Impact of BMI on Adiponectin, Resistin, and Fasting Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetic Women | Chapter 12|Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 4

Background: Obesity has emerged as a public health crisis in many populations including Sudanese. Adipose tissue produces several adipokines, one of them is adiponectin which has attracted much attention due to its anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic effects. Adipose tissue is a key endocrine organ that communicates with the brain, muscles, liver, and pancreas, thereby maintaining energy homeostasis. Obesity is a frequent comorbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and it has been estimated that at least 90% of these patients are overweight or obese (Alberti et al., 2005). The risks of many complications and comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease) are considerably increased in patients with T2DM who have concomitant obesity.

 

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the level of Resistine, Fasting Blood Glucose and Adiponectin in overweight, obese versus normal weight females and compare with the BMI.

 

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional-case-control study, the target population, is a total of 204 Sudanese females that were recruited to participate in this study (102 overweight, obese versus 102 non-overweight, and non-obese), aged 20-50 years and venous blood samples were collected. Plasma levels of blood glucose were measured using the particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay method Cobas C-311®, while adiponectin and resistine were estimated by ELISA Kits. Anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, were taken using standard protocols. BMI was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters squared). The mean and SD were obtained, and "t"-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for comparison. Linear regression was also used for correlation. p-value was obtained to assess the significance of the results (p < 0.05 was significant).

 

Results: According to these, results observed significant differences between the means of FBG, adiponectin, resistine, and BMI compared with normal weight, overweight, and obese respectively. (FBG in normal weight (127 ± 16.7), FBG in over weight (153 ± 19.2), FBG in obese (189 ± 22.7), P = 0.037, adiponectin in normal weight (11.2 ± 1.9), adiponectin in over weight (9.7 ± 1.6), adiponectin in obese (6.1 ± 1.5), P = 0.043, resistine in normal weight (12.8 ± 1.1), resistine in over weight (14.2 ± 2.7), resistine in obese (18.2 ± 2.9), P = 0.021, BMI in normal weight (18.3 ± 1.7), BMI in over weight (26.1 ± 2.2), BMI in obese (30.4 ± 3.7), P = 0.006). In this study, the results show a strong negative correlation between the levels of serum adiponectin and FBG, adiponectin, and resistine (p = 0.013, r = -7.9) (p = 0.019, r = -6.6), while showing in the other side strong positive correlation between the levels of serum resistine and FBG (p = 0.015, r = 6.0).

 

Conclusion: The findings suggested that, in patients diagnosed T2DM, adipocytokine concentrations (resistin and adiponectin) differed between patients who had normal BMI and those who were obese. This study concluded that the level of Resistine and Fasting Blood Glucose increased and Adiponectin was reduced in obese compared to non-obese females, Diabetic Patient Type2.

 

Author (s) Details

Salah Eldin Omar Hussein
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

 

Abd Elgadir Alamin Altoum
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

 

Ahmed L. Osman
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

 

Hassan M. K. I. Higazi
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

 

Sara Ali
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

 

Ayman Hussien Alfeel
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v4/3915

Determining the Association of Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Overweight and Obese Adolescents | Chapter 12 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 Vitamin D inadequacy has been connected to obesity and overweight in minors. Despite high source of nourishment D deficiency, few studies in other nations have found lower parathyroid birth control method (PTH) levels in obese adolescents. The study's aim is to judge vitamin D and PTH levels, as well as their friendship, in overweight and corpulent adolescents in Telangana. This cross-sectional study contained 108 overweight and corpulent boys and girls old 12 to 18. A pretested Questionnaire was used to collect mathematical, sun uncovering, medical, and nutritional record information. Anthropometry and ancestry samples were collected in order to reckon 25 hydroxy vitamin D and PTH. Body bulk index Z scores (WHO growth standards) were used to evaluate adolescent overweight and corpulence. Boys made up 54.6% of the subjects. Mean (SD) levels of source of nourishment D and PTH were 18.25 (9.26) ng/mL and 45.39 (28.23) ng/L respectively. The predominance of vitamin D deficiency and lack in the current study was 54.6% and 25.9% respectively. However, PTH levels were extreme only in 24.2% of subjects ([65 ng/L). Vitamin D and PTH had an inverse but non-meaningful relationship. After ruling for age, gender, and pressure, the association remained the unchanging. Our findings climax the high prevalence of source of nourishment D deficiency between Telangana's overweight and obese teenagers. Despite having a extreme vitamin D deficiency, very few of the teenagers had high PTH levels, suggesting that the source of nourishment D-PTH axis may be changed in overweight and corpulent adolescents.

