Biophotonic Therapy on Hematologic Parameters in Diabetes | Chapter 12 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

In diabetic patients, haematological alterations are associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a consequence of long-term hyperglycemia. This chapter examines the beneficial effects of biophotonic therapy on hematologic parameters, with particular emphasis on its relevance to diabetes management. Sunlight, a primary natural source of photonic energy, has historically been associated with healing processes, including relief from infections, support of wound repair, and enhancement of general vitality. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying photon-mediated therapies remain incompletely defined, emerging evidence suggests that UV-derived light can modulate immune responses, inhibit microbial replication, and improve peripheral tissue oxygenation. The complex immunologic effects of UV exposure include both vitamin D–mediated immune support and, in excessive doses, immunosuppressive changes accompanied by DNA damage. Notably, biophotonic interventions have been linked to reductions in HbA1c concentrations, representing a potentially significant advance in diabetic care. These effects may stem from the photodissociation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin, resulting in enhanced oxygen availability and improved tissue regeneration. Collectively, the chapter highlights the therapeutic promise of biophotonic approaches as adjunctive strategies for improving hematologic function and metabolic outcomes in individuals with diabetes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Orien L. Tulp
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat.

 

Syed A. A. Rizvi
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat and Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, USA. 

 

George P Einstein
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/6845

Renal Papillary Necrosis in Acute Pyelonephritis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and the Role of Relook Flexible Ureterorenoscopy | Chapter 8 | Newer Frontiers in Urology, Volume II

 

Renal papillary necrosis (RPN) is an under-recognised complication of acute pyelonephritis (APN), especially in high-risk populations like diabetics. This chapter explores the vascular and infectious pathophysiology underlying RPN, describes its classic and atypical presentations, and highlights the emerging role of relook flexible ureterorenoscopy (F-RURS) in identifying and removing necrosed papillae. Recent case reports and small series suggest that timely endoscopic removal of necrotic debris reduces recurrence and improves renal outcomes. This chapter aims to equip clinicians with a structured approach to suspect, investigate, and intervene upon RPN in the APN setting.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Suryaram Aravind
Department of Urology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.

 

Punith Jain
Department of Urology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.

 

Hariharasudhan Sekar
Department of Urology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.

 

Velmurugan Palaniyandi
Department of Urology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.

 

Vivek Meyyappan
Department of Urology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.

 

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-68-8/CH8

 

A Review on the Role of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress in Cutaneous Chronic Wound Pathogenesis | Chapter 3 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 6

 

Cutaneous wounds occur when the skin is injured mechanically, chemically, or by extreme temperatures. Wound healing is a very complex process composed of several phases in which precise events occur, both temporally and spatially. However, when these processes go awry, biofilm-forming bacteria become installed in the healing tissue, and the patient has comorbidities, so the wounds do not heal and become chronic. In this review, we describe the importance of high levels of oxidative stress (OS) and bacteria from the skin microbiome in the initiation and development of chronic wounds. The skin microbiome is diverse in humans, and its composition is dependent on the environment in the specific areas of the body. OS is critical for wound healing as it stimulates the immune system to destroy pathogens and secrete cytokines and growth factors that stimulate healing. When OS levels become high in the wound, and the bacteria of the skin install themselves in the wound, chronicity ensues. However, neither OS nor the bacteria of the skin alone can initiate chronicity. However, when present together, chronic wounds develop. Given the complexity of chronic wound initiation, developing treatment for these wounds has been difficult. Based on current published findings, a potential approach to treating chronic wounds after debridement was recently proposed. It was proposed that it is important to treat the physiological problems related to the comorbidities these patients have prior to and during wound treatment. Patients should also be put on a diet that is rich in products that stimulate an increase in the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ensure that the cells have sufficient energy to function, and is rich in α-tocopherol (Vit E) to decrease lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage, and patients should also take antioxidants to reduce OS. Here, we also discuss the challenges of treating chronic wounds and offer a potential sequence of approaches to treating these wounds after debridement.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Manuela Martins-Green
Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

 

Jane Kim and Klara Aziz
Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v6/6757

 

Formulation and Design of Metformin and Glibenclamide in Controlled-Release Osmotic Capsules | Chapter 2 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 9

 

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterised by chronic hyperglycemia, although lipid and protein metabolism are also affected. Underlying its pathophysiology is a deficit in insulin secretion or action, or there may be a simultaneous deficit in both insulin secretion and activity. Diabetes represents a global health challenge. In 2021, it was estimated that 536.6 million people suffered from this disease. Today, a wide range of drugs is available for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In 2022, in Mexico, the most cost-effective intervention for Type 2 Diabetes was a combined oral treatment of metformin and glibenclamide, with a total cost of USD 951.75, an effectiveness rate of 42.30%, and an effectiveness coefficient of 2.25. Osmotic systems offer clear advantages over conventional pharmaceutical forms, as they allow for the maintenance of constant plasma concentrations over long periods.

