Interlinking Depression and Oral Health: A Public Health Perspective | chapter 1 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 

Depression is one of the most common and disabling psychiatric disorders worldwide, and exerts a profound impact on physical, emotional, and social health. It is characterised by depressive symptoms such as relentless sadness, loss of interest in enjoyable activities, changes in appetite and weight, sleep disturbances or hypersomnia, fatigue or loss of energy, impaired concentration, feelings of guilt, and suicidal thinking. The aetiology of depression arises from a complex interplay of genetic, neurobiological, psycho-social and environmental factors. People who have experienced major life events, early life trauma, or chronic stress are most at risk. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that there is a strong yet overlooked link between depression and oral health. Patients with depression lead suboptimal oral health lives due to poor oral hygiene behaviours, unhealthy dietary habits, additional tobacco and alcohol use, and being less likely to seek dental care. Depression involves dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, systemic inflammation, immunosuppression, and the decrease of salivary gland function, which all increase susceptibility to oral sepsis, xerostomia and dental caries. Similarly, the reversed pathway of the relationship could be suggested, as poor oral health leads to psychological discomfort, poorer quality of life, and increased depression symptoms. The chapter is a summary of details regarding the epidemiology of the condition; classification of depression; biological and behavioural mechanisms involved with the relationship between depression and oral health, preventive measures for the condition & treatment strategies. It highlights the need for collaboration among dental and mental health workers who deal with the public health concern of the burden of Depressive Disorders. This study aimed to explore the association between depression and oral health by examining the different categories of depression, their impact on oral health, and recommended preventive measures to bridge gaps in awareness and care in this area.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdulhameed G. Albeshr
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Yazeed A. Alhabdan
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ahmad M. Albanyan
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Alanoud M. Alanazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Duaa Obaidallah
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Maha Al-Aswad Al-Enezi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Nora AlAgil
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Rand H. Almujel
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Abdullah F. Alhussain
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

May M. Aleraij
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Setah T. Alanazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Shadyah E. Alfaori
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Shatha Faisal Aldhawi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Reham F. Alsaleh
Private Dental Clinic, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v9/6728

Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Its Associated Factors among Married Women in Rural Kolar | Book Publisher International

 

Introduction: Mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress are pressing public health concerns, particularly among married women in rural India. Socio-economic challenges, cultural norms, and familial responsibilities contribute to their heightened risk of psychological distress. Despite the severity of these issues, research and data on mental health in rural areas like Kolar, Karnataka, remain limited, making it difficult to fully address their needs.

 

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among rural married women in Kolar and also to identify those associated socio-demographic factors.

 

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional observational study conducted within a specific population between July 2023 and December 2024 among 630 married women aged 18–60 years in the Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC) field practice area of Devarayasamudra, Kolar. Participants were selected using multi-stage random sampling. Data was collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire and the DASS-42 scale, which includes 42 items across three subscales—depression, anxiety, and stress—each rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 0 to 3. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0 with Chi-square tests and logistic regression.

 

Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 72.3%, 71.9%, and 61.9%, respectively. Severe to extremely severe forms were notably high. Significant associations were found between mental health status and factors like age, education level, socioeconomic status, and family structure (p<0.05). Older women and those from lower socio-economic backgrounds showed higher prevalence rates.

 

Conclusion: A substantial burden of depression, anxiety, and stress exists among married women in rural Kolar. Socio-demographic factors critically influence mental health. Community-based mental health programs focusing on early detection and socio-economic empowerment are urgently needed. Additionally, region-specific mental health research and longitudinal studies should be encouraged to generate local evidence for informed policy-making.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Dr. Abhiharshan SB
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, SDUAHER, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

 

Dr. Muninarayana C
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, SDUAHER, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

 

Dr. Pradeep TS
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, SDUAHER, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-84-6

Sleep Impairment in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Is it an Additional Symptom of the Disorder, Due to ADHD Comorbidities or a Common Sleep Disorder of Childhood and Adolescence Aggravated by the Disorder? | Chapter 1 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 8

 

This chapter is dedicated to sleep impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a quite common neuropsychiatric ailment affecting all ages. Sleep impairment is associated with widespread regional changes in brain activity involved in sustained attention, distraction, impulsivity and memory, as shown by numerous objective methods. Sleep problems which are very common in children and adolescents without ADHD present as either insufficient or impaired sleep. The diagnosis of ADHD lacks a biological marker and is based only on clinical judgment. Therefore, overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis are not uncommon. Since it is a developmental disorder, the clinical characteristics vary with age, nevertheless. the majority of affected individuals exhibit the traditional "triad" of impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention. A number of comorbidities are associated with the disorder and in many patients, their presence imposes a negative effect on life quality which may be more prominent than that caused directly by the classical "triad". Although cases with the triad have been reported during the last 200 years, the concept of ADHD was solidified in 1987. It has taken some time for sleep disturbance to be identified as a significant comorbidity of ADHD. It is surprising that the DSM-5 did not mention sleep impairment in relation to ADHD. This study reviews the traits, prevalence, and potential cause of sleep disturbance in children and adults with ADHD.  Also, the bidirectional association between impaired sleep quality and ADHD is discussed in an attempt to clarify whether impaired sleep is an additional symptom of “pure” ADHD, is the sole result of associated comorbidities, or is the result of both.

