A Comprehensive Review of the Most Devastating and Catastrophic Return of Fear and Uncertainty: The Covid-19 Crisis | Chapter 11 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

 In 2019, the world witnessed the beginnings of a global pandemic in the form of a new respiratory illness. Covid-19, also known as coronavirus disease 2019, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2”. Covid-19 is the news once again making headlines and announcing its comeback. It has had a profound impact since its December 2019 emergence from Wuhan, China. The 2019 outbreak was a turning point affecting nearly every country with varying degrees of devastating and catastrophic severity. It has led to significant worldwide mortality and morbidity causing millions of deaths and long-lasting health complications for many, directly or indirectly. The rapid spread worldwide, led to the World Health Organization calling it a “global pandemic” on March 11, 2020. It has reshaped the world’s healthcare systems, caused economic disruptions and forced significant changes in lifestyle. Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic up until the end of 2024, there have been over 800 million globally confirmed cases. During the same period, the world-wide death rate was just over 7 million with 13 billion Covid-19 vaccinations administered globally. The scar left by Covid-19 is witnessed on the face of every individual and every sector of the economy. Anytime a viral outbreak has the potential to take hold, a containment strategy must be followed in order to keep it from becoming a pandemic. This study is a detailed presentation of the covid crisis. Covid-19 is a viral zoonotic disease which spreads from animals-to-humans and humans-to-humans. It is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Covid-19 is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that attaches to the host cell through its spike protein which facilitates entry into the host cell via the ACE2 receptors. The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets of an infected person when coughing, sneezing or talking and can also spread via contact with contaminated surfaces. Asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals can also spread the disease. Covid-19 has caused major social, economic, business and lifestyle disruptions. Covid-19 symptoms range from mild to severe and appear between 2-14 days after exposure. The most common symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle or body aches, loss of taste or smell, headache, nausea or vomiting and diarrhea. In more severe cases, it can cause pneumonia, ARDS, organ failure and even death. A Covid-19 diagnosis is mainly done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - the gold standard of testing. Histologically, Covid-19 is responsible for many changes to the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver and GI tract. Symptoms lasting beyond the primary infection (“long-covid”) have shown to have a significant impact on an individual’s daily life. There are several factors that increase the risk of infection. Individuals who are over 60 versus younger individuals, individuals with comorbidities, those who are immunocompromised, those who smoke, use alcohol, lack exercise or are unvaccinated, all have a higher risk of infection. Infected individuals with underlying health conditions can experience a host of complications such as mild to severe organ impairment (heart, liver, kidney, brain), diabetes, dementia, neurological issues, GI issues, and hematological or muscular pain. The risk also increases for individuals who are lower on the socio-economic spectrum. One of the most prominent features of the Covid virus is its ability to mutate over time. This leads to the emergence of variants with different properties. Currently, there is no definite treatment for Covid-19. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the use of vaccines, antiviral drugs, immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies and non-pharmaceutical interventions (wearing masks, social distancing, hand hygiene, quarantine, isolation) to reduce the transmission risk, prevent hospitalization and to avoid severe illness or death. The advent of highly efficacious vaccines using novel mRNA technology has seen the effects of the disease wane. The Covid-19 outbreak brought to light some very stark realities. It is abundantly clear there is no influence over animal biology, their disease reservoirs, the host type (bats, mosquitoes), virus mutation, etc. From a societal standpoint, there is no influence over social behavior (collective, individual), socio-economic disparities, age, gender, comorbidities or national resources. Looking at these factors alone, one can see the insurmountable task of controlling another outbreak. Covid-19 infection rates are slowing and the pandemic is giving way to an endemic. However, one question remains - how well prepared are we for the next major outbreak?

