Impact of COVID 19 Infection and Development of Cardiovascular Disease | Chapter 4 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 9

This review focuses on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the cardiovascular system. We reviewed the evidence and mechanisms of different cellular injuries in myocardial tissues and the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular involvement and discussed issues related to myocardial injury in the recovery stage and after vaccination. The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overwhelmed the medical systems of several countries and posed unprecedented challenges to the mankind. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), quickly spread worldwide and led to over 581 million confirmed cases and over 6 million deaths as 1 August 2022. The binding of the viral surface spike protein to the human angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is the primary mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Not only highly expressed in the lung, ACE2 is also widely distributed in the heart, mainly in cardiomyocytes and pericytes. The strong association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated by increased clinical evidence. Preexisting CVD risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes etc., increase susceptibility to COVID-19. In turn, COVID-19 exacerbates the progression of CVD, including myocardial damage, arrhythmia, acute myocarditis, heart failure, and thromboembolism. Moreover, cardiovascular risks post recovery and the vaccination-associated cardiovascular problems have become increasingly evident. To demonstrate the association between COVID-19 and CVD, this review detailly illustrated the impact of COVID-19 on different cells (cardiomyocytes, pericytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts) in myocardial tissue and provides an overview of the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular involvements in the pandemic. Finally, the issues related to myocardial injury post recovery, as well as vaccination-induced CVD, has also been emphasized. Vaccine development and ongoing research on SARS-CoV-2 reflects the tireless efforts of the scientific community, healthcare workers, and government agencies. The lessons learned from our response to COVID-19 will hopefully prepare us for future pandemics.

Author(s) Details:

Hongyang Shu,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Zheng Wen,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Na Li,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Zixuan Zhang,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Bala Musa Ceesay,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Yizhong Peng,
Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Ning Zhou,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Dao Wen Wang,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V9/article/view/13623

Risk Assesment Study to Develop or Reduce the Severity of Cardiovascular Diseases by Mindful Meditation, Physical Activity, and Meditation: An Overview in Saudi Arabia | Chapter 7 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 The purpose concerning this systematic review search out investigate the effect of mindful contemplation, physical activity, and diet on Cardiovascular dDsease (CVD) in Saudi Arabia (SA). The behavior in SA increases the prevalence of corpulence, cholesterol level, and high blood pressure, and is followed by rising CVD occurrence. CVD is one of ultimate common chronic ailments in SA, causing disadvantage and death. CVD risk changes according to age, gender, instruction, socioeconomic circumstances, and place of residence or business where one can be contacted. Physical inactivity, lazy lifestyle, saturated fatty acid burdensome diet, smoking, and stress are again CVD risk factors. This means of electronic search was conducted orderly utilizing Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline. The narrative study contained forty disclosures that were gathered between 2015 and 2022. Physical exercise, diet, and aware meditation are with the factors that can reduce the chance of developing CVD or the severity of ailment in CVD patients. This orderly review stressed the significance of physical exercise, diet, and mindful contemplation in lowering the risk of expanding CVDs in Saudis and reducing the asperity of CVD patients in SA. The findings show the function of physical activity, attentive meditation, and diet in lowering the onset or severity of heart failure.

Author(s) Details:

Arwa Al-Saber,
Health Science College of the Saudi Electronic University (SEU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia and Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, USA and King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam (KFSHD), Saudi Arabia.

Al-Nabaheen May,
Health Science College of the Saudi Electronic University (SEU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V9/article/view/12255

Physiological Rectification on Development of Arterial Stiffness in Human through Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy: A Report | Chapter 10 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 10

 Arterial inflexibility exerts a number of unfavorable effects on whole crowd functions and disease risk, associated with death, recognized as a critical forerunner of cardiovascular diseases. It is very much owned by understand the act of integrated approach of yoga therapy (IAYT) on forbiding and reversing arterial stiffening. Physiological rectification contains participating constantly in physical exercise, yoga & pranayama, performing aerobic exercise, attractive satvic food, dealing honestly accompanying others and touching for communal activities will lead parasympathetic in picture which only can reduce arterial inflexibility. As per literature significant alterations to IAYT, are in the direction of child bonnet period as compared to medium or traditional aged individuals. Readers are wanted to read and comprehend the mechanism behind advantages of IAYT and by virtue of what IAYT can bring down the arterial stiffness more in offsprings than in aged matters.

Author(s) Details:

Snehasis Bhunia,
Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V10/article/view/10681

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Chloroform Extract | Chapter 4 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 7

 A alone herbal plant can be collected of thousands of horticultural constituents or secondary metabolites, and the potential for new drug development and finding are becoming increasingly apparent. Initial phytochemical screens were performed utilizing qualitative methods. Phytochemicals are projectiles for weaponry that occur normally in plants. The aim of this study was to judge the presence of various phytochemicals, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, etc., in different extracts of the curative plant Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Our results showed that plant extracts hold various plant components in the way that alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols. The study showed that, in further research, phytochemicals in Chrysopogon zizanioides L commit significantly boost various projects of this plant.