Aims: This study aims to target the improvement of the treatment of people suffering from Diabetes. Rather than using multiple doses and dosage forms for effective treatment, the author provides a robust solution in the form of a combination of drugs as an osmotic capsule, which has a controlled release pattern and aims at treating the disease effectively. This study also presents, for the first time, a compatibility study using a non-destructive methodology with a Raman spectrometer, which can be considered as the article’s novelty.

Methodology: A compatibility drug-excipient with Raman spectroscopy study at 50°C for four weeks was conducted. A 32 experimental design was successfully developed to obtain controlled-release osmotic capsules containing metformin/Glibenclamide. Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos. 2013-2015. Compatibility study between Metformin and Glibenclamide with 15 excipients using Raman spectrofotometer during 4 weeks at 50C, then manual encapsulation of the 9 formulations and coating with cellulose acetate in acetone and finally release study in two steps: 2.5 hours in gastric medium and ten hours in enteric medium for a total of 12.5 hrs of release study.

Results: Capsules free of excipient incompatibilities, with a constant release rate over 12.5 hours, independent of pH and stirring speed. These controlled-release osmotic capsules were sealed and coated with a cellulose acetate membrane, with a weight gain of 3% and a release hole of 635 μm. The best formulation exhibited lag times of 2.09 hours for metformin and 0.18 hours for glibenclamide. The 1:1 Mannitol-Sorbitol mixture in this study showed a reduction in osmotic potential, with Mannitol exhibiting lower osmotic potential and Sorbitol providing the highest osmotic potential. The most important findings indicate that the release rate for both drugs remained linear for 12.5 hours, with the lag time being close to zero. The lag time in the systems was better when the highest level of osmotic agent (sorbitol) and the highest amount of the osmotic agent (100 mg) were present in the osmotic system.

Conclusion: For the first time presented a compatibility study was presented using a nondestructive methodology with a Raman spectrometer. The capsules presented constant release for 12.5 hours; the best lag time was 2.09 hours for metformin and 0.18 hours for Glibenclamide. the mixture 1:1 sorbitol– mannitol presented a reduction in osmotic potential. The limited release rate of glibenclamide may be attributed to its solubility constraints. The combination of a high amount of sorbitol as the osmotic agent, along with the use of non-disintegrating capsules, effectively reduced the system's lag time. The manuscript compares the pharmacological agents used by diabetes patients, and they have to take multiple doses for the efficacy of the treatment with an osmotic system, improving treatment adherence through controlled release, easier and more effective with a lower number of administrations.

 

Author(s) Details :-

Raúl Pineda-Santiago
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.

 

Luz María Melgoza-Contreras
Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México.

 

Jessica Espinosa-Garcia
Thermo Fisher, CDMX, México.

 

Enrique Amador-Gonzalez
Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México.

 

Efrén Hernandez-Baltazar
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v9/6466

Assessing Knowledge and Perceptions of Dental Students Regarding the Management of Diabetic Patients | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 

Background: Patients with uncontrolled diabetes are at an increased risk for various oral health complications, particularly periodontal disease. Furthermore, evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease. Dentists are well-positioned to detect undiagnosed patients with diabetes early by recognising oral manifestations of diabetes and referring suspected undiagnosed patients to a physician for further diagnostic workup. With the growing prevalence of diabetes, dental practitioners are expected to treat a higher number of diabetic patients in the coming years.

 

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental students regarding the management of diabetic patients.

 

Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire among dental students at a private dental university in Morocco. Qualitative variables were presented in terms of frequencies and percentages and compared using a Chi-square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science) software.

 

Results: A total of 268 students participated in the survey, yielding a response rate of 83.7%. The findings revealed that 80.6% of students recognised the importance of knowing the type of diabetes. However, only 14.2% were aware of the risks diabetic patients face during dental treatments. For analytical purposes, three groups corresponding to the final three years of the 6-year dental curriculum were compared. When asked about the risks associated with diabetic patients, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the three groups. Additionally, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed among 4th, 5th, and 6th-year students regarding the prescription of antibiotics for endodontic procedures when HbA1c < 7. Furthermore, a significant difference (p < 0.001) was found between the three groups in their knowledge of antibiotics and analgesics commonly prescribed in dentistry for diabetic patients.

 

Conclusion: The care of diabetic patients requires the dentist to have perfect knowledge of the various risks to which they are exposed. To address the knowledge gap among dental students, it is essential to incorporate the management of diabetic patients into clinical internships. Lastly, continuing education programs should be implemented for dentists to enhance their understanding of diabetic patient management.

 

Author(s) Details

Soukaina Rouijel
International Faculty of Dental Medicine, Health Sciences Research Center (CReSS), College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Sala Al Jadida, Morocco.

 

Fatima Ezzahra Zidane
International Faculty of Dental Medicine, Health Sciences Research Center (CReSS), College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Sala Al Jadida, Morocco.

