SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Efficacy of Available COVID-19 Vaccines | Chapter 5 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variants of concern might be related to changes in both morbidity and mortality. Changes in both morbidity and mortality in COVID-19-infected individuals may be due to suppression of the host immune response, altered viral transmission dynamics, or higher viral loads that might worsen the clinical outcomes. Identification and analysis of currently available COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variants of concern, efficacy, and adverse events are the objective of this study. The current variants of concern, lineages B.1.351, B.1.1.7, and P1 affect the function of the spike protein and other SARS-CoV-2 proteins and can alter interaction with hACE2. The first three COVID-19 vaccines expressing spike protein and a progressing national rollout have authorization for emergency use in the United Kingdom (UK) and demonstrated protection against COVID-19 and decreased transmission after vaccination in the preliminary report. The search was applied to the articles that were published between 2020 and 2023. The chosen keywords for developing this study were “SARS-CoV-2” or “COVID-19” or “Variants” “Vaccine Efficacy” or “Vaccine Adverse Events With strict literature search and screening processes, it yielded 14 articles (2020 = 2; 2021 = 10 articles; 2023 = 2 articles) from 400 articles of initial literature database (2020-2023). A study demonstrated in early March 2021 the efficacy of various COVID-19 vaccines produced by many manufacturers in symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patients and patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variants as the following products (vaccine name), used technology, doses, efficacy against symptomatic disease, and efficacy against variants (B.1.1.7 (first detected in the United Kingdom) and B.1.351 (first detected in South Africa)). It is hard to predict the long-term risk of immune escape. From experience with avian coronavirus, vaccines against one variant will protect against similar variants, but not always against highly divergent variants. As SARSCoV-2 (COVID-19) variants are too divergent, similar to flu vaccines, COVID-19 vaccines will be changed. In conclusion, modifying COVID-19 vaccines would probably be the most straightforward step in involving SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variants. As SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variants are too divergent, similar to flu vaccines, COVID-19 vaccines will be changed. It might be more robust that multivalent vaccines include the viral nucleoprotein in the long term. More challenging will be deciding when and how to deploy COVID-19 vaccines 2.0.

 

Author (s) Details

Cheepsattayakorn A
Faculty of Medicine, Western University, Thailand, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Thailand, 10th Zonal Tuberculosis and Chest Disease Center, Thailand and Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.

 

Cheepsattayakorn R
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v1/2779

A Comprehensive Review of the Most Devastating and Catastrophic Return of Fear and Uncertainty: The Covid-19 Crisis | Chapter 11 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

 In 2019, the world witnessed the beginnings of a global pandemic in the form of a new respiratory illness. Covid-19, also known as coronavirus disease 2019, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2”. Covid-19 is the news once again making headlines and announcing its comeback. It has had a profound impact since its December 2019 emergence from Wuhan, China. The 2019 outbreak was a turning point affecting nearly every country with varying degrees of devastating and catastrophic severity. It has led to significant worldwide mortality and morbidity causing millions of deaths and long-lasting health complications for many, directly or indirectly. The rapid spread worldwide, led to the World Health Organization calling it a “global pandemic” on March 11, 2020. It has reshaped the world’s healthcare systems, caused economic disruptions and forced significant changes in lifestyle. Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic up until the end of 2024, there have been over 800 million globally confirmed cases. During the same period, the world-wide death rate was just over 7 million with 13 billion Covid-19 vaccinations administered globally. The scar left by Covid-19 is witnessed on the face of every individual and every sector of the economy. Anytime a viral outbreak has the potential to take hold, a containment strategy must be followed in order to keep it from becoming a pandemic. This study is a detailed presentation of the covid crisis. Covid-19 is a viral zoonotic disease which spreads from animals-to-humans and humans-to-humans. It is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Covid-19 is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that attaches to the host cell through its spike protein which facilitates entry into the host cell via the ACE2 receptors. The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets of an infected person when coughing, sneezing or talking and can also spread via contact with contaminated surfaces. Asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals can also spread the disease. Covid-19 has caused major social, economic, business and lifestyle disruptions. Covid-19 symptoms range from mild to severe and appear between 2-14 days after exposure. The most common symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle or body aches, loss of taste or smell, headache, nausea or vomiting and diarrhea. In more severe cases, it can cause pneumonia, ARDS, organ failure and even death. A Covid-19 diagnosis is mainly done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - the gold standard of testing. Histologically, Covid-19 is responsible for many changes to the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver and GI tract. Symptoms lasting beyond the primary infection (“long-covid”) have shown to have a significant impact on an individual’s daily life. There are several factors that increase the risk of infection. Individuals who are over 60 versus younger individuals, individuals with comorbidities, those who are immunocompromised, those who smoke, use alcohol, lack exercise or are unvaccinated, all have a higher risk of infection. Infected individuals with underlying health conditions can experience a host of complications such as mild to severe organ impairment (heart, liver, kidney, brain), diabetes, dementia, neurological issues, GI issues, and hematological or muscular pain. The risk also increases for individuals who are lower on the socio-economic spectrum. One of the most prominent features of the Covid virus is its ability to mutate over time. This leads to the emergence of variants with different properties. Currently, there is no definite treatment for Covid-19. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the use of vaccines, antiviral drugs, immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies and non-pharmaceutical interventions (wearing masks, social distancing, hand hygiene, quarantine, isolation) to reduce the transmission risk, prevent hospitalization and to avoid severe illness or death. The advent of highly efficacious vaccines using novel mRNA technology has seen the effects of the disease wane. The Covid-19 outbreak brought to light some very stark realities. It is abundantly clear there is no influence over animal biology, their disease reservoirs, the host type (bats, mosquitoes), virus mutation, etc. From a societal standpoint, there is no influence over social behavior (collective, individual), socio-economic disparities, age, gender, comorbidities or national resources. Looking at these factors alone, one can see the insurmountable task of controlling another outbreak. Covid-19 infection rates are slowing and the pandemic is giving way to an endemic. However, one question remains - how well prepared are we for the next major outbreak?