 

 

Author(s) Details
N. Gadoth

Department of Neurology, Maynei Hayeshua Medical Center Bnei Brak, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel and Department of Neurology, Maynei Hayeshua Medical Center.17, Povarsky St, Bnei Brak 57544, Israel.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v8/857

Association between Depression, Anxiety and Personality Among Rural Adolescent Boys and Girls- A Community-based Cross-sectional Study | Chapter 6 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

     

Background: Personality is defined as a set of stable and enduring psychological qualities that influence an individual's characteristic pattern of behaviour across different situations and over time. The emergence of depression and anxiety disorders also seems to cause a temporary and sometimes permanent alteration in personality features. The objective of the study is to find out the association between anxiety and depression with personality facets and domains among rural adolescent boys and girls.

 

Methods: It was a community-based cross-sectional study carried out for 12 months from March 2024 to February 2025 among 20 randomly selected rural schools of Kolar Taluk. Personality was assessed using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), a 220-item self-report questionnaire that evaluates 25 personality facets grouped into five broad domains: Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. Anxiety was measured using the 7-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), which consists of 21 items. The sample size was calculated based on previous research. The interview technique collected all the data. Descriptive statistics will be applied wherever needed to compare groups after checking for the normality of data. To compare between groups, a t-test and ANOVA were used with a level of significance defined as a p-value less than 0.05. IEC clearance was obtained before the start of the study.

 

Results: 430 rural school children took part in the study. 247 (57.4%) were boys, and 273 (63.5%) belonged to the 10th standard, 120(27.9%) had Moderate anxiety, and 79 (18.4%) had Borderline depression. Adolescents with severe anxiety had higher scores in facets like Anxiousness, attention seeking, callousness-anxiety, grandiosity, manipulativeness, risk-taking, suspiciousness, unusual beliefs and experiences, impulsivity, perceptual dysregulation, and withdrawal facets. Rural school children with Mild depression had higher scores in personality facets like anxiousness, eccentricity, emotional liability, irresponsibility, impulsivity, perseveration, and suspiciousness.

 

Conclusion: The present study suggests that mental health screening at school for anxiety and depression, along with personality assessment, should be implemented in school mental health programs.

 

Author(s) Details

Hana Zaiba Z

Department of Community Medicine, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

 

Angayarkanni. P
Department of Community Medicine, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

 

Sahana S Murthy

Department of Psychiatry, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

 

Pradeep. TS

Department of Community Medicine, SDUMC, SDUAHER, Kolar, Karnataka, India

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v4/5863

Effectiveness of an Add-on Intervention Based on Yoga Practice on the Depression' Severity: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Chapter 4 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 11

Introduction: Depression contributes significantly to the global health burden. Yoga leverages many physiological and psychological changes involved in mood enhancement and may have the potential to be effective in patients with depression. Yoga comprises a mind-body intervention consisting of various elements including asanas, pranayama, and dhyana. Exercise, meditation, tai-chi, qigong, and yoga have the potential to be effective in many patients with clinical anxiety, emphasizing some physiological and psychological changes that are involved in mood improvement methods.

 

Aim: The present study determines and compares the severity of depression in the study participants (with and without add-on yoga intervention) with 3 months of follow-up and analyse how different domains of depression changed in patients of depression with and without add-on yoga intervention.

 

Materials and Methods: An interventional study was conducted on 60 patients with depression aged 18-45 years, who were randomized into an interventional group (with yoga intervention as an add-on) and a control group (without the intervention of yoga as an add-on). All patients with depression are allowed to continue their medication (conventional treatment) as prescribed by their physicians. Depression scores were measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), at the beginning (baseline), after one month and three months.

 

Results: Out of 60 patients with depression, 39 (65%) were males and 21(35%) females. The interventional group's mean age was 28.23±5.42 years, while the control group's mean age was 30.90±8.54 years with a non-significant difference. The preponderance of the participants were married men from an urban setting with a higher socioeconomic background. While no dominance of education, occupation and family type was observed. A statistically significant difference was observed with time scale at baseline, after one month and three months in both, the interventional group (F (1.543, 44.752) = 408.14, p < 0.001) and in the control group (F (1.720,49.877) = 5.740, p < 0.05). A significant difference was also observed between the interventional and control groups (p < 0.001) after three months of yoga intervention, whereas no significant difference was observed at baseline and after one month of yoga intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA reveals the statistically significant difference among various domains of depression score with a time scale in the interventional group with yoga as an add-on, for Depressed mood, Insomnia (early, middle and late), Work & Activity, Anxiety (psychic and somatic), Somatic symptoms (GI and General) and Loss of weight, whereas no significant difference occurred in other domains. A significant difference was also observed in the control group only for Insomnia (early and middle) and somatic anxiety.