 

Majid Sakout
Department of Conservative Odontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/5669

A Novel Polyherbal Formulation- Sarkaraikolli Hastens Wound Healing Activity with Antidiabetic Potential | Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 8

 

Diabetes is a chronic group of metabolic diseases characterised by the constantly elevated blood glucose levels, which leads to the glycation of body proteins, which may further cause serious complications. In recent years, the use of complementary medicine has seen significant growth, particularly in dietary interventions and traditional plant-based therapies derived from systems such as Ayurveda. No systematic studies have been reported for its wound healing and anti-diabetic properties of Sarkaraikolli. An effort has been made to establish the wound healing and anti-diabetic properties of the polyherbal formulation Sarkaraikolli. In this model, animals were administered with test and standard samples by the oral route. Frequently blood samples were taken and examined for blood glucose levels, which were assessed using a glucometer. The animals were sacrificed 2 hours on the 21st day after the treatment by cervical dislocation, and biochemical studies were performed. The blood samples were collected, and serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes after a retro-orbital puncture. Different procedures were performed for the determination of liver enzyme tests. In the model of anti-diabetic animals were evenly divided into 5 groups. Group-1 and Group-2 served as untreated and model controls respectively, while Group-3, 4, and 5 were the treatment groups which were simultaneously treated with standard, 250 and 500 mg/kg extract respectively after glucose loading. Sarkaraikolli possesses significant anti-diabetic and wound healing activity when compared to the conventional medicine like Glibenclamide. Significant anti-diabetic action is visible due to lower blood glucose levels and maintenance of steady body weights. Sarkaraikolli wound healing activity is demonstrated by higher wound healing activity as compared to the standard medication. The biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT and ALP were determined by using the analytical kits. The results shown by the treatment of Sarkaraikolli were significant and are closer to the control group. This research work proved that Sarkaraikolli possesses significant anti-diabetic and wound-healing activity. When compared to conventional medicine, Glibenclamide, a significant anti-diabetic action is visible due to lower blood glucose levels and maintenance of steady body weights. Sarkaraikolli's wound healing activity is demonstrated by higher wound healing activity when compared to the standard drug (Nitrofurazone).

 

 

Author(s) Details

S. Sundar
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

A. Bhavana
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

N. K. S. Neeraja
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

D. Prasanna
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

R. Sunitha
Department of Pharmacognosy, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v8/6122

Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Controlled Diabetic and Nondiabetic Edentulous Subjects for Assessment of Prospective Implant Sites | Chapter 1 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 10

 

Osseointegrated endosseous oral implants provide a predictable, effective and reliable means for the replacement of missing natural dentition in partially and completely edentulous patients. This cross-sectional study aims to assess and compare bone mineral density in non-diabetic and controlled diabetic subjects using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Sixty completely edentulous patients, aged 45-75 years, were divided into two groups: 30 nondiabetic and 30 controlled type 2 diabetics. Diabetic control was verified using glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels between 6.1% and 8%. Customized radiographic stents were fabricated for each patient with chemically cured transparent acrylic resin. Bone densities at trabecular, buccal, and lingual cortical regions of the maxillary and mandibular ridges were measured in Hounsfield units using CBCT at 10 prospective oral implant sites. Data analysis was conducted using STATA, version 14.0. Results indicated no significant differences in bone mineral density between nondiabetic and controlled diabetic subjects. Within the study's limitations, it can be concluded that controlled type 2 diabetes does not significantly affect bone mineral density in edentulous patients.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sushant M. Patil

Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Jaykumar R. Gade

Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Swargiya Dadasahebk Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Arun N. Khalikar

Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Suryakant C. Deogade

Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Amit R. Parate

Department of Oral Diagnosis, Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Snehal Bansod

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Matri Dental College and Research Centre, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India.

Dinesh Niatam

Department of Dentistry, Government Medical College and Hospital, Akola, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v10/1012

Predicting Diabetes Using Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Framework with Model Interpretability | Chapter 4| New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 3

 

This chapter explores the construction of a detailed machine learning (ML) framework for predicting diabetes using diverse real-world datasets. The alarming rise in diabetes prevalence globally and particularly in developing nations such as India necessitates innovative approaches for early detection and intervention. Traditional diagnostic techniques, though clinically established, often fall short in scalability and adaptability. This study focuses on bridging this gap by integrating ML methodologies that not only offer superior prediction accuracy but also provide transparency through interpretability tools.

 

Key contributions of this work include the comprehensive data preprocessing steps (missing value treatment, normalisation, encoding, and SMOTE-based class balancing), the comparative evaluation of three widely used classifiers (Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost), and the use of SHAP values for enhancing model interpretability. Among the models tested, XGBoost achieved the highest performance with an accuracy of 97.93%, AUC of 0.9974, and excellent sensitivity and specificity values, confirming its suitability for real-world healthcare applications. The chapter concludes with discussions on model performance, interpretability, clinical relevance, limitations, and avenues for future research.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Mounika Panjala
Department of Statistics, Osmania University, Hyderabad-7, Telangana, India.

