18 years belonging to 9th and 10th standard were included in the study after consent and assent. Adolescent boys and girls with any pre-existing mental health illness were excluded from the study. Vitamin D3 levels were assessed by using VITROS Immunodiagnostic products using a 25-OH Total reagent pack. All data was entered in a Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 22. To check for association between factors, Chi-square was applied with a level of significance defined as a p-value less than 0.05. Results: Out of 451 students, 272 (60.3%) belonged to the 15-year age group, 235 (52.1%) were studying in 10th standard, 323 (71.6%) belonged to Nuclear Family. 162 (35.9%) had insufficient Vitamin D3 level and 66(14.6%) had deficient levels. Factors like Gender, Class, Type of Family, Timing of outdoor activity and duration of outdoor activity were found to have a statistically significant association with Vitamin D levels among rural adolescents. Conclusion: The present study shows Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) was extremely common among rural adolescents in spite of abundant sunshine even in countries like India suggesting the importance of Nutritional supplementation for school children could be an alterative measure to keep the Vitamin D levels abundant for normal growth and development of children. Author(s) Details Pradeep Tarikere Satyanarayana Department of Community Medicine, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India. Ravishankar Department of Community Medicine (Statistics), SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India. Susanna T Y Department of Biochemistry, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India. Sudha Reddy Department of Pediatrics, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India. Navya Department of Psychiatry, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India. Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v1/1310

 

Background: Traditionally labeled as Sunshine Vitamin, Vitamin D is endogenously produced in the skin when exposed to Ultraviolet B rays. Despite this abundantly available Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency is extremely common among the general population. A few reasons identified for this possible silent epidemic in various parts of the world and also a tropical country like India were religious body covering habits, staying indoors for the majority of daytime, and lack of open spaces and direct access to sunlight in high human density habitations resulting in the high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among adolescents.

 

Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2021 to July 2022 for a period of 1 year 6 months at various government rural high schools in Kolar, Karnataka, India. All adolescents who were aged 11-18 years belonging to 9th and 10th standard were included in the study after consent and assent. Adolescent boys and girls with any pre-existing mental health illness were excluded from the study. Vitamin D3 levels were assessed by using VITROS Immunodiagnostic products using a 25-OH Total reagent pack. All data was entered in a Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 22. To check for association between factors, Chi-square was applied with a level of significance defined as a p-value less than 0.05.

 

Results: Out of 451 students, 272 (60.3%) belonged to the 15-year age group, 235 (52.1%) were studying in 10th standard, 323 (71.6%) belonged to Nuclear Family. 162 (35.9%) had insufficient Vitamin D3 level and 66(14.6%) had deficient levels. Factors like Gender, Class, Type of Family, Timing of outdoor activity and duration of outdoor activity were found to have a statistically significant association with Vitamin D levels among rural adolescents.

 

Conclusion: The present study shows Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) was extremely common among rural adolescents in spite of abundant sunshine even in countries like India suggesting the importance of Nutritional supplementation for school children could be an alterative measure to keep the Vitamin D levels abundant for normal growth and development of children.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Pradeep Tarikere Satyanarayana
Department of Community Medicine, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India.

Ravishankar
Department of Community Medicine (Statistics), SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India.

Susanna T Y
Department of Biochemistry, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India.

Sudha Reddy
Department of Pediatrics, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India.

Navya
Department of Psychiatry, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v1/1310

Determining the Association of Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Overweight and Obese Adolescents | Chapter 12 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 Vitamin D inadequacy has been connected to obesity and overweight in minors. Despite high source of nourishment D deficiency, few studies in other nations have found lower parathyroid birth control method (PTH) levels in obese adolescents. The study's aim is to judge vitamin D and PTH levels, as well as their friendship, in overweight and corpulent adolescents in Telangana. This cross-sectional study contained 108 overweight and corpulent boys and girls old 12 to 18. A pretested Questionnaire was used to collect mathematical, sun uncovering, medical, and nutritional record information. Anthropometry and ancestry samples were collected in order to reckon 25 hydroxy vitamin D and PTH. Body bulk index Z scores (WHO growth standards) were used to evaluate adolescent overweight and corpulence. Boys made up 54.6% of the subjects. Mean (SD) levels of source of nourishment D and PTH were 18.25 (9.26) ng/mL and 45.39 (28.23) ng/L respectively. The predominance of vitamin D deficiency and lack in the current study was 54.6% and 25.9% respectively. However, PTH levels were extreme only in 24.2% of subjects ([65 ng/L). Vitamin D and PTH had an inverse but non-meaningful relationship. After ruling for age, gender, and pressure, the association remained the unchanging. Our findings climax the high prevalence of source of nourishment D deficiency between Telangana's overweight and obese teenagers. Despite having a extreme vitamin D deficiency, very few of the teenagers had high PTH levels, suggesting that the source of nourishment D-PTH axis may be changed in overweight and corpulent adolescents.