 

Conclusion: Yoga intervention resulted in a significant reduction in depression scores within one month and improved its various domains (Depressed mood, insomnia (early, middle, and late), work and activity, anxiety (psychic & somatic), somatic symptoms (GI & general), and weight loss) significantly, whereas conventional treatment benefits take longer time and only improve “Insomnia (early & middle) and Anxiety-somatic” domains of depression.

 

Author(s) Details

Nitu Kumari

Department of Physiology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

 

Anuradha Yadav
Department of Physiology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

 

Manisha Sankhla
Department of Physiology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v11/1257

Behavioral Activation Therapy in the Treatment of Depression: Effectiveness, Advantages, and Improvements | Chapter 2 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

 

Background: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the first-line psychotherapy for depression, but because of its long course, complicated procedure, and high operation difficulty, CBT is difficult to popularize, and cannot meet the increasing treatment needs. Behavioral Activation Therapy (BAT) is one of the modified forms of CBT, which is mainly used for depression.

Aim: The present study highlights Behavioral Activation Therapy in the Treatment of Depression.

Methods: Sixty-six papers are reviewed, focusing on the connotation, function, advantage, and application of BAT in the treatment of depression, as well as the improvement and development of BAT.

Results: BAT can effectively correct the negative cognition of patients with primary and secondary depression, improve their negative emotions, increase positive behaviors, and reduce negative behaviors, thus alleviating depression. Compared with CBT, BAT has a comparable efficacy, and a higher cost-benefit ratio, and is easier to pair with other therapies.

Conclusion: BAT is effective, low cost, easy to operate, and does not require the high professional quality of the therapist. Therefore, BAT is a psychotherapy for depression with popularization value.

 

Author (s) Details

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2191

Advancements in the Treatment of Perinatal Mental Illness: Innovative and Promising Approaches | Chapter 14 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 2

Background and Objective: Around the world, pregnant and postpartum women are susceptible to perinatal mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Excessive stress, violence, trauma, and lack of support are common causes. Psychotherapy and antidepressants are the standard treatment for depression during pregnancy or postpartum. However, several new treatments for depression represent major advances and paradigm changes. This commentary highlights some innovative treatment options that are on the horizon. Most of these modalities are promising, and most are non-invasive. Many of these modalities have been used in the general population, where evidence supports their use. The methods have only recently been used for pregnant and postpartum women. Other modalities are specifically for perinatal women but do not have an established track record yet.

 

Methods: This commentary describes some promising approaches to treatment while acknowledging that the literature is preliminary. The goal is to highlight some interesting approaches drawn from a recent comprehensive review of the entire literature on treatment for perinatal mental illness period.

 

Results: Integrative treatments include vitamin D, infant massage, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, acupuncture, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Infant massage has been an effective intervention for preterm infants for decades but also helps with maternal mental health. Additionally, ensuring that new mothers are not deficient in vitamin D can reduce the likelihood of depressive symptoms in new mothers likely because correcting the deficiency reduces systemic inflammation. Acupuncture lowered depressive symptoms, made marginal improvements in the brain including changing in gray matter volume, and significantly enhanced resting-state values. Many studies in the general population have found that these integrative treatments are effective, and they also show promise for perinatal women without side effects associated with medications. Some of these treatments can also be adjuncts to what is considered standard care.

 

Integrative treatments three newer medications, brexanolone, zuranolone, and esketamine, quickly and effectively treat severe depression and suicidal ideations. They work on GABA-A and glutamate receptors rather than serotonin or norepinephrine. This represents a shift in depression treatment models.  These medications become less effective after 30 days but can be combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

 

Conclusions: Pregnant and postpartum women seeking care for depression and other mental health conditions have many options beyond psychotherapy and SSRI/SNRI antidepressants. These modalities can also be added to their care.

 

Author (s) Details

Kathleen Kendall-Tacket
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v2/5175

Yoga Therapy: A Boon for People Living with Cancer | Chapter 9 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 9

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Most of the patients with cancer have to undergo a long-term treatment protocol which includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Many complications result because of cancer and its treatment, like cancer pain, cancer-related fatigue, stress, anxiety, and depression. All these complications reduce the quality of life of the patients living with cancer. Yoga is an ancient Indian Science that works on the mind-body concept, helping to maintain homeostasis in the body by regulating the autonomic nervous system. It includes asanas, pranayamas, and meditation. This helps in reducing the cancer pain, fatigue, stress, anxiety, and depression. All these factors help in improving the Quality of Life and mortality of the cancer patients. This chapter mainly focuses on providing insights into how yoga therapy is helpful for people living with cancer. In conclusion, yoga therapy, which is focused on mind-body concepts, is very helpful in reducing pain, anxiety, depression, and fatigue in cancer patients. This, in turn, becomes helpful in improving the quality of life and mortality of cancer patients.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Tushara Nair
College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, India.

