Maternal Mortality Trends in Saudi Arabia: A Review | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 5

 

Maternal mortality represents a critical indicator of national health system performance and socio-economic development. Despite progress in obstetric care worldwide, maternal mortality remains unequally distributed between high-income and low and middle-income countries. Saudi Arabia has made significant progress in reducing maternal deaths over recent decades; however, persistent clinical, systemic, and socio-cultural challenges continue to influence maternal outcomes. This review provides an updated maternal mortality trends in Saudi Arabia from July 2020 to December 2023. Literature was identified through structured searches of PubMed, Scopus, and WHO/UNICEF repositories using terms such as “maternal mortality, “Saudi Arabia,” “pregnancy complications,” and “obstetric causes of death”. For this narrative review, themes were synthesised qualitatively, and findings were compared across regions, populations (Saudi vs. expatriates), and facility types (primary vs. tertiary care). The findings demonstrate that Saudi Arabia maintains a low maternal mortality ratio (MMR) compared with global averages, with estimates ranging between 7 and 17 deaths per 100,000 live births during the review period. Nonetheless, variations persist between regions due to disparities in access to specialised care, emergency obstetric services, and referral efficiency. Direct obstetric causes such as postpartum haemorrhage and hypertensive disorders remain predominant, while indirect causes such as cardiac disease, obesity, diabetes, and viral infections have increased in relative significance. Additional determinants include late presentation, limited awareness of warning signs, socio-economic inequities, and cultural factors influencing health-seeking behaviour. The review concludes that strengthening maternal services requires expanded midwifery capacity, improved emergency obstetric response systems, standardised national guidelines, and enhanced data reporting mechanisms. Targeted public-health interventions addressing obesity, diabetes, and high-risk pregnancies are crucial. This review provides insightful recommendations for clinicians, policymakers, and researchers aiming to support Saudi Arabia’s continued progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdulhameed G. Albeshr
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Areej F. Alsubaie
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Asma A. Alaiban
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Asma A. Alzahrani
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Burouj M. Alqahtani
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Fatimah M. Alshehri
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Hana A. Alsaadoun
King Abdulaziz Dental Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Hayat M. Almosaad
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Hayat N. Alshammari
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Hend A. Alzamil
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Moneerah M. Alsubieg
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Sarah Y. Alsharif
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Sahar A. Alharbi
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Shahad N. Alghossen
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Shams M. Alqahtani
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Shatha H. Abujabah
Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v5/6961

 

Quality of Root Canal Fillings Performed by Dental Undergraduates: A Radiographic Study |Chapter 10 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Background: Epidemiologic surveys consistently show that the technical quality of root fillings is strongly associated with periapical status at the population level, underscoring obturation quality as a key determinant of treatment outcome.  

 

Aim: The study aimed to assess the radiographic quality of root canal obturation performed by undergraduate dental students at the College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, focusing on obturation length, taper, and density.

 

Materials and Methods: In this retrospective review, intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs from 400 root canal–treated teeth managed by 4th- and 5th-year students (2016–2018) were evaluated in 2019 by an experienced endodontist. Straight (head-on) and shift/SLOB views were used when required. Technical quality was classified for length (adequate/underfilled/overfilled), taper (adequately tapered/irregular–anomalous), and density (homogeneous/irregular with voids) using predefined criteria. Associations with year of study and tooth group (anterior, premolar, molar) were analysed using the Chi-square test (α = 0.05).

 

Results: A total of 400 completed root canal treatments met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. Of these, 149 cases were treated by 4th-year students and 251 by 5th-year students. By tooth group, the sample comprised 143 anterior teeth (35.8%), 70 premolars (17.5%), and 187 molars (46.8%). For patients treated by fourth-year BDS students, 63.5% demonstrated adequate obturation, whereas 36.5% exhibited deficiencies related to obturation quality. In contrast, patients treated by fifth-year BDS students demonstrated adequate obturation in 71.0% of cases, with 29.0% categorised as inadequate. A statistically significant difference was observed in the length of root canal obturation (P = 0.001). Additionally, the frequency of adequate obturation was significantly higher in anterior teeth than in premolars and molars.