Author(s) Details:

D. Sajusha,
Department of Bio-Technology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai-600073, India.

S. Selvakumar,
Department of Bio-Technology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai-600073, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V7/article/view/10333

Fundamental Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis| Chapter 11 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Atherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of apolipoprotein B- lipoproteins in the arterial matrix, which serve as an magnet for monocytes that develop into macrophages and dendritic cells. The subendothelial subcaste thickens because of a maladaptive seditious response touched off by macrophages discerned from signed monocytes. Myocardial infarction, stroke, and unforeseen cardiac death can all be caused by lesions. Knowledge of the etiology of atherosclerosis that's fleetly expanding, as well as the development of innovative, target-specific treatments, is altering the cure of atherosclerosis. As a result, a range of curatives are presently being estimated for their capacity to palliate the seditious pathways likely to spark and promote the atherosclerotic process. Although the intricate pathophysiology of atherosclerosis remains unknown, recent exploration has concentrated on expounding the complaint at the molecular position by studying atherogenesis. Endothelial dysfunction, adipose band conformation, stringy shrine conformation, and shrine rupture are some of the mechanisms that will be studied in this study to more understand how atherosclerosis progresses(Fig. 1). The pathological and molecular mechanisms of atherosclerotic shrine generation and growth are bandied in detail in this composition. This review focuses on the specific targets of atherosclerosis and discusses the complaint's pathogenesis and development.

Author(s) Details:

Maha Ayoub,
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Cell Culture Unit and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V8/article/view/8500

From SARS-CoV-2 to Myocarditis and Sudden Death via Molecular Mimicry and Immunologic Memory | Chapter 12 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 4

This study sought to define the potential roles of immunologic memory and molecular mimicry as pathways that may connect SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination with cardiovascular disorders (CVDs).

It was looked at if human proteins that are impacted by CVDs have pentapeptide immune determinants with the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (gp).

The majority of the shared peptides are found in infectious pathogens to which the human population has generally been exposed, and comparative sequence analyses show that SARS-CoV-2 spike gp and human proteins related to CVDs share a high level of peptide sharing. The shared peptides have immunological potential because they are also a part of experimentally validated SARS-CoV-2 spike gp-derived epitopes.

Cross-reactivity and peptide sharing most likely represent, respectively, the molecular foundation and fundamental mechanism connecting SARS-CoV-2 exposure and CVDs, with the individual's prior infection history playing a key role in defining and defining the immune response as well as the pathologic autoimmune sequelae.

Author(s) Details:

Darja Kanduc,

Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V4/article/view/7367

Determining the Effect of Curry Leaves and Cucumber Fruit on Lipid Profile in Menopausal Women with Hyperlipidaemia | Chapter 08 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 Hyperlipidemia increases the chances of acquiring cardiovascular disease (CVD). Total cholesterol (TC) and triacyl glycerol (TAG) levels in the blood are elevated in hyperlipidaemia. The purpose of this study was to see how curry leaves powder and slicing cucumber fruit affected hyperlipidemia in menopausal women living in rural areas.

Methods: Thirty menopausal healthy women from rural communities (45–65 years old) with mild hyperlipidemia were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control or experimental. The control group received no treatment while the experimental group received cucumber (100-125 g) and curry leaves powder (5 g) once daily for 45 days. A questionnaire was used to collect the demographic information. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after the intervention to assess total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triacyl glycerol levels (TAG).

TC, LDL-C, and TAG were significantly (p0.05) reduced in the curry leaves powder and cucumber treatment groups. Only the curry leaves powder treatment group had a significantly (p0.05) higher HDL-C level (46.19.2 mg/dl) (average 12 percent). Although the control group's TC, LDL-C, and TAG mean levels were higher, the difference was not statistically significant. When the efficacy of the test chemicals at the tested doses was compared, the HDL-C level in the curry leaves treated group was statistically higher (p =0.09).

Conclusions: In menopausal women with hyperlipidemia, curry leaves and cucumber were successful in boosting HDL-C and decreasing LDL-C and TAG levels, indicating a possible neutraceutical role in CVD treatment.

Author(S) Details

John Molly
Department of Research, Saveetha University, Chennai-603 105, Tamil Nadu, India and Department of Community Health, Amala College of Nursing, Amala Nagar, Thrissur- 680 555, Kerala, India.

Silvia Edison
Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Al Shifa College of Nursing, Angadippuram, Malappuram- 679 321, Kerala, India.