 

Bhatracharyulu N.Ch.
Department of Statistics, Osmania University, Hyderabad-7, Telangana, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v3/5950

The Interrelationship between Blood Glucose Values and Cellular Metabolism: A Review | Chapter 6 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

This review aims to reveal additional insight into the relation between blood glucose value and cell metabolism and, furthermore to propose a more appropriate approach than blood glucose value for the assessment of cell metabolism. The persistence of functional and morphological integrity of living organisms is supported by cell metabolism, therefore its diagnostic assessment is of basic importance. The relationship between blood glucose value and cellular metabolism in stress reaction (a physiological state) and diabetes (a pathophysiological state) was investigated. Metabolism is considered the central physiological process of the living organism: therefore, the existence of metabolism can be referred to as the "marker of life". The study discusses metabolic characteristics of acute, repetitive, and chronic stress conditions respectively, and defines the terms: eumetabolism, dysmetabolism, and hypermetabolism with vs. without energetic equilibrium. In all chronic stress states persistence of the stressor triggering the stress reaction is emphasized as a harmful factor. Acute and repetitíve stress is referred to as a health-saving adaptive mechanism, but chronic stress with an energetic imbalance of cell metabolism is suggested as a health-threatening maladaptive phenomenon. Glucose toxicity is proposed as the main pathogenetic factor in eliciting and supporting chronic stress reactions. The interrelations between metabolic settings of diabetes, ischemia, and chronic stress, furthermore the metabolic effect of acute and chronic hyperglycemia (diabetes) on cell metabolism are discussed. Authors emphasize, that blood glucose value is of basic importance in determining the therapy of diabetes, but not in assessment of the cellular metabolic state. The rationale behind this statement is that blood glucose can really be referred to as a transport parameter, which reflects the actual equilibrium between glucose transport to the blood from the intestinal tract and glucose deposits, on the one hand, and glucose transport into peripheral tissues (glucose disposal) from blood, on the other hand. The relation between the trigger-specific somatic adaptation and the stressor-induced non-specific metabolic alterations is disputed. Authors suggest that metabolic characterization of acute, repetitive, and chronic stress states is a more reliable approach in the evaluation of cell metabolic state (referred to as „metabolic diagnosis”) than blood glucose determination related to blood glucose transport. Similarities of metabolic states of starvation, pregnancy, and SGLT2 inhibitor treatment are detailed as an example of the clinical application of „metabolic diagnosis”. Chronic stress with the preserved energetic balance of cell metabolism, characterized by glucopenic mild ketosis resulting in a unique cellular metabolic state of maximum energetic efficacy is emphasized. The distinct metabolic characteristics of acute, repetitive, and chronic stress reactions can be well described and their identification (the "metabolic diagnosis") provides a more accurate approach to defining the metabolic state of the organism compared to the determination of blood glucose values.

 

Author (s) Details

Kornél Simon
Department of Internal Medicine, County Hospital, Siófok, Hungary.

 

Attila Cziráki
Medical School, Heart Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2498

 

Low Dose Biophotonic Treatment Enhances Oxygen Saturation and Hematologic Parameters | Chapter 11 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

The prevalence of diabetes, especially Type 2 diabetes or NIDDM is approaching epidemic proportions in much of Westernized society as the populations continue to age and as the prevalence of obesity, overweight conditions, and their common pathophysiologic sequelae emerge in parallel, while effective therapeutic options often place a strain on available resources. Applications of controlled UV irradiation however represent a novel potential approach in the treatment of a broad variety of metabolic conditions including NIDDM.  The aim of the study is to examine the impact of Low Dose Biophotonic Treatment on Hematologic Parameters and Oxygen Saturation. The wide-ranging effects of healthful vs. damaging consequences of UV irradiation on key physiologic parameters are reviewed in this paper. The effects are largely dependent on the wavelengths encountered, the absolute intensity and duration of the exposure, the tissues exposed, and whether the UV effects were delivered via in vivo or as an extracorporeal exposure in vitro typically performed with freshly obtained heparinized aliquots of whole blood. The mechanism for the biophotonic-mediated alterations in hemoglobin glycation remain speculative however, and may be due to a pH induced reversal or limitation at the level of the committed step in the glycation process as depicted in Fig. 4 as a result of the biophotonic excitation. While damaging effects of high UV intensity may include irreversible irradiation damage to key cellular and molecular components, controlled low dosages of UV irradiation delivered via a conventional biophotonic apparatus at specific, controlled wavelengths can deliver beneficial effects on blood oxygenation, tissue repair, immune responses, glycemia, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations. HbA1c is an important diagnostic marker for the effectiveness of diabetes management. Studies reviewed demonstrate increases in blood oxygenation and corresponding decreases in HbA1c concentrations following nominal low dose biophotonic treatment at selected wavelengths and indicate that the application of this therapy extends beyond its more commonly applied applications in the treatment and control of infectious illnesses. Oxygen availability in combination with ‘good’ ROS responses is a crucial component of a healthy wellbeing and immune responses and are important constituents of the broad spectrum of beneficial effects of UV- biophotonic therapy, and signal the reemergence of an old and reliable treatment for both old and emerging diseases.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Orien L. Tulp
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies, Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, FL, USA and Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, USA.