 

Conclusion: 5th-year students demonstrated better control of length and fill density, whereas 4th-year students achieved a higher proportion of adequate taper, particularly in simpler cases. Technical deficiencies clustered in molars, with underfilling and intra-fill voids being most common. Targeted simulation on multi-rooted/curved canals, reinforced protocols for working-length determination and cone fitting, and close chairside supervision are likely to improve outcomes.

 

Clinical Significance: Routine radiographic audit of student cases pinpoints teachable gaps—especially for molars—guiding curricular refinements that elevate the technical quality of undergraduate endodontics.

 

Author(s) Details

Mohammed Mustafa
Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6650

The Effect of Some Climatic Parameters on Temporal Variations of Sand and Dust Storm Events Over Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Chapter 4 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 10

This study examines the increasing incidence of sand and dust storm (SDS) events in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, emphasizing their environmental and social impacts. Dust and sand storms (SDS) are prevalent in arid regions like the Arabian Peninsula, significantly impacting environmental conditions and human health. SDS events are natural phenomena that adversely affect air quality and human health, as well as the local economy. The objective of the study is to analyze the relationship between climatic factors such as temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure, and the occurrence of dust from 2007 to 2023, identifying spatial and temporal patterns. A multiple linear regression model was employed to assess data from the National Center for Meteorology, revealing a significant positive correlation between rising temperatures and SDS events, where a one-unit increase in temperature leads to an increase of 0.186 in the frequency of dust occurrences. Conversely, increased atmospheric pressure and precipitation are associated with decreases in dust occurrences. Additionally, higher wind speeds significantly reduce the number of events. Based on the study's findings, it is recommended that temperature be used as an indicator or predictor for SDS events in forecasting models, enhancing the ability to predict these phenomena and promoting sustainable environmental management strategies.

 

Author (s) Details

Zakiah Al-Hajji
Sand and Dust Storm Warning Regional Center, National Center for Meteorology, P.O. Box 2749, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

 

Said Munir
National Center for Meteorology, P.O. Box 2749, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

 

Jumaan Al- Qahtani
Sand and Dust Storm Warning Regional Center, National Center for Meteorology, P.O. Box 2749, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

 

Ioannis Alexiou
Saudi Aramco, Climate and Sustainability Consultant, P.O. Box 31311, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

 

Mohamed Hafez
Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2456, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v10/5120

False Positive Fourth Generation HIV Screening Tests in Low Prevalence Areas of Saudi Arabia: A Case Study and Literature Review | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 7

Introduction: HIV screening tests are routinely conducted on dialysis patients as the constant exposure of their blood during the dialysis process makes them a reasonable risk for blood-borne infections. However, in low prevalence settings, where HIV rates are <0.1% of the population, false positive results are more likely. In low prevalence areas, the positive predictive value (the probability of a positive result being truly positive) decreases drastically. This results in apprehension in the dialysis unit as breaches in infectious disease protocols could be presumed. It may also contribute to psychological distress for both the patient and caregivers.  This is illustrated in the case report below.

Case Summary: A 62-year-old male Saudi end-stage kidney disease patient secondary to DM nephropathy began dialysis a year before presentation in a hemodialysis center in Saudi Arabia. Routine screening tests done at the start of dialysis revealed negative Hepatitis C, HIV 1 and 2 screening but a positive Hepatitis B surface antigen screen. The patient went for holiday dialysis at another facility and had a routine fourth-generation HIV test done which was positive. A confirmatory HIV PCR test was negative.

Conclusion: This case highlights the need for caution in interpreting highly sensitive and specific HIV screening tests in a low-prevalence setting. Routine screening beyond the national recommendation may not be necessary in low-prevalence areas. When screening is indicated, positive results must be followed by confirmatory tests. Thus, it may be prudent to avoid conducting routine highly sensitive and specific HIV screening tests in hemodialysis centers with low prevalence rates than what is recommended to reduce the waste of resources.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ngozi Virginia Aikpokpo
Diaverum AB Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, KSA and Department of Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK.

