Vaccine and Adjuvant-Induced Autoimmune Responses: Mechanisms and Evidence | Chapter 7 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 10

 

Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases. The efficacy of a vaccine depends not only on the antigen components but also on adjuvants that are often used in order to stimulate the immune system in a more effective way. Human beings, in a normal immune homeostatic state, immune cells like macrophages, natural killer cells, iNKT, MAIT, g delta T cells and conventional B as well as conventional T cells, in one way or other recognise the host body components as self via the immune surveillance mechanisms. Though when there was a shift in immune homeostasis due to chronic induction by environmental stimulus, interplay of predisposing genetic elements, family history, bystander pathologic inflammatory system, innate and adaptive immune dysregulation, change in proteomic signature, as well as microbial interactions in a unified collective theme “Unified autoimmunity theme”. Immune cells become prone to recognise the self or self as a non-self with subsequent induction of autoimmune diseases. Vaccines and adjuvants associated with autoimmunity are currently being reported all over the world. The present chapter was aimed at vaccine and adjuvant-mediated autoimmune diseases. Different human-approved vaccines induce different autoimmune diseases; more than one vaccine may induce the same autoimmune disease. Shoenfeld Syndrome encompasses adjuvant-induced autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome, including Postvaccination reactions with an adjuvanted vaccine, macrophagic myofasciitis, sick building disease condition, Gulf War disease condition and siliconosis. A protocol for the practical evaluation of these diseases was suggested. Understanding the unified autoimmune theme and Shoenfeld Syndrome is crucial for producing vaccines with a safer side effect profile. Clinicians and researchers can use this knowledge to monitor, prevent, and manage vaccine-related autoimmune reactions more effectively.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa
Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, University of Qasim, Babylon, 5001, Iraq and Department of Prosthodontics, College of Health and Medical and Medical Technologies, University of Hilla, Babylon, 5001, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v10/7004

 

Vitiligo and Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders: Is There Any Correlation? | Chapter 8 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Background: Within the landscape of rising skin disorders, a substantial portion is rooted in autoimmune etiology, often showcasing manifestations of systemic pathologies. This chapter explores the intricate association between autoimmune thyroid disorders and Vitiligo, a skin condition marked by progressive melanocyte loss.  Emphasis is placed on elucidating the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in vitiligo patients, specifically Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO Ab) and antithyroglobulin (anti-TG Ab) Antibodies. 

Research Methodology: A comprehensive hospital-based case-control study encompassing 60 participants was conducted to unravel the complex relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and dermatological disorders, such as psoriasis, melasma, atopic dermatitis, and Vitiligo.  Noteworthy findings indicate a robust association between autoimmune thyroid disorders and Vitiligo, with elevated thyroid Antibody levels observed in vitiligo cases compared to controls.

Key Results: The prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in vitiligo patients surpasses that of the general population, underscoring the imperative for systematic screening and heightened awareness.  In-depth biochemical analyses unveil significant disparities in thyroid hormone profiles and Antibody levels between vitiligo cases and controls, hinting at a potential role of thyroid dysfunction in the etiopathogenesis of Vitiligo.

Conclusion and Implications: This chapter contributes substantively to the burgeoning body of evidence supporting the nexus between autoimmune thyroid disorders and Vitiligo.  Exploring underlying mechanisms and shared genetic factors is a foundation for informed clinical practices.  The insights from this study pave the way for enhanced patient care and the development of tailored treatment strategies for those navigating the complexities of coexisting autoimmune conditions.  The imperative of early detection and management of thyroid autoimmunity in vitiligo patients is emphasized, offering practical guidance to healthcare professionals engaged in the nuanced care of individuals grappling with autoimmune skin disorders.

Author(s) Details:

Praveen Prashant,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt BD Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Usha Kataria,
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, BPS GMC for Women Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India.

Sonia Vashist,
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Tripti Hospital, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Piyush Bansal,
Department of Biochemistry, BPS GMC for Women Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India.