 

Author (s) Details

 

M Waheed Roomi
Rath Research Institute, San Jose, California. USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4582

A Review of Sars-Cov-2 Pharmacotherapy | Chapter 18 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The Coronavirus viral disease 2019 (COVID-19) is arguably the most important medical and public health challenge of the current decade. This has resulted in tens of millions of deaths and disturbed socio-economic lives across the globe.  Clinicians and scientists have been assessing many potential anti-virals for effective control of SARS-CoV-2. Many drugs have been repurposed and granted emergency authorization for use in the treatment of COVID-19 cases. Some of the drugs that have been assessed include Remdesivir, Ribavirine, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, biologics and the anti-parasitic ivermectin. Dexamethasone significantly cut mortality among severe and critical SARS-CoV-2 cases. There were no clinical benefits with the use of hydroxychloroquine and Lopinavir/ritonavir in the RECOVERY Trials. Early observational studies and a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in Nigeria demonstrated the possibility of the efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of SARSCoV-2. Overall, effective and efficient pharmacotherapeutic interventions will be important in achieving SARS-CoV-2 control. There is also evidence that the COVID-19 vaccine was effective in curtailing the effects of the pandemic. Different generic vaccines available are DNA vaccine, mRNA vaccine, and non-replicating viral vector vaccines

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Olumuyiwa Elijah Ariyo
Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State/Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria.

 

Joshua Gini
Stroke Medicine United Lincolnshire Hospital, Lincoln County Hospital, United Kingdom.

 

Oladipo Vincent Akinmade
USAID Integrated Health Program Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH18

Role of Vaccines in the Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus | Chapter 10 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Diabetes Mellitus stands as a prevalent non-communicable disease globally, impacting individuals across all socioeconomic backgrounds. Particularly in developing nations like India, where adult immunization efforts face challenges amid the ongoing H1N1 pandemic, there arises a pressing need for comprehensive vaccination strategies encompassing all age demographics to combat potentially fatal infectious diseases. While free universal immunization initiatives cater to children, consensus regarding vaccine administration in diabetes patients, be it type 1 or type 2, remains elusive. Nonetheless, certain clinics do offer routine vaccinations such as pneumococcal and influenza shots to diabetes patients, recognizing their heightened susceptibility to infections due to immune system dysregulation. Notably, diabetes patients exhibit elevated rates of hospitalization and mortality from pneumococcal disease and influenza. Given the clinically significant benefits of vaccines, guidelines from esteemed organizations such as the American Diabetes Association (ADA), Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), and United Kingdom authorities offer clear directives. Thus, clinicians in India are encouraged to contemplate the incorporation of vaccines into diabetes management protocols. Various types of diabetes vaccines, including polyvalent therapeutic vaccines, inverse vaccines, and newly designed vaccine products, present promising avenues for exploration. In this chapter, we provide an overview of diabetes mellitus vaccines along with their underlying mechanisms.