R. Vijayaraghavan
Department of Research, Saveetha University, Chennai-603 105, Tamil Nadu, India.

Thekuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan Ajith
Department of Biochemistry, Amala College of Nursing, Amala Nagar, Thrissur- 680 555, Kerala, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V6/article/view/6420

Determination of Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Based on Different Fish Consumption Habits| Chapter 7 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol.1

The ingestion of moderate amounts of fish on a regular basis is linked to a lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, due to the oxidation susceptibility of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish, the positive effects of a fish-enriched diet appear to be paradoxical. The atherogenic index is a useful measure for identifying patients who are at risk for cardiovascular disease. Certain fish dietary habits have a positive effect on lipid profile levels, lowering the risk of coronary heart disease. The goal of this study was to assess CVD risk using atherogenic indices and to examine the plasma lipid profile of healthy persons with various fish intake habits.

Methods: Healthy people's fasting blood samples were taken for lipid profile calculations using an automated analyzer. Each participant provided detailed information on their physical and atherogenic characteristics.

Conclusions: The CVD risk profiles varied depending on the type of fish consumed. Total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and non-high-density lipoprotein (Non-HDL-C) levels differed substantially (p0.05), whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels differed considerably (p0.001). Inland fish consumers had a higher level of TG/HDL. The atherogenic coefficient and the Castelli risk index-2, on the other hand, did not differ significantly depending on the type of fish consumed. All fish eaters, including beef eaters, had atherogenic indices that were borderline "high risk."

Conclusion: People who ate fish and beef were at a higher risk than those who ate inland and sea fish. Non-HDL cholesterol may be a marker for a lipid profile in the blood linked to an elevated risk of heart disease. Non-HDL-C levels were borderline high risk for CVD in all fish, including beef eaters. There were age and sex-related differences in the TC and lipid-protein fractions. TC and LDL-C values were greater in women than in men. Non-HDL-C and TG/HDL-C levels can be utilised as more accurate indicators of CVD risk.

Author(s) Details:

Chandravathani Devadawson,
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Eastern University, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka.



Chamila Jayasinghe,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila, Sri Lanka.



Sivakanesan Ramiah,
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Arulnithy Kanagasingam,
Cardiologist Unit, Teaching Hospital, Batticaloa, Sri Lanka.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V1/article/view/6238

Sleep Disorders and Their Relationship with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review | Chapter 16 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 Sleep is a physiological process that happens to everyone. Approximately one-third of a person's life is spent sleeping. Sleeping for 7-9 hours a day, falling asleep effortlessly and staying asleep without interruption, waking up feeling refreshed, and remaining awake during the day are all signs of restorative sleep. Sleep disorders, such as insomnia, hypersomnolence, parasomnias, sleep-related movement disorders, and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, can occur as a result of abnormalities. Breathing problems can also cause sleep fragmentation. All across the world, sleep disturbances are frequent. They're frequently linked to various health issues like metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and psychological diseases. They also have a variety of behavioural issues. They are less productive, have more accidents, and are absent from work more frequently. Overall, these patients have a lower sense of well-being and a lower quality of life. Sleep disturbances are also linked to an increased risk of death. Chronic sleep deprivation costs the economy a lot of money. Inadequate sleep is also firmly linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias (including atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death), peripheral artery disease, deep vein thrombosis, and vasculogenic erectile dysfunction are all major cardiovascular illnesses. Sleep deprivation plays a role in the aetiology of all of these diseases. The link between sleep and cardiovascular disease is frequently bidirectional. Restorative sleep may be hindered by cardiac problems, particularly during intensive care hospitalisation. In the drive to improve worldwide cardiovascular health, maintaining a regular sleep routine and treating sleep-related problems are significant goals. The implications of sleep problems on cardiovascular diseases are discussed in this paper.

Author(S) Details

Shashi K. Agarwal
Center for Contemporary and Complementary Cardiology, 2227 US Highway 1, Suite 309, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V13/article/view/5037

A Brief Study on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Benfotiamine | Chapter 12 | Issues and Development in Health Research Vol. 3

 Supplementing with benfotiamine (BFT) may help to prevent various diabetes-related vascular and neuronal complications. The mechanism by which BFT influences diabetes angiogenesis and neuropathies pathogenesis is unknown. This mini-review intended to examine the most recent information on the impact of benfotiamine (a lipid-soluble thiamine derivative with better bioavailability than thiamine) on some metabolic and functional parameters in T2DM patients with diabetic angio-, neuropathies. To confirm the beneficial effect of BFT on biochemical parameters, dynamics of independent cardiovascular tests, daily monitoring of electrocardiography, arterial wall stiffness parameters among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic angio-, neuropathies, and their associated comorbidities, more research is needed.

Author (S) Details

Victoria A. Serhiyenko
Department of Endocrinology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Ukraine.