 

Syed A. A. Rizvi
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies, Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, FL, USA, Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, USA and Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, FL, USA.

 

George P. Einstein
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies, Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, FL, USA and Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v2/2511

A Comprehensive Review on Nutraceuticals and Its Impact on Healthcare | Chapter 7 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 4

Nutraceuticals are bioactive products that merge the benefits of nutrition and medicine to enhance health and prevent chronic diseases. They play a crucial role in managing conditions associated with oxidative stress, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammation, ophthalmic disorders, and immune-related illnesses. Often considered a bridge between food and medicine, nutraceuticals encompass herbal remedies, natural foods, specific nutrients, vitamins, dietary supplements, and functional foods such as soups, juices, cereals, and beverages. Nutraceuticals are broadly categorized into conventional and unconventional types. Conventional nutraceuticals, such as omega-3 fatty acids and dietary fiber, have well-established health benefits. In contrast, unconventional nutraceuticals are still under investigation for their potential therapeutic effects. While nutraceuticals offer numerous advantages, including improved overall health and reduced risk of chronic illnesses, they also pose potential risks, such as drug interactions, adverse side effects, and the possibility of overdose. As interest in nutraceuticals continues to grow, ongoing research is essential to fully understand their efficacy, safety, and role in modern healthcare.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ismail. Y
Crescent School of Pharmacy, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Yuvarani T
Crescent School of Pharmacy, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Voleti Vijaya Kumar
Crescent School of Pharmacy, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v4/4613

Impact of Luminal α-Glucosidase Inhibition on Lipogenic and Glycaemic Enzymes in Obese Diabetic Rats: Consequences for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 10

The global prevalence of obesity+T2DM is approaching endemic proportions throughout much of Industrializes society, with no easy resolution on the horizon. In these conditions, the activities of certain insulin-linked glycemic and lipogenic enzymes including glucokinase, malic enzyme, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase typically become elevated, as consistent contributors to the elevations in plasma lipid profiles and relative adiposity that are also typically observed in such individuals. The use of miglitol, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, has been shown to cause a dose-related delay in luminal sucrose digestion in the upper regions of the small intestine, and in an attenuated and delayed response in the glycemic excursions that normally follow a carbohydrate meal. This study aims to determine the effect of delayed carbohydrate (sucrose) digestion in type 2 diabetes mellites on the activity of glycemic and lipogenic enzyme parameters. Groups (n=6-8/group, mean BW 264±5g vs 263±4g) of young adult male obese T2DM (diabetic) SHR/Ntul//-cp rats were fed a nutritionally complete USDA-formulated diet containing 54% sucrose (CONTROL) or the same diet with 150 mg of the luminal α-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol (MIG) for up to 8 weeks. Standardized analytical procedures established in our laboratory were utilized to quantify the findings. All the collected data were analyzed via standard statistical procedures including student t-test, ANOVA, and Pages L test for trend analysis. All animals demonstrated profound (4+) glycosuria by 8 weeks of age to confirm T2 DM. Body Weight Gain (BWG), relative adiposity and glycosuria were elevated in control animals but decreased significantly following miglitol. Measures of oral Glucose Tolerance (OGT, 250 mg glucose/kg BW, via gavage), AUC for glucose and insulin response to OGT and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were elevated in controls and decreased by 20% after miglitol treatment. Hepatic Glucokinase (GK), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were elevated in the Controls and decreased toward normalization following miglitol treatment. In conclusion, these observations indicate that an 8-week course of miglitol is an effective agent in improving the magnitude of the elevated glycemic and lipogenic enzymes and their impact on developing adiposity in the SHR/Ntul//-cp genetic rat strain of obesity+T2DM and may be an effective adjunct in clinical management of obesity, hyperlipidemia and T2DM. In future studies, it would be productive to extend the luminal therapeutic options beyond the post-adolescent life stage of this investigation to more fully determine the long-term potential of the physiological benefits of luminal α-glucosidase inhibition health and longevity in an animal model predisposed to early onset obesity, insulin resistance and T2DM.