 

G.P. Kumar
College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v9/5208

Relationship between Depression, Loneliness and Self-Efficacy among Adolescents with Working and Non-Working Mothers in Bangladeshi Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study | Chapter 3 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 6

 Depression is a psychiatric condition that can be described as a constant state of sadness, fear, feelings of self-loathing and guilt and loss of interest and pleasure in joyful activities. Self–efficacy can also be defined as a person's overall belief in his or her capacity to learn or perform in specific levels of actions. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relation among depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents of working and non-working mothers whether mother’s occupation has any effects on adolescent’s depression, loneliness and self-efficacy. Assess whether depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents differ by gender or not. This detailed cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 children of age group 15–18 years, who were selected conveniently from a high school in the urban area of Bangladesh. The participants of the relevant study are 100 adolescents of working mothers where 50 are male and 50 are female and 100 adolescents of non-working mothers where 50 are male and 50 are female between the age group of 15 to 18 years selected purposively by convenience sampling technique. To collect the data researcher used the Bangla Version of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale by Russell and Dan. The Depression Scale was suggested by Rahman and Uddin, and adopted the Bengali Version by Ilyas et al. of Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy Scale. Descriptive and correlation statistical techniques are employed to depict the quantitative data. The results indicated a significant relationship between the working status of the mothers and rates of depression, loneliness and self-efficacy. Children of mothers who work are found to be depressed and lonelier and evince lower self-efficacy than those whose mothers are not in employment. The study lastly puts forward a conclusion that There are many complexities in the link between maternal employment and adolescent unwinding. The reason for this complexity is that, there are other variables which come into play which tend modifies the relationship which maternal working entails with adolescent growth. The study suggested that gradual elimination of the discrimination and negative attitudes towards women in the workforce may be less harmful to the adolescents.

 

Author (s) Details

Sadia Afrin
IPNA, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh.

 

Tanmi Akhter
IPNA, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh.

 

Mir Ayesha Akter
IPNA, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh.

 

Shoma Rani Nandi
IPNA, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh.

 

Mst. Sharifa Khatun
IPNA, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v6/2391

Tapestry of Mental Illnesses: Exploring Causes, Symptoms and Mechanisms Behind the Veil of Depression | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 5

Depression, a pervasive mental illness globally, manifests as a state of despair leading to diminished motivation and interest in life's rewards. This chapter examines various risk factors contributing to depression, encompassing genetic, chemical, psychological, environmental, and biological elements. It delves into the multifaceted nature of depression, exploring its diverse endophenotypes such as anhedonia, anxiety, despair, and hopelessness. By synthesizing current understandings of depression's etiology, such as alterations in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, the chapter underscores the need for future research to explore these biological mechanisms, particularly their implications for developing targeted interventions.  The chapter also discusses the detrimental impact of depression on brain regions like the amygdala, hippocampus, and pre-frontal cortices, as well as its effects on gastrointestinal, immune, and endocrine systems. Moreover, the possible treatment approaches for depression in the current scenario and its societal impacts are also included for a better understanding of depression as a common mental disorder. Additionally, the discussion on the impact of depression on critical brain regions and body systems emphasizes the necessity for integrated treatment approaches that consider both psychological and physiological aspects. This holistic perspective can inform clinical practices by advocating for personalized treatment plans that incorporate evidence-based therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based approaches, thus enhancing the effectiveness of interventions for individuals suffering from depression. Overall, the chapter contributes significantly to the field by not only elucidating the complexities of depression but also suggesting pathways for future exploration and improved clinical outcomes.

Author (s) Details

 

Karuna Gautam
Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.