Alexandr A. Serhiyenko
Department of Endocrinology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Ukraine.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDHR-V3/article/view/3306

Important Aspects of Toll-like Receptors: Signaling Pathways in Diseases | Book Publisher International

 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of receptors that serve as the body's first line of defence against microorganisms. They can detect invading pathogens as well as endogenous danger compounds generated by dying cells and damaged tissues, and they serve an important role in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs are found in a wide range of immune and non-immune cells. TLR expression and location are altered in response to pathogen-derived or damaged host-cell-derived chemicals. When ligands bind to TLR, they trigger intracellular signalling cascades that launch host defence responses. Recent research has discovered that gastrointestinal epithelial cells express nearly all TLR subtypes known to date, and that TLR expression and activation throughout the GI tract are closely regulated and coordinated. An excessive host defence reaction of the intestinal epithelium to endogenous luminal bacterial flora may be responsible for the initiation and persistence of inflammatory intestinal responses in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed constitutively in intestinal epithelial cell lines, and they appear to be essential regulators of the innate response system. Stomach epithelial cells are the first line of defence against H. pylori, and they respond to infection by triggering a series of cell signalling cascades that result in cytokine production and the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the gastric mucosa. Many of these cell signalling processes are mediated by pathogen recognition receptors from the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Signaling downstream of toll-like receptors on immunological and resident vascular cells can elicit proinflammatory cytokine release, lipid uptake, and foam cell production, as well as activate cells of the adaptive immune system, which can alter atherogenesis. TLR1, -2, -3, -4, and -6 are expressed by tubular epithelial cells, which suggests that these TLRs may have a role in the activation of immune responses in tubulointerstitial damage (e.g., bacterial pyelonephritis, sepsis, and transplant nephropathy). Several studies have revealed that Toll-like receptors are an important part of our microbial defence system, but their potential involvement as mediators in allergies and asthma has yet to be determined. Toll-like receptor 4, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor that initiates an inflammatory cascade in response to different CNS stimuli, is an essential contributor to microglial activation.

Author(S) Details

Najah R. Hadi
Professor and Consultant, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq.

Saad Rasool Shaker
Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Alnajaf Health Directorate, Iraq.

Nada R. Alharis
Professor of Diagnostic Radiology Faculty of Medicine University of Kufa Iraq.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IATLRSPD/article/view/3432

Primary Aldosteronism Due to a Sub Centimeter Unilateral Adrenal Adenoma: A Case Report | Chapter 18 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

 In patients with essential hypertension, primary hyperaldosteronism is the source of at least 10% of the hypertension. People with the condition have far more cardiovascular and renal consequences than patients with essential hypertension, hence screening and diagnosis are vital. For a long time, we have been giving the patient the diagnosis of resistant hypertension. We considered primary hyperaldosteronism, verified it, and treated it as such. The disease's diagnostic algorithm is discussed.

Author (s) Details

Andre Manov
Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Mountain View Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Amanpreet Kaur
Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Mountain View Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Ashan Hatharasinghe
Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Mountain View Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V1/article/view/2797

Emphasizing the Cardiovascular Diseases: A State of the Art in Spain and Andalusia | Chapter 1 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 6

The European cardiovascular disease epidemiology data released in the EHJ indicates that 39 percent of men and 47 percent of women are the leading causes of death. In Spain, 28.3 percent of this 28.3 percent was CVD mortality in 2018: 53.69 percent in women and 46.3 percent in men. Andalusia has a 32% CVD mortality, the first mortality rate in Spain. If we can see the findings of the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V Registry, with 8 Spanish hospitals, in terms of smoking, diet, and sedentary conduct, a large majority of coronary patients have unhealthy lifestyles. We believe that preventive and cardiac rehabilitation services, as well as the implantation of the Andalusian cardiac rehabilitation network, play an important role in improving this data. I will review the situation of these programmes in Spain and Andalusia at this stage. There is a substantial development in Andalusia of secondary preventive and cardiac rehabilitation services, primarily in tertiary hospitals, although the coverage of hospitalised acute coronary syndromes was only 10%. Finally, we conclude that it is important to implant a cardiac rehabilitation healthcare network in Andalusia to increase mortality rates.

Author (s) Details

Enrique Otero Chulian
Department of Cardiology, Vithas Nisa Sevilla Aljarafe Hospital, Andalusia, Spain.

Rosa Fernández Olmo
Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Jaén, Spain.

Javier Mora Robles
Department of Cardiology, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.

Juan Manuel Lacal Peña
Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario de Jerez, Jerez, de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain.

Juana Delgado Pacheco
Cardiac Rehabilitation Nurse, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain.

Rafael Colman Llamozas
Cardiólogo, Colman Comprehensive Cardiology Center, Cádiz, Spain.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/363