 

Author (s) Details

Orien Lee Tulp
University of Science, Arts and Technology, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v10/4703

Efficacy of Educative Session on Knowledge, Approach, and Application on Diabetes and Dyslipidemia: A Study on the Patients of a Private Medical College Hospital in South India | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 10

Non-communicable diseases like diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia are on the floor of insulin resistance favored by a common, prevalent condition called obesity. Although it seems very simple to control and get rid of the condition, lack of knowledge or unawareness, attitude towards it, and wrong daily life practices are likely to affect the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle. Diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia are non-communicable diseases that can be prevented and managed through a healthy lifestyle. Understanding the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of patients is crucial for advocacy (to help healthcare providers set guidelines), communication (to raise awareness among specific subpopulations), and social mobilization (to enhance services and broaden community support). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational session on KAP related to diabetes and dyslipidemia among patients at a private medical college hospital in South India. The study was a cross-sectional analysis involving 100 patients (41 females and 59 males) aged 18-50 years who attended the hospital and the Central Clinical Laboratory for various health conditions. A self-administered questionnaire was used to gather information on personal details and knowledge about diabetes and dyslipidemia. Among the participants, 18% had completed school education, 74% had undergraduate degrees, and 8% had completed postgraduate studies. Additionally, 84% of participants were from rural backgrounds, while 16% were from urban areas. The frequency of physical activity showed that 71% of patients were active, while 29% led a sedentary lifestyle. The study also collected information on patients' sources of knowledge about treatment to inform future advocacy efforts. The participants' understanding of different aspects, including the causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, complications of diabetes, lipid profiles, dietary fiber, and the role of exercise, was assessed. Results indicated that the clarity of information about diabetes significantly improved after the educational session. Around 80% of respondents believed that dietary fiber and regular exercise play a role in preventing diabetes. The analysis of attitudes and practices showed a substantial improvement in understanding and adherence to a proper diet, exercise routines, and regular healthcare following the educational session. In conclusion, the study suggests that healthcare providers should focus on patient education tailored to specific needs, aiming to cultivate positive attitudes toward healthy lifestyle practices alongside proper treatment. This emphasizes the importance of educative and counseling sessions to be provided as a routine part of the treatment plan to all the patients attending the tertiary care center for the treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia.

 

Author (s) Details

M Vasanthan
Department of Biochemistry, Chettinad Health and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.

VM Vinodhini
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nvmms/v10/3022

Low Intensity Clinical Biophotonic Treatment Enhances Hematologic and Metabolic Parameters | Chapter 5 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

Exposure to sunlight is a primary source of UV photonic energy and is one of the oldest known therapeutic strategies known to mankind for many sorts of illnesses including wound healing, infectious illnesses, and other maladies. The wide-ranging effects of healthful vs. damaging consequences of UV irradiation on key physiologic parameters and emerging applications are reviewed in this paper. The effects obtained are dependent on the wavelengths encountered, the absolute intensity and duration of the exposure, the tissues exposed, and whether the UV effects were delivered via in vivo or as an extracorporeal exposure in vitro typically performed with reinfusion of freshly obtained heparinized aliquots of whole blood that has been exposed to controlled, low intensity UV exposure during reinfusion. While damaging effects of high UV intensity may include irreversible irradiation damage to key cellular and molecular components, controlled low dosages of UV irradiation delivered via a conventional biophotonic apparatus at specific, controlled wavelengths can deliver beneficial effects on blood oxygenation, tissue repair, immune responses, glycemic responses, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations. HbA1c is an important diagnostic marker for the clinical effectiveness of diabetes management. Thus, the purpose of this review is to demonstrate evidence that indicates that decreases in HbA1c concentrations and corresponding increases in blood oxygenation may follow nominal biophotonic treatment. These findings indicate that the clinical application of biophotonic therapy extends beyond its more commonly applied applications in the treatment and control of infectious illnesses and anti-aging biophotonic therapeutics and may be a useful strategy for the restoration of hematologic functions including the delivery of oxygen to peripheral tissues.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Orien L. Tulp
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British, West Indies, Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, FL, USA.

 

Syed A. A. Rizvi
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies, MSR1110; Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, FL, USA.

 

George P. Einstein
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British, West Indies, Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, FL, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v6/3542

Effect of Dietary Intake and Lifestyle Patterns on Glycaemic Response among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Manipur, India | Chapter 1 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 2

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Its increasing prevalence in India is closely linked to aging populations, more urban lifestyles, and shifts in demographic structures.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the association between dietary intake and lifestyle patterns of diabetes patients in Manipur.

Materials and Methods: Tribal and nontribal respondents between 45-64 years of age were randomly selected from the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Hospital Manipur. A total number of 200 study subjects, 100 tribal and 100 nontribal subjects constituted the study. The chosen age range falls into late middle age (45–64 years old). The information was collected on the socio-demographic profile, clinical, and anthropometric measurements and dietary intakes of the patients by using interview schedules and 24-hour dietary recall methods. The data were analyzed and tabulated using statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s correlation test.

Results: The key results indicate that alcohol consumption, elevated triglyceride levels, low energy, oils and sugar intake were notably linked with the prevalence of diabetes. Additionally, low calcium intake, particularly among nontribal individuals, demonstrated a significant correlation with elevated Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels, suggesting a potential risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. Moreover, low calcium intake among the non-tribal community was associated with increased Post Prandial (PP) test results, indicating a rise in post-meal glucose levels.