Author(s) Details:

Aparna Varma Bhongir,
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India.

S. M. Vijaitha,
Government Medical College, Sircilla, India.

Sravanthi Kuruguntla,
Government Medical College, Sircilla, India.

Padma Yalamati,
Government Medical College, Jagtial, Telangana, India.

Sapna Vyakaranam,
Department of Biochemistry, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V6/article/view/10028

A Validation of Stop-bang Score and ESS in Presumptive Sleep Apnoeic Individuals| Chapter 7 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 3

 Background: Worldwide, the predominance of sleep apnea is growing. In contrast to win standard test overnight polysomnography, the STOP-BANG (Snoring, Tiredness, Observed Choking, Pressure, Body Mass Index (BMI), Age, Neck circumference, and Gender) Score and Epworth torpor scale (ESS) are available as person being treated for medical problem evaluation scores to suspect and estimate the severity of opposing sleep apnea (OSA).Objective: The purpose of the item search out validate and organize a link betwixt the polysomnography variables STOP-BANG Score, ESS, and Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI).Methods: Patients who denounced of harsh daytime torpor and were referred to the Department of Pulmonary Medicine at the BJMC in Ahmedabad 'tween April 2017 and December 2020 experienced nocturnal polysomnography following a medical examination in the person being treated for medical problem department.Results: Of the 200 partners in our study, 137 (68.5%) were men and 63 (31.5%) were girls, for a male to female percentage of 2.17:1. The averages for the neck perimeter, ESS, STOP-BANG Score, and AHI were 32.78 kg/m2, 39.49 cm, 14.48 cm, 5.34 cm, and 48.22 cm, individually. The number of patients was shabby into temperate (16%), moderate (18%), and severe (146%) classifications. The neck circumference (r = 0.68), ESS (r = 0.73), and STOP-BANG Score (r = 0.55) had meaningful Pearson correlations (p 0.0001) accompanying the AHI.Conclusion: The most usual sign of OSA in people is wheezing. According to the study, skilled is a direct association middle from two points BMI, neck edge, ESS >10, and STOP-BANG Score >3 accompanying the degree of OSA as visualized on polysomnography.

Author(s) Details:

Keyur M. Patel,
Dr. M. K. Shah Medical College and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India.

Nalin T. Shah,
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V3/article/view/9066

Oil Yield Responses of Sunflower Plant in Indian Subcontinent | Chapter 6 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 4

The current study emphasises the outside characteristics of sunflower oil production facilities in India. PUFAs are absent from sunflower oil. It is a widely accepted hypothesis. However, if people want to enhance their health, they must be able to afford to buy. Today, consumers choose to purchase sunflower oil at the store rather than mustard oil. due to the usual diet's decreased lipid (unsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol) composition. Doctors advise against using mustard oil as a cooking medium for obese persons. Plants in good health flourish on acres of land. Large-scale farmers in India are already making money from sunflower fields. The oil used was sunflower oil rather than mustard oil. Cooking oil that is healthy is highly praised. Everyone is becoming more worried about human health as a result of media awareness (television and newspapers). Regular health exams are expected in MNC culture. People today are concerned about their health. You'll note that sunflower oil now predominates over mustard oil even in wayside inns. Sunflower oil without PUFAs is commonly accepted in modern society. The health of older people (those over 60) is seriously at risk due to heart disease brought on by fat molecule buildup in arteries.

Author (s) Details

Manju Das

Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, India.

S. Zaman

Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, India.

S. K. Biswas

Department of Civil Engineering, Planning and Architecture, TIU, India.

A. Mitra

Department of Marine Science, (C.U), India.

 

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V4/article/view/7580

Health Status and Nutritional Awareness of College Students during COVID 19 Lockdown | Chapter 05 | Issues and Development in Health Research Vol. 8

 Background: A healthy immune system necessitates proper diet. To contain the spread of COVID-19, precautionary measures such as self-quarantine and the temporary closure of teaching institutions may have an impact on regular living styles and nutrition practises.

The purpose of this study was to determine the BMI status and nutrition knowledge of nursing college students during the Covid19 lockdown.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 247 nursing college students in Tamil Nadu was conducted during the Covid19 lockdown period. The survey was done online with consenting participants who met the inclusion criteria using a legitimate structured questionnaire. Height, weight, BMI, and socio-demographic characteristics were included in Section A. Section B consisted of 45 questions about nutrition knowledge divided into three areas. The information gathered was collated and statistically examined.