 

Poonam Singh
Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v5/2988

Developing a Treatment Protocol for Shark Attack Victims: A Systematic Review | Chapter 12 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 7

Shark attacks are a multifactorial rare traumatic event that makes headlines globally. However, shark attacks increased by 23% across the globe within the past 20 years on a multifactorial scale driven by climate change and human impacts, yet healthcare lacks treatment guidelines for these victims. Although shark attacks are rare, treatment consists of standard trauma guidelines, such as transfusions, standard labs, diagnostic imaging, and prophylactic antibiotics. This systematic review proposed a shark attack treatment protocol that will potentially reduce the morbidity and mortality rates by assessing prehospital management with transfusions, hospital management with prophylactic antibiotics, and mental health evaluations to prevent and/or treat psychological impacts. Two databases were used, Access Medicine and Google Scholar. This study screened 463 sources and eliminated 432 sources due to repetition or irrelevance to this study. The review revealed that shark attack victims have a greater risk of hypovolemic shock and hypothermia. Treatment should be immediately initiated. Due to the lack of emergency medical service guidelines for blood transfusions, a protocol has been proposed. The protocol initiates with prehospital management by implementing EMS to follow the SHARC protocol (systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90, hemorrhage, appearance, radius of the bite over 15 cm, and coagulopathy) to administer whole blood transfusions in route to a hospital to prevent hypovolemic shock. The next step is the antibiotic protocol to administer ciprofloxacin or moxifloxacin, and a third-generation cephalosporin with doxycycline to prevent wound infections commonly caused by vibrio species. Assessing mental health before and three months after discharge can help prevent and/or treat anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Future directions should include clinical trials to quantify the effectiveness of the protocol proposed in this study in comparison to existing care strategies.

 

Author (s) Details

Matthew Levenson
Canisius University, Buffalo, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v7/4438

 

Kleine Levin Syndrome: A Rare Neuropsychiatric Disorder | Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 5

Aims: The aim of this chapter is to describe in some detail the evolving concept that Kleine Levin syndrome (KLS), is a neuropsychiatric disorder rather than a rare periodic sleep syndrome.

Methodology: A literature search for papers describing psychiatric features in patients with classical KLS as well as Atypical KLS was performed and the psychiatric characteristics of the cases described were divided into those noted before the onset of KLS typical sleep attacks, those noted during attacks and de-novo psychiatric morbidity emerging after a long remission from sleepiness attacks.

Results: Psychiatric morbidity is an essential part of KLS besides the classical repeated sleepiness attacks. Its presence significantly contributes to the impaired life quality of the affected youngsters during their prime time of life as well as their families. Moreover, the presence of psychiatric morbidity may significantly delay the diagnosis of KLS. Recent data suggests that psychiatric morbidity in KLS, in particular bipolar disorder, may be linked to early-life morbid events.

Conclusion: Awareness of the role of psychiatric morbidity as an associated feature of a rare sleep disorder may shorten the time to definite diagnosis of KLS, avoid unnecessary tests and sometimes, prolonged hospitalizations in psychiatric institutes.

 

Author (s) Details

Natan Gadoth
Department of Neurology, Ma’ayanei HaYeshua Medical Center, Israel and The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v5/4220

Prevalence of Depression and its Relationship with Socio Demographic Characteristics and Chronic Diseases | Chapter 1 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

    Background: Depression is a common health problem among the general population and is responsible for the deterioration of person’s abilities and daily activities. It has been estimated that depression affects approximately 121 million people around the globe regardless of religion, race, age, or gender. Major depressive disorder is a common, chronic, and costly condition for which people seek most of the care from primary care physicians.

 

Objectives: The present study aims at finding the prevalence of depression and its relationship with socio demographic characteristics and chronic diseases.

 

Methods: The present institution based cross-sectional study was done on a sample of 120 females in Hail city of Saudi Arabia. The sample was randomly selected from all the colleges of University of Hail, Saudi Arabia. For the purpose of data collection general questionnaire about the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) for screening of depression was employed. The data were analysed using SPSS version 21.

 

Results: The present study examined the association between the common chronic diseases and depression among the general population. Based on the results obtained, more than two thirds of participants showed either normal or mild mood disturbance. The total number of the sample was 120 females and their ages ranged from 18 - 40 years with a mean of 23.2 ± 6.8 years. The majority of subjects were Saudis. Results shows that the mean BMI was 23.2 ±4.9 years with a range of 25 (Minimum - 15 and maximum 40). Analysis with HADS revealed the mean anxiety score was 9.96±3.4 while the mean depression score was 7.1±3.8. Chi square shows that there was a significant correlation between anxiety, depression and chronic diseases. Regarding anxiety, it was found that 20.8% of students were normal according to HADS-Anxiety, while 41.7% and 37.5% of students had a borderline and morbid anxiety, respectively. Regarding depression, 60% of students were normal according to HADS-Depression, while 26.7% and 13.3% had a borderline and morbid depression, respectively.

 

Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate a strong link between chronic illnesses, anxiety, and depression. The first line of defense when it comes to diagnosing an underlying mental illness and starting the proper course of referral or treatment should be primary care physicians.

Author(s) Details:

Rafia Bano,
Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.

Maaly Ahmad Mohammed Alshamary,
Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V4/article/view/13997

A Brief Overview on Management Guidelines for Behavioral and Psychotic Symptoms in Persons with Dementia | Chapter 10 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

This paper seeks to review the common types of BPSD and gives a review of the evidence based on practice approaches to manage these challenging behaviours in clinical practice with relevance to the mental health act and practice in the United Kingdom. The study has systematically gathered contemporary evidence, the best practice guidelines for the management, treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and the various approaches including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.  It aims to delineate the diverse behavioral patterns associated with several subtypes of dementia and provide a useful framework for doctors to handle these patterns.