Conclusion: Notably, tribal energy intake and non-tribal protein consumption were significantly associated with HbA1c levels, reflecting their impact on glycemic response. Moving forward, further research and targeted public health strategies are warranted to comprehensively address the multifaceted nature of diabetes prevalence and management within these communities.

 

Author (s) Details

Mongjam Priyangka Chanu
College of Community Science Tura Meghalaya, CAU, Imphal, India.

 

Namita Singh
Food Science and Nutrition Department, Community Science Tura Meghalaya, CAU, Imphal, India.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v2/2239

Cutting-Edge Approaches to Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: Diagnosis, Management, and Future Directions | Chapter 3 | Newer Frontiers in Urology

Introduction: Emphysematous Pyelonephritis (EPN) is a life-threatening infection characterized by gas formation within renal tissues, often associated with diabetes and immunocompromised states. Mortality rates were previously high, but advances in imaging, diagnosis, and treatment have improved outcomes.

Aim: This study aims to review recent advancements in EPN management, from early diagnosis to current therapeutic approaches, while identifying areas for future research and innovation.

Results: EPN is predominantly diagnosed in diabetic patients and those with urinary obstruction. Key pathogens include Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Imaging, especially CT scan (Computed tomography), plays a critical role in classifying and managing EPN, with minimally invasive techniques such as percutaneous drainage emerging as effective interventions. Medical management, including strict glycaemic control and targeted antibiotics, has reduced the need for nephrectomy in lower-grade EPN cases.

Conclusion: Advances in EPN management—diagnostic imaging, minimally invasive interventions, and improved medical therapy—have decreased mortality and morbidity. Future directions include predictive analytics for early diagnosis and novel antibiotics for resistant pathogens.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Arvind Ramachandran
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

 

Benjith Daniel F
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

 

Velmurugan Palaniyandi
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

 

Hariharasudhan Sekar
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-86-2/CH3

Association of Self-Perception Lifestyle with Overweight/Obesity among People with a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes: A Bibliographic Review | Chapter 2 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8 Lifestyle can be defined as the set of habits and behaviors that people adopt in their daily lives, characterized by being susceptible to modification. Its importance it’s in the appearance or not of non-communicable diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity, the last being defined as the excessive accumulation of fat in tissues, capable of acting as a risk factor for the development of diseases of the same classification. In this work, a literature review of the topic will be conducted, focusing on studies that have analyzed the association between personal perception of lifestyle and the development of obesity/overweight in populations predisposed to diabetes due to hereditary causes. It is important how individuals with obesity/overweight perceive themselves, because is an opportunity area for implementing relevant preventive actions to improve health status and prevent the apparition of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Author(s)details:- Michelle Arias-Morales Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico. Luis Ignacio Perez-Velazquez Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico. Edith Fernanda Villanueva-Mendez Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico. Gilberto Flores-Vargas Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico. Maria de Jesus Gallardo-Luna Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico. Efrain Navarro-Olivos Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico. Ligia Gricelda Arce-Padilla Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico. Nicolas Padilla-Raygoza Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico. Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v8/568

 Lifestyle can be defined as the set of habits and behaviors that people adopt in their daily lives, characterized by being susceptible to modification. Its importance it’s in the appearance or not of non-communicable diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity, the last being defined as the excessive accumulation of fat in tissues, capable of acting as a risk factor for the development of diseases of the same classification. In this work, a literature review of the topic will be conducted, focusing on studies that have analyzed the association between personal perception of lifestyle and the development of obesity/overweight in populations predisposed to diabetes due to hereditary causes.

It is important how individuals with obesity/overweight perceive themselves, because is an opportunity area for implementing relevant preventive actions to improve health status and prevent the apparition of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Michelle Arias-Morales
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico.

 

Luis Ignacio Perez-Velazquez
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico.

 

Edith Fernanda Villanueva-Mendez
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico.

 

Gilberto Flores-Vargas
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico.

 

Maria de Jesus Gallardo-Luna
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico.

 

Efrain Navarro-Olivos
Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico.

 

Ligia Gricelda Arce-Padilla
Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Mexico.

 

Nicolas Padilla-Raygoza
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research, Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, Mexico.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v8/568

Efficacy of Physiologic Insulin Resensitization as a Treatment for Insulin Resistance Pathophysiology | Chapter 1 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 

Diabetes was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States in 2021 based on the 103,294 death certificates in which diabetes was listed as the underlying cause of death. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased from 2.5% of the US population in 1990 and rose to 11.6% of the total US population, or 38.4 million people, in 2021. This chapter has three purposes such as exploring insulin resistance pathophysiology, addressing the role of the insulin receptor (InsR) in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; and reviewing literature for clinical outcomes and molecular mechanisms that support the use of Physiologic Insulin Resensitization (PIR) as an effective treatment to address IR, of which diabetes and its complications are the most common diagnoses. Insulin resistance is the primary cause of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance leads to increasing insulin secretion, leading to beta-cell exhaustion or burnout. This triggers a cascade leading to islet cell destruction and the long-term complications of type 2 diabetes. Concurrent with insulin resistance, the regular bursts of insulin from the pancreas become irregular. This has been treated by the precise administration of insulin more physiologically. There is consistent evidence that this treatment modality can reverse the diabetes-associated complications of neuropathy, diabetic ulcers, nephropathy, and retinopathy and that it lowers HbA1c. Using physiologic insulin resensitization is a logical clinical solution to restore physiologic insulin function. The study also suggests that the complications, hospitalizations, medication costs, and emergency room visits may be reduced using physiologic insulin resensitization.