The majority of pupils had moderate knowledge, 35.7 percent had adequate knowledge, and only 9.6 percent had poor knowledge, according to the nutrition knowledge level results. According to BMI, 58.5 percent of the pupils were fat II, 36% were obese I, 3.7 percent were overweight, 1.1 percent were normal, and 0.7 percent were underweight. At the 5% level (p=0.079), there was no significant relationship between nutritional knowledge and body mass index. At the 1% level, there was a strong significant relationship between "programme (p = 0.000), year of study (p = 0.000), and nutritional knowledge. At the 5% level, there was a significant relationship between age (p = 0.020), family income (p = 0.021), and nutritional awareness.

Conclusion: Students' nutritional awareness was moderate, and the majority of them were obese. There was no evidence of a link or correlation between nutritional awareness and body mass index. The application of nutritional information and raising awareness about the effects of obesity, a healthy lifestyle, and good eating habits would improve their knowledge and foster a positive attitude toward health concerns.

Author(S) Details

K. Silambu Selvi
Department of Clinical Nutrition, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDHR-V8/article/view/5273

Prescribing Pattern of Antidiabetic Drugs amongst Pre-obese Diabetic Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital, India | Chapter 14 | Issues and Development in Health Research Vol. 6

Background: In order to improve prescription quality and promote logical prescribing patterns, it is unavoidable to look into the elements that influence doctors' prescribing habits. Prescribers can benefit from feedback on drug prescription and consumption patterns in order to enhance their prescribing behaviour. Diabetes is a non-communicable disease that affects many people. Due to the condition and its various complications, such as CAD, hypertension, renal difficulties, retinal damage, neurological abnormalities, and generalised infections, it has a significant morbidity and mortality rate. The treatment is customised and neither full nor satisfying, given the multifactorial background of high prevalence, progressive nature of the disease, and availability of many therapeutic regimens offered on a trial and error basis.

The goal of this study was to examine the present prescribing pattern in pre-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in terms of drug/drugs per prescription, dose, treatment duration, and frequency of drug changes.

Methods: Between 2014 and 2016, a prospective, parallel group, comparative observational study was conducted in the department of pharmacology and endocrinology at KIMS Bhubaneswar. The pre-obese individuals were separated into two groups: a) new diabetics and b) old diabetics (3 years). a)Monotherapy-Metforminb)Combination therapy-Metformin+another antidiabetic group, especially sulfonylureas, alphaglucosidase inhibitors, or DPP 4 inhibitors c)Triple therapy(Metformin+SU+Voglibose or Gliptins or Glitazones) d)Insulin with additional oral hypoglycemic medicines

The majority of prescriptions in this tertiary care hospital were determined to be in compliance with the ADA criteria, according to the results of the prescribing pattern analysis. As a first-line treatment, metformin monotherapy was prescribed. Sulphonylureas/Gliptins/Alpha glucosidase inhibitors/thiazolidinediones were utilised as a second-line therapy or as monotherapy, depending on the patient's needs, tolerance, and cost.

Conclusions: The anti-diabetic drugs provided at this hospital were determined to be compliant with the American Diabetes Association's (ADA) guidelines.

Author(S) Details

Sougata Sarkar
Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India.

Vartika Srivastava
2Department of Pharmacology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.

Adrija Roy
Community Medicine, KIMS, Bhubaneswar, India.

Manjushree Mohanty
Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDHR-V6/article/view/4254

The Improvement in Cardiovascular Risk Markers with Glimepiride in Pre-diabetic non-obese Subjects: Similar to Obese Cohort Treated with Metformin | Chapter 13 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Background: Over a 5- to 9-year period (mean, 7.20.2), we found that glimepiride was more effective than metformin in delaying the progression from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes in non-obese subjects. Metformin was the first-line treatment for newly diagnosed diabetics who were overweight. Furthermore, neither group experienced any deaths or adverse cardiovascular conditions, which could be due to beneficial improvements in lipids and cardiovascular surrogate markers. The impact of interventions on lipids and cardiovascular surrogate markers, on the other hand, was not documented.

Prior to intervention, cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid fractions, such as serum Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDLC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDLC), and other markers, such as homocysteine (HomC), highly sensitive C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Fibrinogen (FIBR), and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor1 (PAI1).

Subjects and Methods: The sample included 18 non-obese subjects, 10 men and 8 women between the ages of 27 and 78, and 20 obese subjects, 10 men and 10 women between the ages of 32 and 81, who had pre-diabetes (fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dl and/or HbA1c of 5.7 to 6.4 percent). The research lasted 5 to 9 years (mean: 7.20.2). Glimepiride was given to non-obese subjects, while metformin was given to obese subjects. At each visit during the study, subjects were counselled on lifestyle intervention (appropriate diet and exercise).Individual lipids and CV markers were compared at the start of the study, six months later, and at the end of the study for each group, as well as between groups for baseline and end-of-study levels.