Author(s) Details:

Aparna Varma Bhongir,
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India.

S. M. Vijaitha,
Government Medical College, Sircilla, India.

Sravanthi Kuruguntla,
Government Medical College, Sircilla, India.

Padma Yalamati,
Government Medical College, Jagtial, Telangana, India.

Sapna Vyakaranam,
Department of Biochemistry, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V6/article/view/10028

Study on Prevalence and Severity of Vitamin D Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetic Patients | Chapter 6 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 Background: Because of the high toll of vascular consequences, the current global epidemic of diabetes mellitus is a severe health hazard. Vitamin D insufficiency, a growing epidemic, has a variety of effects on the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.

The study's goals were to determine the prevalence and severity of vitamin D deficiency in people with type 2 diabetes, as well as the influence of hyperglycemia on serum vitamin D levels.

Methods: In this case-control study, 70 type 2 diabetic patients and 70 healthy people were used as cases and controls, respectively. All patients in this study underwent a thorough medical history, clinical examination, and regular laboratory testing. All participants were subjected to investigations. The data was analysed using statistical tests that were appropriate for the situation.

Results: Low vitamin D levels (including insufficiency and deficiency) were found in 18.57 percent of healthy controls and 84.29 percent of diabetics. The mean vitamin D level in cases was 25.737.27, compared to 34.555.17 in the healthy population (p value 0.05). Uncontrolled diabetic individuals are more likely to have vitamin D insufficiency. HbA1C and blood vitamin D levels had an inverse relationship (r = - 0.281, p value = 0.001).

Conclusions: Vitamin D insufficiency is more common in diabetes individuals than in the general population. All patients with type 2 diabetes should have their serum vitamin D levels checked, and if found insufficient, vitamin D supplements should be taken as soon as possible to help control hyperglycemia.

Author (S) Details

Hetal Pandya
Department of Medicine, Dhiraj Hospital, SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Dipesh Patel
Department of Medicine, Dhiraj Hospital, SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V2/article/view/2679

Vitamin D Efficiency in Pregnancy: Reporting an Updated Viewpoint in Indian Scenario | Chapter 10 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 Vitamin D was once thought to be a bone-building mineral that improved calcium absorption; however, recent research shows that it has potential in a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and cancer, as well as in special populations such as pregnancy and lactation. Vitamin D deficiency is currently regarded as the world's most untreated nutritional deficiency. Vitamin D status becomes critical for optimal maternal and foetal outcomes as calcium demands rise during pregnancy. Low Vitamin D levels during pregnancy and infancy have been related to negative health effects such as preeclampsia, low birth weight, neonatal hypocalcemia, bone fragility, and an increased rate of autoimmune diseases. Despite widespread use of prenatal vitamins, Vitamin D deficiency is common during pregnancy and lactation since these are insufficient to maintain normal Vitamin D levels. The widespread deficiency of Vitamin D in pregnant women and lactating mothers necessitates a study to determine the optimum level of Vitamin D and the appropriate amount of Vitamin D intake needed to sustain optimum levels in these populations. Vitamin D supplementation as recommended by the IOM (US) and the ICMR (India) is insufficient to maintain the optimal levels of serum 25(OH) D above 30 ng/ml needed during pregnancy. As a result, it might be prudent to provide Vitamin D testing as part of routine antenatal treatment for all pregnant women, and supplementation should be suggested if deficiency continues. Interventional studies in special populations have shown that vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and lactation is both safe and effective for optimal maternal and foetal outcomes. Most experts agree that up to 2000 IU/day of Vitamin D is healthy when Vitamin D deficiency is discovered during pregnancy. This analysis discusses Vitamin D deficiency in India and the need for supplementation, as well as the facts for implementing Vitamin D supplementation while preparing a pregnancy, existing guidelines, and the consequences of Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and lactation.

Author (s) Details

Manish Maladkar
Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India

Srividya Sankar
Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India

Chitra Tekchandani
Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTMMR-V13/article/view/741