Abhishek Bansal,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt BD Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13216

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): As a Haematological Problem | Chapter 14 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 2

 This chapter gives some new observations on Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), based on case histories, after studying more than 400 cases in a referral centre. All these were patients who came as diagnostic problems and not with established diagnosis. SLE is a systemic autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Genetic, immunological, endocrine, and environmental factors influence the loss of immunological tolerance against self-antigens leading to the formation of pathogenic autoantibodies that cause tissue damage through multiple mechanisms. SLE is the prototype of a systemic autoimmune disorders and is considered a rheumatological disorder, but our observations and studies have established that the commonest initial presentation in SLE is with haematological problems. Or they frequently present with concomitant haematological symptoms, even in the presence of other manifestations. This is only reasonable that the bulk of SLE clinical manifestations must be haematological in nature, because blood and blood vessels collectively carry more antigens than any other organ. The haematological presentations seen are Chronic ITP, Autoimmune Haemolysis, Autoimmune B12 deficiency, Iron deficiency anaemia, Evan’s syndrome, pancytopenia, MDS, refractory anaemias, Pure Red cell Aplasia, leukopenia, Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, lymphadenopathy with or without Hepatosplenomegaly, acquired clotting factor deficiencies, HELLP syndrome, TTP, myelofibrosis etc. In young females, if they present with one autoimmune disorder, it could be SLE in evolution, even if the tests for SLE are initially negative. If two or more autoimmune disorders are coexisting, it is almost always SLE, irrespective of the age. The criteria used for the diagnosis of SLE also need revision for the simple reason that relying too much on the existing criteria often leads to missing the diagnosis. Our observation was that only very few patients satisfied the ACR criteria for diagnosis. Therefore, it is evident that by several ways SLE qualifies to be called as a haematological disorder or else it should be considered only as an Internal Medicine problem. The fact is that clinical judgment is superior to laboratory diagnosis, but we need both of them. An alternative criterion for the diagnosis of SLE, which we have developed, the Kozhikode Criteria’ is given in the end. The etiology of SLE is largely unknown, but the observations suggest that it could be due to improper diet, lifestyle and probably some problems in their environment.

Author(s) Details:

P. K. Sasidharan,
Department of Medicine and Hematology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V2/article/view/13167

A Review on the Role of Berberine in Addition to Methimazole Compare to Methimazole Alone in the Treatment of Graves’ Disease | Chapter 8 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

 This unit aim to highlight the function of Berberine in Addition to Methimazole Compare to   Methimazole Alone in the Treatment of Graves’ Disease (GD).  GD is the most coarse form of hyperthyroidism. The disease has a difficult pathophysiology, and autoimmunity is important.  Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) inundation from the hyperactive thyroid gland is began by antibodies that stimulate the thyrotropin receptor (TRAb).  It has a negative impact on the cardiovascular arrangement, eyesight, cartilages, and other systems during the whole of the body. The affliction is treated accompanying anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or thyroid resection, each of which has benefits and disadvantages.  In this chapter, we will examine the newly found function of the gut-thyroid axis in the pathophysiology of GD. The role of the probiotic Berberine increased the anti-thyroid cure Methimazole in modifying the gut microbiota by growing beneficial bacteria and threatening detrimental microorganisms in the gut is described.  Anti-angering cytokines may be raised and inflammatory cytokines may be curbed as a result, that can regulate the immune scheme more quickly and efficiently than with situation with methimazole alone. Through allure impact on the gut-thyroid shaft, this therapy regimen grant permission finally cause the TRAb to disappear more quickly, and GD to go into pause and be cured.

Author(s) Details:

A. Manov,
Sunrise Health Consortium GME, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

S. Chauhan,
Sunrise Health Consortium GME, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

S. Donepudi,
Sunrise Health Consortium GME, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V7/article/view/12160

The Interaction between the Immune System and Babesia | Chapter 6 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 This unit discusses the Interaction Between the Immune System and Babesia. Babesiosis is a tick-carried illness caused apiece protozoa of the type Babesia.  Babesiosis is not easy to investigate, and a high index of doubt is required, especially in native regions. Treatment is urged for patients although symptoms for fear that the progression and transmission of the ailment. The diagnosis is habitual by the labeling of babesia organisms on Giemsa tainted blood smears, detection of babesia DNA by PCR, or a four-fold rise in antitoxin titers.The pathogenesis of babesiosis is related to the host invulnerable system. It is projected that the manifestations of the ailment are related to the inflammatory reaction and ischemia had connection with vascular damage. In addition, it is proposed that autoimmunity ability also imitate in this pathological process.