Author(s) Details:

Jyothi Basini,
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Tirupati Dist.-517561, Tirupati, A.P, India.

Tejaswini G. V.,
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Tirupati Dist.-517561, Tirupati, A.P, India.

Jayasree P.,
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Tirupati Dist.-517561, Tirupati, A.P, India.

Pavan Kumar R.,
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Tirupati Dist.-517561, Tirupati, A.P, India.

Viswanath G.,
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Tirupati Dist.-517561, Tirupati, A.P, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V8/article/view/14059

Impact of COVID 19 Infection and Development of Cardiovascular Disease | Chapter 4 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 9

This review focuses on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the cardiovascular system. We reviewed the evidence and mechanisms of different cellular injuries in myocardial tissues and the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular involvement and discussed issues related to myocardial injury in the recovery stage and after vaccination. The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overwhelmed the medical systems of several countries and posed unprecedented challenges to the mankind. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), quickly spread worldwide and led to over 581 million confirmed cases and over 6 million deaths as 1 August 2022. The binding of the viral surface spike protein to the human angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is the primary mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Not only highly expressed in the lung, ACE2 is also widely distributed in the heart, mainly in cardiomyocytes and pericytes. The strong association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated by increased clinical evidence. Preexisting CVD risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes etc., increase susceptibility to COVID-19. In turn, COVID-19 exacerbates the progression of CVD, including myocardial damage, arrhythmia, acute myocarditis, heart failure, and thromboembolism. Moreover, cardiovascular risks post recovery and the vaccination-associated cardiovascular problems have become increasingly evident. To demonstrate the association between COVID-19 and CVD, this review detailly illustrated the impact of COVID-19 on different cells (cardiomyocytes, pericytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts) in myocardial tissue and provides an overview of the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular involvements in the pandemic. Finally, the issues related to myocardial injury post recovery, as well as vaccination-induced CVD, has also been emphasized. Vaccine development and ongoing research on SARS-CoV-2 reflects the tireless efforts of the scientific community, healthcare workers, and government agencies. The lessons learned from our response to COVID-19 will hopefully prepare us for future pandemics.

Author(s) Details:

Hongyang Shu,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Zheng Wen,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Na Li,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Zixuan Zhang,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Bala Musa Ceesay,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Yizhong Peng,
Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Ning Zhou,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Dao Wen Wang,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V9/article/view/13623

The Immune Response of Carbon-based Nano Light Vaccines to SARS-CoV-2 | Chapter 10 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

 

Elucidating the panoramic mechanism of coronavirus-host immune interaction is a strategy for disease surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and immunity assessment of COVID-19. A robust carbon-based nano light vaccine technology system contributes to achieving the core scientific issues of this strategy. In this review, we state the latest prevention and control strategy of carbon-based nano light vaccine, and their broad-spectrum resistance to high transmissible and pathogenic variants. Furthermore, we cover the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 under carbon-based nano light vaccine intervention, and finally evaluate the efficacy of carbon-based nano light vaccines and their interactive mechanisms. The search for highly efficient, conserved T cell epitopes provide a basis for development of a new generation of T cell vaccine.

Author(s) Details:

Qiang Wang,
Gansu Medical College, Pingliang 744000, China.

Fenfen Zhang,
Gansu Medical College, Pingliang 744000, China.

Jianshe Yang,
Gansu Medical College, Pingliang 744000, China and Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9561

SARS COVID-19 Case Studies: Diagnostic Tests, Vaccination Challenges and Disease Outcomes | Chapter 8 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 Encyclopedically, COVID- 19 has redounded in losses and significant bouleversement. A zoonotic illness that has spread from its original beast host to infect people and spread throughout the world. It has put pressure on the healthcare structure of countries that are ill- equipped to combat this complaint. It's preferable to vaccinate a group to make impunity. Due to vaccine monopolies, fat countries can immunize the maturity of their people whereas underdeveloped countries can only immunize a small portion. Newer variants are likely to crop . The Omicron variant has followed former surges od the nascence and Delta variants. Non pharmacological measures will remain an important preventative strategy for delaying viral spread and reducing complaint. Covid- 19 causes acute respiratory failure and has sequelae nominated long covid that causes multi organ dysfunction. This has huge impact on health related quality of life( HRQol).