 

Author (s) Details

 

M Waheed Roomi
Rath Research Institute, San Jose, California. USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4582

Tapestry of Mental Illnesses: Exploring Causes, Symptoms and Mechanisms Behind the Veil of Depression | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 5

Depression, a pervasive mental illness globally, manifests as a state of despair leading to diminished motivation and interest in life's rewards. This chapter examines various risk factors contributing to depression, encompassing genetic, chemical, psychological, environmental, and biological elements. It delves into the multifaceted nature of depression, exploring its diverse endophenotypes such as anhedonia, anxiety, despair, and hopelessness. By synthesizing current understandings of depression's etiology, such as alterations in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, the chapter underscores the need for future research to explore these biological mechanisms, particularly their implications for developing targeted interventions.  The chapter also discusses the detrimental impact of depression on brain regions like the amygdala, hippocampus, and pre-frontal cortices, as well as its effects on gastrointestinal, immune, and endocrine systems. Moreover, the possible treatment approaches for depression in the current scenario and its societal impacts are also included for a better understanding of depression as a common mental disorder. Additionally, the discussion on the impact of depression on critical brain regions and body systems emphasizes the necessity for integrated treatment approaches that consider both psychological and physiological aspects. This holistic perspective can inform clinical practices by advocating for personalized treatment plans that incorporate evidence-based therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based approaches, thus enhancing the effectiveness of interventions for individuals suffering from depression. Overall, the chapter contributes significantly to the field by not only elucidating the complexities of depression but also suggesting pathways for future exploration and improved clinical outcomes.

Author (s) Details

 

Karuna Gautam
Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.

 

Poonam Singh
Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v5/2988

Endometritis Etiology and Treatment Methods of Livestock Animals | Chapter 4 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 7

This study reviews the causes of pet disease endometritis and assesses the effectiveness of different treatment options. Endometritis is an inflammatory process of the uterine mucosa (endometrium), which is polyetiological in nature and is widespread. The main sources of inflammatory diseases in the uterus in farm animals are: contamination of the genitals of livestock caused by pathogenic and opportunistic types of microorganisms; violation of feeding rules and conditions of detention; endocrine system disorder; weakening of the general reactivity and resistance of the body, as well as violation of metabolic processes. Pathology of reproductive organs in animals is one of the main reasons that affect the rate of reproduction of the herd and milk productivity, reduce the number of lactation, and lead to premature culling of the animal.

Treatment of any inflammatory processes in agriculture, including endometritis, must be timely, comprehensive, safe and effective.

For the therapy and prevention of endometritis, complex drugs, regimens and additional methods of treatment have been developed, which include several areas such as adequate antibiotic therapy (general and local), hormonal treatment, biotherapy, reflexology, novocaine blockade therapy, physiotherapy, etc. The data on the effectiveness of these treatments are quite contradictory and diverse. According to literary sources, one day of infertility in farm animals causes great economic damage to livestock. This is due to the lost offspring of young animals, the cost of treatment and livestock maintenance, thereby reducing the profitability and increasing the cost of production in animal husbandry.

Of all farm animals, most pigs need vitamins and minerals, which is associated with their rapid growth and development. The main cause of the disease is a lack of iron in the body. Complex and timely therapy can cure both acute and chronic endometritis in sheep and restore their productivity, provided that veterinary intervention is applied promptly and treatment begins immediately. Also, during lambing, it is necessary to remove lochia in time and prevent the arrest of the afterbirth, and if the genitals are injured during childbirth, provide veterinary assistance in time. Therefore, if animals are treated in a timely manner, a positive prognosis can be expected.

Analysis of the available literature indicates widespread endometritis in different species of farm animals. Acute inflammation of the uterine mucosa causes a huge economic loss, especially in dairy complexes, for this reason, special attention should be paid to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of obstetric and gynecological diseases. Therefore, the identification of etiological factors, the clarification of the clinic of the disease, as well as the development of effective methods and methods of treatment to prevent endometritis has become the subject of hard work for domestic and foreign scientists. Defective offspring or pathology during childbirth and the postpartum period in farm animals is widespread, despite the efforts of well-known scientists and practitioners, which means that the problem remains relevant, and therefore the search for new ways, schemes and methods that stimulate the body's defenses for the prevention of genital diseases is in demand.

 

Author (s) Details

 Ganiev I.M.
Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI»), Russia.

 

Biryulya V.V.
Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI»), Russia.