Author(s) Details:

Hussein Rabah,
Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA.

Divya Chukkalore,
Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA.

Racha Abi-Melhem,
Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA.

Zakaria Alameddine,
Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA.

Elie El-Charabaty,
Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA.

Neville Mobarakai,
Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V9/article/view/11171

Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, Titin, and Sudden Unexpected Deaths: On the Risk of Multiple Vaccinations| Chapter 1 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 10

 Objective concerning this short review is to recall data that link Influenza virus, harsh acute respiratory disease-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the human cardiac Titin protein to sudden unexpected dying (SUDs) through molecular mime. Indeed, a direct causality between Influenza bacterium and SUDs has been again and again reported in clinical article and, more recently, also SARS-CoV-2 immunization has been had connection with an alarming incidence of SUDs. Hence, it is of pertinence to highlight that Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 antigens, that is, hemagglutinin and spike glycoprotein (gp), share invulnerable determinants with the SUD-connected Titin. Such a peptide sharing and the consequent autoimmune cross-sensitivity are even more significant because might enable an aggressive implementation of SUD occurrences following simultaneous multiple antagonistic-influenza and anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. On the whole, this chance imposes caution and careful immunization clinical trials.

Author(s) Details:

Darja Kanduc,
Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari-70126, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V10/article/view/8861

The Role of Molecular Mimicry and Autoimmunity in the SARS-CoV-2-Induced Diseases: An a Posteriori Analysis | Chapter 8 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 SARS-CoV-2-derived epitopes were examined for peptide sharing with human proteins in 2020, during the time of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, in order to determine the likelihood that the coronavirus exposure would cause autoimmune cross-reactivity. It was discovered that the immunoreactive epitopes found in SARS-CoV-2 are generally made up of peptide sequences found in human proteins as well. These sequences, when altered, are linked to a variety of diseases, from respiratory distress to multi-organ failure. It is noteworthy that the peptide sharing also included antigens relevant to fetal/infantile illnesses and tumour suppressor proteins. According to scientific evidence, passive or active SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry and the resulting cross-reactivity. In order to prevent autoimmune reactions, the clinical data suggested vaccine composition based on unique viral peptide sequences. The large wave of severe adverse effects expected in 2020 and already occurring after the widespread administration of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on conventional vaccine formulations are now, in 2022, explained by the data.

Author(s) Details:

Darja Kanduc,
Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V4/article/view/8398

Virus-mediated Autoimmunity, Immune Tolerance and Biologic Treatment | Chapter 3 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 9

 The autoimmune disease process can occur in a variety of chronic human disorders. As a group of diseases, autoimmune disorders are the third most frequent cause of sickness and death in the Western World. The majority of autoimmune illnesses' underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The most significant contributor to the emergence of autoimmune illnesses, above genetic factors and cytokine activity, is viral infection. There are a number of hypothesised mechanisms by which viral infection could impair self-tolerance and set off an autoimmune cascade, ultimately leading to the destruction of a particular type of cell or an entire body organ. The many immune systems and additional potential processes, such as molecular mimicry, bystander activation, and epitope dissemination, can be used to understand the autoimmune onslaught. In addition to genetic and viral factors, other environmental factors such as bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections are also involved. However, a number of animal models have been examined and offer convincing proof that viruses contributed to AIDs as well as hastened and bigger lesions in environments where self-tolerance was compromised. In this review, we examined virus-induced autoimmunity and the underlying molecular mechanism. We also discussed the several viruses, such as the rubella virus, enteroviruses, measles virus, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, human cytomegalovirus, human herpes virus-6, Epstein-Barr virus, rotavirus, and others, that influence the development of AIDs as well as its biologic therapy.