 

Ahmed YAHYA Omaysh
Diaverum AB Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, KSA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v7/4377

The Effect of Capital Punishment on Terrorism in Saudi Arabia | Chapter 1 | Recent Research Advances in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 3

Abundant studies investigate the impediment effect of capital punishment on homicide levels, but no written study conducted to date focuses definitely on the impact of capital punishment on radical activity. Also, no research evaluates the possible deterrent effect of a mass extermination. This study examines the influence of the mass extermination of 47 terrorists by the Saudi administration, which took establish January 2, 2016, on the frequency of subversive attacks originating certainly Saudi Arabia. Using missile and drone attacks that were started from outside of Saudi Arabia as a mathematical control variable, results produce in an interrupted period-series analysis show that the mass extermination decreased the repetitiveness of within-country radical attacks by approximately two attacks per month. Results further disclose that the Saudi military intervention in Yemen deepened within-country radical activity by almost five attacks per month. These findings desire that the use of capital punishment concede possibility prove expected useful in deterring radical attacks.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammed Alqahtani,
Department of Social Sciences, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, USA.

Stewart J. D’Alessio,
Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.

Lisa Stolzenberg,
Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAASS-V3/article/view/12810

Keywords: Capital punishment, death penalty, mass execution, terrorism, Saudi Arabia

Risk Assesment Study to Develop or Reduce the Severity of Cardiovascular Diseases by Mindful Meditation, Physical Activity, and Meditation: An Overview in Saudi Arabia | Chapter 7 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 The purpose concerning this systematic review search out investigate the effect of mindful contemplation, physical activity, and diet on Cardiovascular dDsease (CVD) in Saudi Arabia (SA). The behavior in SA increases the prevalence of corpulence, cholesterol level, and high blood pressure, and is followed by rising CVD occurrence. CVD is one of ultimate common chronic ailments in SA, causing disadvantage and death. CVD risk changes according to age, gender, instruction, socioeconomic circumstances, and place of residence or business where one can be contacted. Physical inactivity, lazy lifestyle, saturated fatty acid burdensome diet, smoking, and stress are again CVD risk factors. This means of electronic search was conducted orderly utilizing Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline. The narrative study contained forty disclosures that were gathered between 2015 and 2022. Physical exercise, diet, and aware meditation are with the factors that can reduce the chance of developing CVD or the severity of ailment in CVD patients. This orderly review stressed the significance of physical exercise, diet, and mindful contemplation in lowering the risk of expanding CVDs in Saudis and reducing the asperity of CVD patients in SA. The findings show the function of physical activity, attentive meditation, and diet in lowering the onset or severity of heart failure.

Author(s) Details:

Arwa Al-Saber,
Health Science College of the Saudi Electronic University (SEU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia and Colorado State University (CSU), Fort Collins, USA and King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam (KFSHD), Saudi Arabia.

Al-Nabaheen May,
Health Science College of the Saudi Electronic University (SEU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V9/article/view/12255

Youth the Hallmark of Social Media Marketing in Saudi Arabia | Chapter 3 | Current Topics on Business, Economics and Finance Vol. 9

 The continuous social media shopping efforts in the Saudi Arabian monarchy have fashioned it possible to clearly label and observe a new vital emerging trend. This study determines to investigate youth, a key component of friendly media marketing in Saudi Arabia's expanding market, at a time when data processing is rapidly becoming more westernized. This study paper is hard-working to examining the effects of friendly media marketing on Saudi customers and buyers. One of ultimate effective sources of shopping tools for influencing a enormous number of consumers in order to upgrade and expand business is friendly media marketing endeavors. The main goal of this branch is to assess by means of what Saudi adolescent customers' regular purchasing decisions are jolted by social media shopping. In the age of globalization, it is crucial to note that friendly media marketing offers ease, opportunity savings, information to select the best tangible and obscured items, and definitely, the chance to compare other amount. The youth of Saudi Arabia are not immune to the changing lifestyle brought on apiece development of information technology, that has caused national impediments to dissolve and transformed the experience into a small, interconnected center. They prefer to form purchases via social radio and well-designed websites and apps thanks to data processing. It can also be argued that the friendly media marketing has excellent influence on buying behavior of Saudi Customers. Furthermore, Social television marketing activities have existed recognized as one of ultimate influential beginnings of marketing for persuading a a lot of audiences in order to reinforcing and growing business.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Naquibur Rahman,
Department of Marketing, College of Business, Umm Al Qura – University, Makkah Al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTBEF-V9/article/view/11456