 

Tremasova A.M.
Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI»), Russia.

 

Musin R.R.
Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI»), Russia.

 

Idiyatov I.I.
Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI»), Russia.

 

Eroshin A.I.
Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI»), Russia.

 

Shakirova (Safarova) E.R.
Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI»), Russia.

 

Zvereva (Zinnatova) L.N.
Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (FSBSI «FCTRBS-ARRVI»), Russia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v7/3309

Mpox (Monkeypox): In- Depth Insight at the Current State of the Global Health Crisis - Etiology, Epidemiology, Detection, Treatment and Prevention Strategies | Chapter 4 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 9

Mpox, formerly known as the Monkeypox Virus, is once again in the headlines announcing its comeback. While still recovering from the 2022 outbreak - the World Health Organization (WHO), for the second time in as many years has declared mpox to be a global health emergency. The same uphill battle is being faced at the outset of this recurring threat. Mpox is a known quantity to the scientific community and has been for more than 60 years. First identified in humans during the 1970s, mpox is a viral zoonotic infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans and humans to humans. It is caused by the mpox virus - an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the orthopoxvirus family. It is largely relegated to the tropical rainforests of Central and West Africa. It has been mostly ignored in Europe and the Americas until just recently when it has generated worldwide attention. Cases of the mpox infection first appeared sporadically amongst gay and bisexual men with Europe first reporting cases in mid-2022. Shortly thereafter, occurrences were seen in the metropolitan areas of New York, Chicago, San Francisco and Los Angeles. The 2022 outbreak was a turning point with over 100 countries reporting cases which had not previously been seen before. Mpox infections are transmitted through close personal contact with infected individuals, infected animals or mpox-tainted materials. The WHO has declared mpox a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern”. There are two distinct s of the mpox virus - Clade I and Clade II. Clade I’s origins have historically been linked to the Congo Basin, while Clade II’s origins have historically been linked to Western Africa. In 2022 the global outbreak was caused by Clade IIb and most recently, by Clade Ib in 2024. Mpox is genetically similar to smallpox. Although no treatment for the mpox virus exists, supportive care, antivirals and vaccines developed for smallpox have proven effective. Individuals infected with mpox demonstrate skin rashes and mucosal lesions accompanied by fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches, back pain, low energy, sore throat, and cough. These symptoms are similar to those infected with smallpox, but much more attenuated in nature. After a 3-week incubation period, mpox goes away on its own in approximately 2-5 weeks. Diagnostic testing and disease confirmation are performed via RT-PCR testing of genetic material from the infected areas and through the presence of lymphadenopathy (i.e. enlarged lymph nodes). This distinct symptom is what differentiates those who are infected with mpox versus those who are infected with either smallpox or chickenpox.

 

Author (s) Details

 

M Waheed Roomi
Spandidos Publications, 5-6, King Street Cloisters, Clifton Walk, London W6 0GY, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v9/2652

A Review of Epidemiology of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever | Chapter 10 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

The pathophysiology, aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, symptoms, and indicators of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are all covered in this review article. Acute zoonotic diseases known as viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) initially appear to be related to platelet malfunction or destruction. The term "Viral Hemorrhagic Fever" (VHF) describes a severe feverish sickness characterized by aberrant vascular control, vascular damage, and hemorrhagic symptoms. Multiple viruses belonging to distinct families are the cause of this illness. The viruses that cause VHF are categorized into seven distinct families according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses' most recent classification: Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Filoviridae, Phenuiviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Arenavidae, and Flaviviridae are the families involved. The concept of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) originated in the 1930s when Soviet researchers were studying hantaviral hemorrhagic fever (HF) with renal dysfunction. Dengue fever/Dengue haemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur forest sickness are the two most common viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) in India, that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. There is currently no effective cure for VHFs. Some people have responded well to ribavirin treatment for Lassa fever or HFRS. The diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CCHF) in India is greatly hampered by the co-occurring symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers such as dengue, Kyasanur forest sickness, Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever, and other illnesses such as leptospirosis, meningococcal infections, and malaria. The pathophysiologic features of VHF include microvascular instability, increased vascular permeability, and poor hemostasis, albeit the underlying processes differ depending on the virus. Additional randomized controlled studies are needed to find out more about the best way to treat viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). We want to investigate viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) further.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mr. Yash Srivastav (Assistant Professor)
Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Lucknow, U.P, India.