 

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Frank Greenway
Clinical Trials Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.

 

Brian Loveridge
Wellcell Global, Houston Texas, USA.

 

Richard Marchase
Wellcell Global, Houston Texas, USA.

 

Zach Villaverde
Wellcell Global, Houston Texas, USA.

 

Carol Wilson
Wellcell Global, Houston Texas, USA.

 

Michael Alexander
Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.

 

Scott A. Hepford
Wellcell Global, Houston Texas, USA.

 

Jonathan R. T. Lakey
Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v6/3199G

Investigating the Antihyperglycaemic Effect of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Root Extract in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats | Chapter 6 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (family: Poaceae) is commonly known as 'Khas-Khas' in Bangladesh and India. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antihyperglycaemic activity of the ethanol extract of roots of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Wistar albino rats weighing 250- 350 g of both sexes were selected for the present investigation Antihyperglycaemic Effect of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Root Extract. Alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) was administered to Wister albino rats via the interperitoneal route. The diabetic rats were then placed into 6 groups, following the stabilization of hyperglycaemia. The first group was untreated; the second group received a reference standard, glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) and the next four groups received ethanol extract of V. zizanioides roots at the doses of 100, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg, respectively each day. Treatment was provided via the oral route for 28 days and fasting sugar level was monitored over this period. Acute toxicity (oral and interperitoneal) studies as well as phytochemical screenings of the extracts were carried out. It was observed that ethanol extract of V. zizanioides (100, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg p.w.o) significantly reduced the blood glucose level at the end of 28th days in alloxan-induced diabetes rats. The antihyperglycaemic effects were compared with those of glibenclamide (10 mg/kg p.w.o), the standard reference hypoglycaemic agent. The present study indicates that ethanol extract of V. zizanioides root posses better antihyperglycaemic activity compared to other extracts of it in both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The study provides proof for the ethnomedical claims and reported biological activities of V. zizanioides with respect to its good therapeutic and antidiabetic potential. We concluded that the ethanolic extract of V. zizanioides has hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic activity as it lowers blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. However, the molecule (s) responsible for such an effect requires further investigation.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Sanjay Kumar Karan,
Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jharpokharia-757 086, India.

Dilipkumar Pal
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244 102, India.

Sagar Kumar Mishra
University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vanivihar, Bhubaneswar-751 004, India.

Arijit Mondal
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V9/article/view/14365

Prevalence of Depression and its Relationship with Socio Demographic Characteristics and Chronic Diseases | Chapter 1 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

    Background: Depression is a common health problem among the general population and is responsible for the deterioration of person’s abilities and daily activities. It has been estimated that depression affects approximately 121 million people around the globe regardless of religion, race, age, or gender. Major depressive disorder is a common, chronic, and costly condition for which people seek most of the care from primary care physicians.

 

Objectives: The present study aims at finding the prevalence of depression and its relationship with socio demographic characteristics and chronic diseases.

 

Methods: The present institution based cross-sectional study was done on a sample of 120 females in Hail city of Saudi Arabia. The sample was randomly selected from all the colleges of University of Hail, Saudi Arabia. For the purpose of data collection general questionnaire about the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) for screening of depression was employed. The data were analysed using SPSS version 21.

 

Results: The present study examined the association between the common chronic diseases and depression among the general population. Based on the results obtained, more than two thirds of participants showed either normal or mild mood disturbance. The total number of the sample was 120 females and their ages ranged from 18 - 40 years with a mean of 23.2 ± 6.8 years. The majority of subjects were Saudis. Results shows that the mean BMI was 23.2 ±4.9 years with a range of 25 (Minimum - 15 and maximum 40). Analysis with HADS revealed the mean anxiety score was 9.96±3.4 while the mean depression score was 7.1±3.8. Chi square shows that there was a significant correlation between anxiety, depression and chronic diseases. Regarding anxiety, it was found that 20.8% of students were normal according to HADS-Anxiety, while 41.7% and 37.5% of students had a borderline and morbid anxiety, respectively. Regarding depression, 60% of students were normal according to HADS-Depression, while 26.7% and 13.3% had a borderline and morbid depression, respectively.

 

Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate a strong link between chronic illnesses, anxiety, and depression. The first line of defense when it comes to diagnosing an underlying mental illness and starting the proper course of referral or treatment should be primary care physicians.

Author(s) Details:

Rafia Bano,
Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.

Maaly Ahmad Mohammed Alshamary,
Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V4/article/view/13997