 

Clinical empiricism is useful especially where evidence is lacking from controlled studies which don’t always replicate real world conditions. This involves a careful evaluation of the patients presentation, carer and environmental factors. Ultimately the aim is to deliver an individualized treatment plan modified by the environmental and individuals risk profile.

Author(s) Details:

Premkumar Jeyapaul,
Alderney Hospital, Dorset Health Care University Foundation Trust, Poole, UK.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V4/article/view/13815

Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Students in Japan: A Literature Review | Chapter 6 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

This chapter provides an overview of stress and mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and suicidality, among students in Japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by searching databases and reviewing studies of this topic. The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted the mental health of students worldwide, disrupted routine education, and caused psychological distress, leading to an increase in the number of suicides in this population. In addition to the fear of infection, the lack of awareness related to COVID-19 preventive measures and the limited communication with others caused by self-isolation and restrictions on movement and activities have negatively affected the mental health of students. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of reports of its negative impact on mental health worldwide. These repercussions are predicted to be strong among students, as this population is vulnerable to emotional stress because of the psychological challenges associated with the transition to adulthood. However, the data regarding the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of students are insufficient. This chapter provides insights into the stress that developed among students during the COVID-19 pandemic, and its findings can be used to effectively identify and support students who may struggle during future pandemics and crises. In particular, educators may use the results of this study to prevent negative effects on mental health and promote the future academic achievements, general well-being, efficacy, and empowerment of students in this new-normal post-COVID-19 pandemic era.

Author(s) Details:

Masahito Fushimi,
Akita University Health Center, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-Machi, Akita City, Akita Prefecture 010-8502, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13214

A Quantitative Study Conducted in Nampula, Mozambique, Examined the Prevalence and Determinants of Anxiety and Depression among Health Sciences Students | Chapter 6 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

Initiation: Anxiety and depression are ultimate prevalent mental disorders in the globe, close to 50% of the international ailment burden due to insane disorders and substance use. Research with academy students show psychiatric disorders ‘rates about 15 to 25%. This chapter highlights the predominance as well as determinants of two together major mental strength diseases between health science pupils. It estimates anxiety and depression predominance rates in Faculty of Health Sciences’ scholars, at Lúrio University in Nampula, Mozambique, and associated cause, during the Covid-19 pandemic.Juniors experience mental strength stress and interfere with their university very often due to their constructing biased training surroundings and unfavourable life condition. Population’ depressing disorders prevalence is around 7%, but these disorders’ occurrence increased due to the SARS-CoV-2 universal, impairing individual’s functional and psychosocial lives, and increasing the risk of important depressive disorder other than recognized and treated.Explanatory study, (21) cross-sectional quantitative, requesting an indirect questionnaire from Noble to October 2020 to a students’ universe registered at the FHS of UniLúrio in Nampula, during the year 2020: 1,050 graduates. To have a representative sample, the number was calculated accompanying a 95% confidence interval and a border of error of 5%, considering the supposed prevalence (unknown) prepared 50%, obtaining 282 subjects. The draft of the sample was based on the students' approachability to the digital questionnaire on their smartphone, in addition to on their voluntary partnership, aged 18 years or over, registered in the courses of Dentistry, Medicine, Nursing, Food, Pharmacy, and Optometry, who accompanied the first to sixth year of graduation and the one signed an Informed Consent Form (ICF). The Ability of Health Sciences students’ sample grabbed at random in Nampula answered the survey from Noble to October 2020, in a declared Public Calamity ending due to Covid-19 pandemic. Results were analysed accompanying Statistic Package for Commerce with a confidence pause of 95% and an error margin of 5%, utilizing Q2 test to determine statistically important associations.In the study, 276 students solved the survey, 50% of each gender, aged from 17 to 51 age, 60% coming from Nampula province, show high rates of anxiety, concavity and co morbidity, respectively 42.3, 34.3 and 25.9%, accompanying a statistically significant association accompanying bad connections with friends, defective sleep, trauma, lost and offspring antecedents.Conclusion: We habitual the high prevalence of insane disorders in the Mozambican population, probably annoyed by governmental restrictive measures on account of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, achieving distance digital learning. FHS scholars have high prevalence rates of worry (42%) and depression (34%), mental disorders jolting patient – health student connection, limiting academic achievement and value of life. These disturbances are underlined by an insufficient amount of sleep (RR>2), low BMI, weak interpersonal relationships or frightening or family history, as expected. The Covid-19 universal may have aggravated the occurrence of these disorders.These results are important to allow the Academy to launch preventative exercises and to promote healing options, to grant the teaching–learning arrangement success.