 

Mohd. Faijan Mansoori
Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Lucknow, U.P, India.

 

Vipin Kumar Pandey
School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/1511

Condensed Statement: Critical Framework of the Diagnosis along with Management of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) | Chapter 8 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to the condition that causes ulcers in the lining of the digestive tract. A common condition in the world, Peptic Ulcer condition is sometimes referred to as stomach ulcers or peptic ulcers. This review study covers the pathophysiology, aetiology, medical therapy, diagnosis, symptoms, and signs of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD). The word "peptic" comes from the hormone pepsin, which is essential in causing mucosal breakdown. PUD is caused by a defect in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum that extends beyond the muscularis mucosa. PUD is the consequence of an imbalance between the aggressive and defensive elements impacting the mucosa, which occurs after gastric mucosal lesions. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a widespread ailment affecting 5–10% of the world's population, with notable racial and regional variations. As a result of an imbalance between the aggressive and defensive elements impacting the mucosa, comes gastric mucosal injuries. Millions of healthcare dollars are frequently spent on treating gastric ulcers, which are a typical clinical presentation in the US. Esophageal Ulcer and Duodenal Ulcers are also two common types of Peptic Ulcer that are affecting the global population. The most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the Western world is bleeding from peptic ulcers (PUs). High rates of morbidity, mortality, and medical costs are linked to it. To learn more about the best course of action for treating peptic ulcer disease (PUD), further randomized controlled trials are required.

Author(s) Details:

Yash Srivastav,
Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Lucknow, U.P, India.

Mohd. Faijan Mansoori,
Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Lucknow, U.P, India.

Abdul Hameed,
Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Lucknow, U.P, India.

Afreen Hashmi,
Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow, U.P, India.

Mohd. Imtiyaz Ahmad,
Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Lucknow, U.P, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V8/article/view/14045

Occult Caries with Novel Management Technique | Chapter 15 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 The most low infectious affliction in the world appears expected dental caries. For dentists, it maybe exceedingly troublesome to find occult caries or secret carious lesions. However, it is still mysterious what these lesions are, how they got near be, and why they have evaded early dispassionate detection. In order to gain awareness into the bacteriological profile of these lesions, which can also be an etiological determinant, only a very small number of microbiological studies have existed done to far. This case report of occult decay includes a microbiologic study of the wound as well as a novel policy to managing the affected young tooth by way of revascularization. The case was followed up for 6 months accompanying vitality test eventually enhanced positive as far as the root completion.

Author(s) Details:

P. Poornima,
Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, India.

Dhanya S. Kumar,
College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, India.

Ashwini,
Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, India.

N. B. Nagaveni,
Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V8/article/view/10856

Biomechanical Etiology of the So-called Idiopathic Scoliosis: Principles of Causal Prophylaxis, Indications to New Therapy| Chapter 5 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 3

 The biomechanical study of animal of the so-called emergent scoliosis [adolescent basic scoliosis (AIS)] has been the subject of the author’s research because 1984. The question was presented on many orthopedics congresses, conference and also in “competent groups” the one are specific in the problem of “basic scoliosis” in SOSORT and IRSSD meetings. I have likely lectures on this matter in SOSORT Meetings in Athens and Wiesbaden (Germany), in IRSSD Meetings in Athens, Genth (Belgium), Liverpool, Poznan (Poland) and in SICOT Congresses in Havana (Cuba), Istanbul (Turkey), Kolobrzeg (Poland), Marrakesh (Morocco) [Literature 1 - 28].The main dates connected with the finding of plant structure of the so-called emergent scoliosis are following:1997 - is stated - that all youth accompanying scoliosis has the habit to “stand ‘calm’ only on the right leg” - and this cause is main in two groups and two types of scoliosis. Why? Because standing on the right lap is permanent and start expected in age of 2 age.2001 and 2004 - is given new categorization - three groups and four types of scoliosis.2006 - is precised and detailed “the model of upper legs movement” and types of scoliosis.2007 - is likely answer - why the blind babies - do not have scoliosis. Answer: the walks is without repealing the limbs - exist no influence make use of pelvis and to backbone all the while walking. Also were interpreted the “roundabout influences in development of scoliosis” belonging to CNS - in children accompanying manifestations of Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD).