Privacy and Security in Cloud-Based Computing: Challenges and Solutions | Chapter 1 | Research and Applications Towards Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 2

 Cloud calculating is now individual of the most rapidly increasing sectors in the data processing industry. The term "cloud computing" refers to differing devices, forms, programs, and services that can be achieve via the WWW or internet-based networks. There are many risks that can jeopardise the privacy and protection of the internet environment. Thus, these issues, in addition to potential solutions, are argued in this paper. Consumer hesitance to use cloud calculating services is still generally driven by concerns pertaining to the protection of cloud computing, especially the security and privacy of dossier in the cloud. To be more precise, these concerns involve loss of user dossier, data leaks, and solitude exposure. Cloud computing specifies companies and administration organisations with a suitable active environment and miscellaneous other benefits. Thus, skilled are significant issues with dossier security and solitude. Third parties are in charge of directing and storing the consumer's information. Most cloud computing consumers want their data expected protected against unauthorised access or misuse. Both things and businesses the one use the cloud are impacted by the lack of dossier protection, that leads to a number of challenges and problems, containing data stealing. Concerns about privacy increase as "cloud computing" expands and changes fast. Privacy and security worries are a obstruction to the adoption of cloud computing. In line with this, cloud protection issues and potential solutions will be argued in this work. For researchers and safety experts. This item will provide researchers and protection experts accompanying important information on solitude concerns, as well as potential answers.

Author(s) Details:

Fatimah Khalil Aljwari,
Computer Science Department, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RATMCS-V2/article/view/11104

The Main Determinants of the Balance of Payment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Time Series Analysis from 1981 to 2007| Chapter 4 | Current Aspects in Business, Economics and Finance Vol. 8

 This phase investigates the impact of theoretically main factors on the status of the balance of fee. The paper utilizes these hypothetical concepts to the balance of payment position in Saudi Arabia from 1981 to 2007. The paper provides appealing implications for resolution makers, allowing bureaucracy to address various associations on the country's balance of payment status by including endogenously distinct large-scale-variables discussed for one present article. At the same time, they make financial decisions concerning improving the status of the balance of fee.

Author(s) Details:

Ghada Gomaa Mohamed,
ECO-ENA: Economics and ECO-Engineering Associate, Inc., Canada & Forward Academy, USA.

Nisreen Ismail M. Al-Banawi,
Economics Department (Girls Section), Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, KSA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CABEF-V8/article/view/9190

A Review on Geriatric Health in Saudi Arabia| Chapter 13 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 3

 The present review focal points about Geriatric Health in Saudi Arabia. Geriatric energy is not distinct from comprehensive society fitness, asserting good health in infirmity is disputing and various. Knowing any aspects of infirmity should for a healthful geriatric society. Since 75% of the aging occupy in country areas, it is required that someone of advanced years health management duties be made any of the basic health management services. The healing manufacturing faces abundant troubles in developing and executing inclusive deterrent well-being protocols for pensioners. There are few determinants that are common to the aging division of the public that can influence these protocols, in spite of a distinguishing obligation must be altered to meet the distinguishing needs of each patient. This study is agreeing accompanying WHO concerning Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021-2030) seeks to lower energy inequities and enhance the lives of earlier people, their offspring and societies through composite action in four fields: changeful by what method we anticipate, feel and act towards age and ageism; cultivating societies in habits that support the abilities of earlier society.

Author(s) Details:

Abdulhameed G. Albeshr,
King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.

Yazeed A. Alhabdan,
King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V3/article/view/9072

Improving Saudi EFL Reading Skills with an English Novel | Chapter 6 | Current Research in Language, Literature and Education Vol. 7

A three-week intensive reading intervention based on Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations was the focus of this mixed-methods study, which examined how 10 Saudi EFL university students regarded the utilisation of real literary resources. The majority of sessions are focused on a teacher-centered approach, and students are typically assigned an inactive role in the learning process in Saudi university EFL reading classes, which frequently adhere to traditional teaching techniques. The participants were divided into two groups at random: an experimental group and a control group. The study used semi-structured interviews to acquire qualitative data in addition to a pre- and post-test to gauge reading improvement. According to the results, participants felt positively about using interactive training with real literary resources, such books, in the Saudi EFL reading classroom. Despite this optimistic outlook, participants experienced a number of challenges during their first participation in the trial, mostly because they lacked vocabulary and were used to reading such a lengthy material.