Author(s) Details:

Paulo Henrique das Neves Martins Pires,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique.

Guida de Miranda,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique.

Joel Bambamba,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique.

Regina Iacamurima,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique.

Angela Bambamba,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique.

Martins Mupueleque,
University Mussa Bin Bique, Nampula, Mozambique.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V10/article/view/12820

Behavior Therapy in Curing Depression for Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

Cavity has been identified all at once of the commonest insane-health problems in SCD, accompanying prevalence rates as extreme as 27% - 46% reported [1]. While psychological cures have been establish to be beneficial in gentle to moderate depression, their use as non-pharmacological orders amongst adolescents in substitute-Saharan Africa, specifically Nigeria, is still at its infancy. This member determines the effect of behavioural incitement therapy on depression in juveniles living with Cut Cell Disease accompanying out-patient clinic at the Lagos State Academy Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. The study was conducted in Lagos State Academy Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, 'tween November 2017 to February 2018 (4 months) among adolescents endure SCD and depression accompanying out-patient clinic. The participants were a sample of agreeing adolescents (12 - 17 age) with SCD who had temperate to moderate depression. We forbade those with severe cavity on anti-sedative medications. The participants were detached into two groups, the treatment group and wait list (control) group. A randomized control trial (RCT) was transported among participants filling a place treatment (30) against control (30) group. A manualized behavioral therapy programme developed was brought to the treatment group. The dossier was analysed using the Statistical Whole for Social Sciences (SPSS) form 23. Pair T-test was used to compare the two groups across constant variables, pre- and post-intervention. Study of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to deter- mine treatment belongings controlling for standard scores. After the inter- vention, the mean despair score reduced from 22.13 ± 3.08 to 13.02 ± 4.56 while Paediatric feature of life score increase from 62.57 ± 17.85 to 67.90 ± 7.99 in the treatment group (BDI, p < 0.001; PedsQL, p = 0.045). Nevertheless, the pre- and post-intervention mean concavity scores in the control group showed insignificant decline from 22.23 ± 3.24 to 21.60 ± 2.75 and mean PedsQL from pre-intervention scores of 59.67 ± 12.60 to 56.73 ± 8.94 post attack (BDI, p = 0.388; PedsQL, p = 0.242). From multivariate analysis (ANCOVA), only the Quality of Growth scores ceased to show some significant effect of the intervention.Finally, the effect of behavioral incitement therapy (BAT) in juveniles with SCD and gentle to moderate depression using a randomized reserved trial has been grown. The results reflected that BAT happened in significant betterings in self-reported rating of depressing symptoms (effect intensity 2.1) and depression literacy suggesting productiveness of BAT in relieveing depressive symptoms in this place cohort, still the QoL scores initially appeared to have had a beneficial change but ceased expected so after controlling for likely confounders.

Author(s) Details:

Tolulope Taiwo,
Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria and Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment Team (CRHTT), Birmingham Womens and Children NHS Trust, UK.

Olayinka Atilola,
Department of Behavioral Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria.

Cornelius Ani,
Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK.

Bola A. Ola,
Department of Behavioral Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria and Acute Mental Health Unit, Toowoomba Base Hospital, Queensland, Australia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V10/article/view/12816

Involvement of the Glutamate/ Glutamine Cycle and Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 in Antidepressant-like Effects of Xiao Yao San on Chronically Stressed Mice | Chapter 12 | Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Depression with Famous TCM Prescription Xiaoyaosan

 Background: Xiao Yao San (XYS) is an herbal prescription which is used in the treatment of depression for thousands of years from Song dynasty in China (960–1127 A.D.), and is the bestselling and most popular herb formula for treating major depression. This study aimed to assess the chronic antidepressant effects of XYS and fluoxetine in depressed mice induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and its association with alterations in glutamate/glutamine cycle and glutamate transporters.

Methods: Mice in the control and model group were given 0.5 ml physiological saline by intragastric administration. Mice in two treatment groups were given XYS (0.25 g/kg/d) and fluoxetine (2.6 mg/kg/d), respectively. The depressive-like behaviors such as forced swim test (FST), sucrose preference test (SPT) and novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) test were measured after mice exposed to CUMS for 21 days. Body weight, contents of glutamate and glutamine, glutamine/glutamate ratio that is usually thought to reflect glutamate/glutamine cycle, and the protein and mRNA expressions of glutamate transporters (excitatory amino acid transporter 1–2,GLAST/EAAT1 and GLT-1/EAAT2) were measured. The immunoreactivities of GLAST and GLT-1 in the hippocampus were also investigated.