Author(s) Details:

Tomasz Karski,
Vincent Pol University in Lublin, Poland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V3/article/view/9064

An Update on Etiology and Detection of Anti-sperm Antibodies in Males and Females | Chapter 9 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 Both men and females produce anti-sperm antibodies (ASAs). Numerous pieces of evidence point to the possibility that at least some antibodies that attach to sperm antigens might result in sterility in humans and other mammals. Varicocele, cryptorchidism, certain viral and/or inflammatory illnesses of the male reproductive tract (MRT), and homosexuality have all been put up as potential risk factors for the development of ASAs in males. Up until recently, theories for the origin of sperm immunity in females have included cross-reactivity with microbial antigens, the potential participation of antibody idiotypes, and interferon gamma-mediated potentiation of antisperm immune response in women whose male partners had ASAs in their semen. Although a correlation between these risk factors and the development of ASAs has been shown in a number of studies, this connection is still debatable, indicating that our understanding of these disorders is incomplete. In order to determine the likely risk factors for the development and detection of ASAs, this chapter analyses the existing research.

Author(s) Details:

. Divya,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Thomson Soni,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Ishwerpreet Kaur Jawanda,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Renu Jaiswal,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Harkeerat Kaur,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Vijay Prabha,
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V6/article/view/7249

A Review and Update on Clinical Management on Burning Mouth Syndrome | Chapter 15 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 16

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic illness that typically affects middle-aged women after menopause. This sickness is identified by the absence of clinical signs and burning sensations in the oral mucosa. The aetiology of BMS is complex, involving a variety of factors. Stress, worry, and depression are just a few of the local, systemic, and psychological disorders that can induce BMS. Types I, II, and III of the BMS are plausible categories. Despite the fact that there are no visible organic changes or health risks linked with this illness, it can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the available literature on BMS, with a focus on therapeutic management. Important diagnostic criteria, etiological variables, and clinical characteristics will also be discussed in the sections that follow. The major goal of care is to provide support to the patient and work toward symptom reduction rather than complete symptom removal. The most commonly utilised therapy options include tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and antipsychotic medications, which have varying effectiveness; however, other therapies will be provided that can also be used. Professionals should handle this group of patients, explaining and reaffirming the nature of the disease and discussing the benefits of proposed medicines or the likelihood of pain relief. Patients should be informed about the importance of working with a multidisciplinary team and the possibility of needing many therapy adjustments before achieving effective treatment. Dental professionals should provide standardised symptoms and diagnostic criteria so that multidisciplinary research can more easily identify the most effective and reliable BMS treatment options.

Author (S) Details

Juliana Cassol Spanemberg
University Fernando Pessoa-Canarias, Spain.

Eugenia Rodríguez de Rivera Campillo
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry). Oral Health and Masticatory System Group IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute). University of Barcelona, Spain.

Enric Jané Salas
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry). Oral Health and Masticatory System Group IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute). University of Barcelona, Spain.

Albert Estrugo Devesa
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry). Oral Health and Masticatory System Group IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute). University of Barcelona, Spain.

José López López
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry). Oral Health and Masticatory System Group IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute). University of Barcelona, Spain.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V16/article/view/3798

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis – Pilot Study on the Application of Extra-corporal Shockwave Therapy (ECSWT) | Chapter 15 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Scoliosis is a lateral deviation of the spine that has no known cause. Overgrowth of the vertebral column due to a lordo-scoliotic maladaptation of the spine to the subclinical (functional) tether of a relatively short spinal cord can cause the onset and progression of AIS.With the exception of spinal manipulation described by Tomaschewski and neurosurgical release of the filum terminale described by Royo-Salvador, no treatment implications have yet been obtained from the results as published so far.