Results: In the glimepiride group, significant improvements in all parameters occurred after treatment (Post Rx) at 6 months and were sustained until the end of the study. HbA1C ( percent ): 6.2 0.2, 5.5 0.1*, 5.7 0.1*; TC (mg/dl): 212 15, 174 13*, 178 14*; TG (mg/dl): 202 32, 162 28*, 178 14*; LD HDLC was not affected in any way. Obese people who were given metformin experienced similar improvements. There were no major differences between the two groups at the start, 6 months, or end of the research.

Conclusion: Glimepiride is equally efficient in enhancing lipid profiles and cardiovascular surrogate markers in nonobese subjects with Pre diabetes as metformin is in obese subjects, explaining similar cardiovascular results in both classes.

Author (s) Details

Reshma Esmail
Mount Saint Mary College, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Udaya Manohar Kabadi
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA and Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/700

Investigating the Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertension, Diabetes and Obesity among Lecturers and Support Staff of Bishop Stuart University in Mbarara, Uganda | Chapter 13 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors among teaching and non-teaching staff of Bishop Stuart University of Mbarara-Uganda for hypertension, diabetes and obesity.

Context: Among the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) affecting the developed and developing world are diabetes, hypertension and obesity. These disorders are mostly correlated with older age groups, but data suggests that between 30 and 69 years of age, 15 million of all deaths due to NCDs occur. Recognizing the recent inclusion in the health policy agenda of Uganda of hypertension and diabetes, this study was conducted among university workers in rural areas to provide benchmark information for the design of effective interventions.
Research Design: This was a cross-sectional, institutional-based, descriptive survey design. Location and length of the study: This study was performed between the teaching staff and none of the teaching staff of Mbarara University, Uganda, from 18 April to 6 June 2017.
Methodology: A systematic questionnaire was used to collect data from university staff at their workstations on social demographics and risk factors. Each participant's blood pressure was assessed, and systolic BP>140 and/or diastolic (BP) >90 mmHg was described as hypertension. To assess weight levels, anthropometric measurements (Body Mass Index (BMI) were carried out by weight in Kg) and by height in (M2). Obesity was measured at a BMI of >40. A diabetic level of random blood sugar (RBS) > 200 mg/dl was considered. Epi-info version 7, analysed using SPSS version 19, was used to enter data.
Results: A total of 156 university workers aged 25-75 years of both sexes were interviewed, with a mean age of 42±8 years, of whom 51% were males. About 15% were administrative workers, 55% were teaching employees, 3% were senior lecturers and professors, and 25% were non-teaching employees. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity is 7.7%, 16%, and 28%, respectively. But most (60.2%) were also found to be at risk of developing both hypertension and diabetes. Less than 20% of the participants were knowledgeable on causes, signs and symptoms and preventive measures for Hypertension but had moderate knowledgeable of the risk factors, the most frequently mentioned risk by 71% was lack of exercise. Despite the understanding of risk factors, most (61.3%) did not conduct any sort of exercise and 64.1% did not have daily blood pressure tests.A statistically relevant association between those over 40 years of age and hypertension (X2=5.82, P=0.015, OR= 4.2) was also seen in the study. The risk of diabetes has also risen with age. Compared to those less than 40 years of age, lecturers aged 40 years and over were 5.6 times more likely to have diabetes (OR= 5.6, X2=16, P=0.0005) . More than a third of the applicants. 57/156 (36.5 percent) among their family members reported a history of HPT. 49 percent and 34 percent, p<0.01). In senior administrative workers and lecturers, the incidence of obesity and overweight was found higher than in lower system staff.
Conclusion: Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are prevalent conditions among BSU teaching and teaching personnel, but there is insufficient knowledge of risk factors, clinical presentation and preventive strategies. Public health measures recommended for monitoring by university workers are routine physical exercises, frequent body tests and regulated diet. Therefore this study indicates that university workers need high-level awareness campaigns about non-communicable diseases and the need for daily health check-ups.

Author(s) Details

Jordan Amanyire
Department of Public Health, Bishop Stuart University, P.O.Box 9 Mbarara, Uganda.

Mathias Tumwebaze
Department of Public Health, Bishop Stuart University, P.O.Box 9 Mbarara, Uganda.

Mauda Kamatenesi Mugisha
Department of Public Health, Bishop Stuart University, P.O.Box 9 Mbarara, Uganda.

Labani Waswa Bright

Medical Research Council (MRC) P.O.Box 48 Entebbe, Uganda.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/322