Author(s) Details:

Hammad Ali Alshammari,
English Department, College of Arts, Jouf University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Elsayed Abdallah Ahmed,
English Department, College of Arts, Jouf University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CRLLE-V7/article/view/7539

Descriptive Study on COVID-19 Infection in Children: A Case at the Security Forces Hospital (SFH)-AL Riyadh-Saudi Arabia | Chapter 22 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 Coronaviruses (CoV) are RNA respiratory viruses that cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from the common cold to severe infections like Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (SARS-CoV). In December 2019, a new strain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), dubbed "COVID-19" by the World Health Organization, was found in China (WHO). In the early phases of the outbreak, COVID-19 was primarily found in adults aged 15 and above, with a small proportion of confirmed cases among children.

The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 and its clinical manifestations in children who visited a paediatric emergency department.

Results will be available from March 1st through June 30th, 2020. A total of 223 patients aged 16 days to 12 years were diagnosed as COVID-19 positive during the study period. Males made up 52% of the population. Fever was observed in 39.9% of the time, cough in 14.3%, and diarrhoea in 3.6 percent of the time.

Conclusion: Our research sheds light on the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in children.

Author(S) Details

Elsharif A. Bazie
Department of Emergency-SFH, Saudi Arabia.

Abdulkarim Alanazi
Department of Pediatrics Emergency Fellow-SFH, Saudi Arabia.

Wejdan Hamed Abdullah Alshammari
Department of Pediatrics-SFH, Saudi Arabia.

Fahad Mishal Alharbi
Department of Emergency Medicine-SFH, Saudi Arabia.

Faisal Ahmed Alghamdi
Department at Emergency-King Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V12/article/view/4688

Refining Bronfenbrenner’s Model to Develop and Promote the Nursing Specialist Role in Saudi Arabia | Chapter 11 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 Nearly one quarter of children are diagnosed with asthma in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and this is the third most common reason for admitted hospitals, representing a major challenge in public health. This article review is a chapter from the PhD thesis that identified Burawoy's extended case method from the perspective of health workers and patients on the role of the nursing profession during paediatric asthma management. A quality paradigm was considered the best way to understand fully the significance of the asthma management phenomenon of infancy.

Then, the review described a new care model as a way to conceptualise the role of the nursing community in general, in order to recognise the importance of multi-level environments as well as the interactions among the levels as key factors influencing Saudi Arabia's development. The impact of the specialist in clinical nursing improves patient care and promotes care. This article presents a description of multifactor perceptions of nursing professionals in general and asthma nursing specialists in particular, including professional power, politics, cultures and gender roles in this area. This article also discusses the opportunities and potential threats to the future growth of the clinical nursing specialist role.

Author (s) Details

Abeer Alatawi
Child Health Nursing, Department of Nursing, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.

Pam Smith
Department of Nursing Studies, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Nicola Ring
Child Health Nursing, School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom.

Colin Chandler
Department of Nursing Studies, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V8/article/view/1429

Study on Morphological Diversity of Some Tephrosia Species (Fabaceae) in Saudi Arabia | Chapter 1 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 7

 In order to promote diversity and simplify identification of these species, morphological characteristics of nine wild Tephrosia PERS species emerging in Saudi Arabia were studied extensively. The stem, leaves, flowers, and pods were analysed for their macro and micro morphological characteristics. Pod shape, colour, size, dehiscence, and number of seeds per pod, inflorescence location, flower opening, shape of upper 2 teeth of calyx, shape of sepals apex, shape of wings, length of hairs on ovary, direction of staminal tube tip, leaflets shape and surface, stem habit type, and life spin were the most important characteristics used to distinguish Saudi Arabia Tephrosia species. Based on these morphological features, a key for identifying the investigated species is given. Plant morphology has mostly been used in systematics, with morphological characteristics being used to divide diversity into systematic sub-units.

Author (s) Details

Faraj A. Al-Ghamdi
Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Jeddah, KSA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V7/article/view/833