Author(s) Details:

B. A. Bulbulia,
Department of Anesthesiology, Garden City Clinic, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V5/article/view/8445

The Role of Molecular Mimicry and Autoimmunity in the SARS-CoV-2-Induced Diseases: An a Posteriori Analysis | Chapter 8 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 SARS-CoV-2-derived epitopes were examined for peptide sharing with human proteins in 2020, during the time of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, in order to determine the likelihood that the coronavirus exposure would cause autoimmune cross-reactivity. It was discovered that the immunoreactive epitopes found in SARS-CoV-2 are generally made up of peptide sequences found in human proteins as well. These sequences, when altered, are linked to a variety of diseases, from respiratory distress to multi-organ failure. It is noteworthy that the peptide sharing also included antigens relevant to fetal/infantile illnesses and tumour suppressor proteins. According to scientific evidence, passive or active SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry and the resulting cross-reactivity. In order to prevent autoimmune reactions, the clinical data suggested vaccine composition based on unique viral peptide sequences. The large wave of severe adverse effects expected in 2020 and already occurring after the widespread administration of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on conventional vaccine formulations are now, in 2022, explained by the data.

Author(s) Details:

Darja Kanduc,
Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V4/article/view/8398

A Challenge to Polio Eradication: Need to Replace OPV with IPV| Chapter 9 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol.10

 Presentation: Vaccine infection spread is a biggest risk of OPV. On replication in antibody beneficiaries (for the most part after the primary portion) or their contacts, immunization infection can return to neurovirulence and cause antibody related crippled poliomyelitis (VAPP).

Objective: Global suspension of OPV use will forestall the danger presented by Vaccine determined polioviruses in the post annihilation period. Also, will be fundamental to safeguard the increases accomplished by worldwide annihilation of wild polioviruses.

In 2012, India crossed a significant achievement when the World Health Organization eliminated it from the rundown of polio endemic nations following a year without a solitary instance of polio. The presence of infection in sewage tests gathered from Hyderabad was an extraordinary test to the March 2014 statement "India as a without polio country from wild polio infection transmission". OPV use is related with the uncommon event of hereditarily floated antibody determined polioviruses (VDPVs) that can circle in under immunized and immunodeficient people. This represented a potential longer-term hazard to worldwide polio destruction program [1]. With due thought to the presence of infection in the climate, it is the ideal opportunity for India to rework its essential activity intends to retaliate against polio. The "final plan" for worldwide poliomyelitis destruction will require a staged withdrawal of oral poliovirus immunization (OPV) for different strains in all nations, trailed by a change to IPV to keep away from the gamble of immunization determined polioviruses — presenting a few populaces to the gamble of poliovirus episodes.

Author(s) Details:

Sharanjit Kaur,
Department of Pharmacology, Maharishi Markandeshwar medical college and Hospital, Solan, India.

Anand Sharma,
Department of Physiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Solan, India.

Harinder Jot Singh,
Department of Physiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Solan, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V10/article/view/8070

Study on Naturopathic Medical Students’ Perspective on Vaccination and Naturopathy Practice in Ghana: A Review | Chapter 11 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Background: The topic of vaccination in the COVID-19 pandemic has become a sensitive topic in Ghana. Vaccination and Naturopathy are comparable in terms of public health principles, and Naturopathic students study public health as a field. Many people in Ghana claim to be Naturopathic Doctors, although they disagree with Naturopathy's endorsement of public health essentials such as vaccination. Are immunizations naturopathic as well?

This case study examines the knowledge and awareness of vaccinations in Naturopathic practise among Ghanaian Naturopathic Medical Students.

Methods: A qualitative technique was employed to obtain primary data from respondents via a written questionnaire in this study. The survey comprised of ten (10) persons who were asked a series of questions. Respondents for this study were naturopathic medical students from Ghana's Nyarkotey College of Holistic Medicine.

Vaccines are a part of the Naturopathic profession, according to the Naturopathic medical students, and are consistent with Naturopathic beliefs. Incredibly, only one of the ten respondents in Ghana received the COVID-19 vaccine. The others, on the other hand, have expressed an interest in obtaining the vaccination but are awaiting the outcome of the side effects before making a final decision.

Conclusion: In the practise of Naturopathy, Naturopathic Medical students have enough knowledge and comprehension of vaccines. Vaccines are used in Naturopathy and public health in general, thus they are not considered to be against public health protocols in the event of a global epidemic, according to the responders.