External manipulation, according to Tomaschewski's logic, can affect the 'flatback' contracture found in the lower thoracic region in patients with early AIS and have a beneficial effect on the 3D deformity of the spine and trunk. The hypothesis for this pilot study was that by using ECSWT, the ‘flatback' contracture that is normal in patients with AIS in the lower thoracic region could be minimised.

Materials and Procedures: Girls aged 12 to 15 years old with a Cobb angle between 20 and 50 degrees (average 35.3 degrees, SD 9.6) were qualified for the analysis (average 14.1years SD 1.1).

(1) Surface Topography (Formetric Diers) before, (2) after 5 minutes in the treatment position without application of ECSWT, and (3) after application of ECSWT were used in the study.

After the intervention, both lateral deviation (RMS = Root Mean Square) and surface rotation (RMS) were steadily reduced. After the intervention, the sagittal parameters kyphosis angle and lordosis angle both increased consistently. The findings were consistent, but not statistically important.

Conclusions: The findings of this study support the idea of a functional tethering of the spinal cord in patients with AIS. In patients with AIS, ECSWT seems to have a positive effect on 3D deformity and the subjective sensation of a tense back. As Tomaschewski points out, manipulating the 'flatback' contracture, which is typical in the lower thoracic region, can be beneficial.

Author (s) Details

Hans-Rudolf Weiss
Schroth Best Practice Academy, Neu-Bamberg, Germany.

Sarah Seibel
Department of Radiology, Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Mittelmosel, Zell-Barl, Germany.

Marc Moramarco
Scoliosis 3DC, Baldwin Green Common, Suite 204, Woburn, MA, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V11/article/view/894

Possible Risk Associations for the Formation of Antisperm Antibodies: A Review | Chapter 8 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been shown to have a detrimental impact on infertility in studies. The exact aetiology of ASA formation, however, has yet to be determined. Many researchers have proposed potential risk factors for the development of ASA, although others have come up with conflicting results. This article uses MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and print journals to examine the most recent published literature in English to determine the risk factors for ASA formation in humans. The results of the study do not show a clear link between ASA and potential risk factors. This represents the inadequacy of well-designed and case-controlled research in this area to some degree.

Author (s) Details

Varuni Tennakoon
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTMMR-V13/article/view/739

Environmental Sub-Epithelial Proteinaceous Keratopathy: A New Name for an Old Disease | Chapter 8 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 Climate droplet keratopathy(CDK) is an ancient degenerative corneal disease of unknown aetiology that was first identified by us in Latin America in the Argentinean Patagonia region (El Cuy Department, Río Negro Province). The prevalence of CDK in this area (Area I) and its presence in other related climatic provinces of Argentina (Region II) have been investigated. Patients' eyes were examined, lifetime patterns were investigated, the profile of tear cytokines and corneal epithelium phospholipids were studied. For most of the day, every person works outdoors. There was very low consumption of food containing ascorbic acid (AA) such as vegetables and fruits in individuals from regions I and II, but CDK was only found in region I where individuals did not use any form of eye defence. In region II, where people have similar work practises and dietary patterns to those in region I, but wear eye protection, no CDK was found. Tears from patients with CDK had substantially higher levels of The phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) groups showed lower total concentrations of phosphatidylcholine in the affected areas relative to the CDK cornea control areas. Several common species were shown in comparative profiles between CDK areas and control areas. Compared with the controls, we also found a few special lipids that were missing in CDK areas and vice versa. These findings clearly indicate that the existence of CDK is not only linked to environment, but also to an inflammatory process and lack of sunlight eye defence. I therefore recommend that this disease be designated as' Environmental Sub-epithelial Proteinaceous Keratopathy (ESPK).

Author (s) Details

Horacio Marcelo Serra
CIBICI-CONICET, Department of Biochemical Science, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esquina Medina Allende, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/287