Results: After CUMS exposure, mice exhibited depressive-like behaviors, body weight loss, increased glutamate level, decreased glutamine level, elevated glutamine/glutamate ratio, decreased GLT-1 protein expression and mRNA level, and decreased average optical density (AOD) of GLT-1 in the CA1, CA3 and DG in the hippocampus. These abnormalities could be effectively reversed by XYS or fluoxetine treatment. In addition, the study also found that GLAST expression in the hippocampus could not be altered by 21-d CUMS.

Conclusion: The studies indicated that XYS may have therapeutic actions on depression-like behaviors induced by CUMS in mice possibly mediated by modulation of glutamate/glutamine cycle and glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the hippocampus.

Author(s) Details:

Xiu-Fang Ding,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Yue-Hua Li,
Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing-100043, China.

Jiaxu Chen,
Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou-510632, Guangdong, China and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China.

Long-Ji Sun,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Hai-Yan Jiao,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Xin-Xin Wang,
School of Basic Medicine, Henan University of TCM, Henan-450046, Henan, China.

Yan Zhou,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IPTDFTPX/article/view/11273

Effects of Refined Xiaoyaosan on Depressive-Like Behaviors in Rats with Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress through Neurosteroids, their Synthesis and Metabolic Enzymes | Chapter 11 | Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Depression with Famous TCM Prescription Xiaoyaosan

 To observe the effects of refined Xiaoyaosan (XYS) on the depressive-like behaviors in rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and to explore the relationship between the changes of neurosteroids and mRNA expressions of their synthesis and metabolic enzymes, and the mechanism of XYS in the treatment of depression. Methods: Eighty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, XYS group and fluoxetine group. The latter three groups were subjected to 21 days of CUMS to prepare the stress depression model. Rats in the XYS group, and fluoxetine group were given intragastric administration with refined XYS and fluoxetine, respectively. The behavioral changes of the rats were observed after 21 days. The contents of pregnenolone (PREG), progesterone (PROG) and alloprognanolone (ALLO) in the plasma of rats were measured by ELISA. The levels of PREG, PROG and ALLO in the hippocampus and amygdala tissues were measured by High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis(LC-MS/MS). The mRNA expressions of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 β-HSD), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and 5α-reductase (5a-R) in the hippocampus and amygdala were detected by RT-qPCR methods. Results: There were changes in the model rats. The contents of PREG, PROG and ALLO changed similarly, which reflected in the decrease of PROG and ALLO, and the increase of PREG. The mRNA expression of P450scc was increased, and the mRNA expressions of 3α -HSD, 3 β-HSD and 5a-R were decreased. Refined XYS could improve the behaviors of rats and the biological indicators. Conclusions: There is a neurosteroid dysfunction in the brain region of depression rat model animals, and the mechanism of refined XYS depression treatment may be related to the regulation of the control of mRNA expression of related synthesis and metabolic enzymes in the hippocampus and amygdala, further affecting the contents of neurosteroids.

Author(s) Details:

Xiaoling Guo,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China and Beijing Fengtai District Fangzhuang Community Health Service Center, Beijing-100078, China.

Wenqi Qiu,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Yueyun Liu,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Yifang Zhang,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Hongbo Zhao,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Jiaxu Chen,
Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou-510632, Guangdong, China and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IPTDFTPX/article/view/11272

Involvement of Normalized Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Expression in the Hippocampi in Antidepressant-Like Effects of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically Stressed Mice | Chapter 10 | Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Depression with Famous TCM Prescription Xiaoyaosan

 The research has only yielded a partial comprehension of major depressive disorder (MDD) and the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like effects of Xiaoyaosan (XYS). Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the effects of XYS on chronic unpredictable mild stress- (CUMS-) induced changes in the neuronal and the astrocytic markers in the mouse hippocampus. The physical states and depressive-like behaviors in mice with CUMS were recorded. The serum contents of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were measured. The protein and mRNA expressions and the immunoreactivities of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) in mouse hippocampus were detected using a Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. XYS treatment markedly improved the physical state and depressive-like behaviors in mice subjected to CUMS compared with the model group, and the serum contents of BDNF and GDNF were significantly upregulated. XYS treatment also elevated the protein and mRNA levels, as well as the immunoreactivity of GFAP in the hippocampus. However, CUMS did not influence NeuN expression. In conclusion, these results reveal that chronic administration of XYS elicits antidepressant-like effects in a mouse model of depression and may normalize glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the hippocampi of mice with CUMS.

Author(s) Details:

Xiu-Fang Ding,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Yan Liu,
Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, China and School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.

Zhi-Yi Yan,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Xiao-Juan Li,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Qing-Yu Ma,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Zhong-Ye Jin,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Yan Liu,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Yue-Hua Li,
Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Yue-Yun Liu,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.
 
Zhe Xue,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.
 
Jiaxu Chen,
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China and Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou-510632, Guangdong, China.
 
Zhi-Ping Lv,
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IPTDFTPX/article/view/11271