Author(S) Details

Raphael Nyarkotey Obu
Department of Holistic Medicine, Nyarkotey College of Holistic Medicine and Technology, Ashaiman, Ghana.

Lawrencia Aggrey –Bluwey
Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education, Winneba Ghana.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V11/article/view/3697

Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemic in Pakistan and the Vaccination Strategies | Chapter 09 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

 The current COVID-19 pandemic was initially detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has since spread throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has proclaimed the coronavirus pandemic to be a global public health emergency. On February 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) validated the virus's nomenclature as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 transmission was controlled using a variety of efficient preventive strategies. Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan, the government devised a number of efficient strategies to combat the zoonotic illness. In all provinces, the Pakistani government built tertiary care hospitals, quarantine facilities, and COVID-19 testing laboratories. Currently, a large vaccination campaign is underway to immunise as much of the population as possible in order to bring the epidemic under control. The spread of COVID-19, as well as its effects on the Pakistani populace and government responses to manage the epidemic, were highlighted in this review.

Author(S) Details

Arslan Habib
Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Riffat Iqbal
Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.

Zeeshan Ashraf
Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Muhammad Usman Taj
Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Dominic Kwesi Quainoo
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, Ghana.

Muhammad Shehzad
Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.

Mubeen Ameer
Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.

Behloul Abbas
Department of Zoology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V3/article/view/5882

Recent Advancements on the Application of Biotechnology towards Diagnosis and Treatment in Veterinary Medicine in Africa: Potentials and Future Developments | Chapter 13 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 In many fields of medicine, biotechnology is an already proven method, but its implementation in the field of veterinary medicine has only begun to emerge with the potential to revolutionise veterinary practise. Therefore, this paper reviews existing biotechnology applications in veterinary medicine for diagnosis and treatment in Africa, including: molecular gene cloning, development of vaccines derived from recombinant biotechnology, application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), polymerase chain reaction polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and bioinformatics for infectious and parasitic disease detection, gene therapy, disease diagnosis and delivery systems of care, and many more. These components exist in other parts of the world and are thus presumed to be consolidated in the near future as a private enterprise in the African distribution system. Although it is sensible to postulate that the application of biotechnology and its peculiar evolution will change veterinary medicine imminently, there is immense treatment, Among industry stakeholders, this latest scientific advance may be hampered by food health and safety and other civil and ethical issues. The ethical problems that include the Three Rs principle (Reduction of animal population, Refinement of enactments and farm management to minimise affliction and desperation, Substitution of animals with non-animal surrogate where possible. There is detailed consideration of restrictions on the application of veterinary practises. This research has implications for the potential revolutionization of veterinary practise and the rise in human consumption of protein sources. Finally, it is hoped that biotechnology will vigorously contribute to the progress of diagnosis in veterinary medicine in the immediate future. Therefore, this will include resources and biomarkers for an exceptional understanding of the processes involved in the propagation of epidemics in livestock.

Author(s) Details

B. R. Mohammed
School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Abertay University, UK.

Prof. S. K. Malang
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

Prof. S. Mailafia
Department of Microbiology, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

Prof. R. I. S. Agbede

Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/359

The Details of Migratory Phenomenons, Bioethics and Vaccinations | Chapter 7 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol.1

The evolution of the HIV following migratory phenomenons is reported in an interesting study carried
on for 15 years. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique in molecular biology that amplifies
a specific region of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and has been useful in the molecular
characterization of viruses as poxviruses. In many countries, such as Italy, the vaccinations are
included in the so-called sanitary obliged not coercive treatments. This means that the obligation is
anticipated for all the subjects belonging to one determined range of age to undergo some
vaccinations, but these are not subministrated by force in case of refusal. The legitimacy of the
obligatory vaccination against the smallpox, with all the risks connected, stated that such “risks were
too much reduced to be seriously taken in consideration for the benefits produced on the collectivity”.
To ratify this obligation brings, however, to the reimbursement of the incidental damages produced by
the vaccination. Nevertheless, mass vaccination against smallpox continues to be a leading initiative
in western countries to guard against bioterrorist attack.

Author(s) Details

Giulio Tarro
Foundation T. and L. de Beaumont Bonelli Foundation for Cancer Research, Naples, Italy and Committee on Biotechnologies and Virus Sphere, World Academy of Biomedical Technologies, UNESCO, Paris, France.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/227