Author(s) Details:

Arslan Habib,
Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Riffat Iqbal,
Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Muhammad Usman Taj,
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Rabia Jahangir,
Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Abdul Rehman,
Department of Zoology, Pakistan Institute of Applied and Social Sciences, Kasur, Pakistan.

Ansa Batool,
Department of Zoology, Pakistan Institute of Applied and Social Sciences, Kasur, Pakistan.

Haleema Sadia Jafar,
Department of Zoology, Pakistan Institute of Applied and Social Sciences, Kasur, Pakistan.

Abubakar Muhammad Arshid,
Department of Zoology, Pakistan Institute of Applied and Social Sciences, Kasur, Pakistan.

Shumaila Murtaza,
Department of Zoology, Pakistan Institute of Applied and Social Sciences, Kasur, Pakistan.

Shamim Allah Dita,
Department of Zoology, Pakistan Institute of Applied and Social Sciences, Kasur, Pakistan.                          


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V9/article/view/8343

Postinfection-post Vaccination Autoimmune Neural Long COVID-19: A Review | Chapter 11 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

In healthy human patients, auto-antibodies and auto-reactive immune cells may be present in the normal physiological autoimmune state. A spike protein was incorporated into the virus in case of post-infection during the post-sars-cov-2 infection and post-vaccination phases. Alternatively, the peptide produced by the spike protein sequence of the human COVID-19 m The human vaccinee cells include auto-reacting epitopes for RNA vaccines. Both the vaccinee cells and the viral spike protein include molecular mimicking epitopes that either share or are mono-specific to the immune system and cause autoimmune reactions. Immune conversion states can result in single or many organ problems that show the patho-biologic traits of autoimmune long covid-19, which can cause autoimmune tissue damage. This mechanistic analysis of the lengthy CoVID-19 is supported by its placement on the list of autoimmune registry 2021. Some employees believe that autoantibodies are the cause of autoimmune long COVID-19. While there is still some debate, some researchers think that auto-antibodies and auto-reacting immune cells are both implicated. In this chapter, a literature show-case study of neural autoimmune long COVID-19 was provided, along with a recommendation for an animal model for post-infection, post-vaccination, long COVID-19. These two illness entities overlap one another.

Author (s) Details:

Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa,
Department of Anesthesia Technology, Hillah University College and College of Biotechnology, University of Qasim, Babylon, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V4/article/view/7513

Essential Pediatric Immunopathology | Chapter 02 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 The immune system is responsible for defence, vigilance, and homeostasis. Immunodeficiency, allergy, and autoimmune illnesses are caused by pathological changes in the immune system. Immunodeficiencies occur when the immune system is unable to generate a sufficient response to hostility from the outside environment. Allergies occur when the immune system encounters and perceives an environmental factor as an aggressor, resulting in an excessive response. An aggressive response to the body's own structures is developed in autoimmune disorders. Multiple origins and effector pathways are implicated in these various pathogenic immune response changes. The information in this text is intended for non-specialist physicians. The goal of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common immunopathological illnesses in children and adolescents.

Author(S) Details

Arnoldo Quezada
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.

David Martinez
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Luis Lira
Police Hospital (Hoscar), Santiago, Chile.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V2/article/view/6122

Autoimmune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Haemophagocytic Lympho Histiocytosis— (Following Corona Virus Infection), Fragmented Germ Cells {Liberal Global Abortions, Contraception—(Red Riverways, Blood Moon, Weakened Earth’s Magnet)} and Absence of Abstinence | Chapter 9 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 15

 Background: Autoimmunity has increased significantly, which is concerning, as a result of global contraception, abortion, and fragmenting germ cells; three types of life-threatening manifestations are examined here. Case 1: A 28-year-old afebrile woman, a vegetarian, presented to emergency with impaired responsiveness, deep jaundice, one-day menorrhagia, and she had been taking native treatment with leaves for primary infertility for the previous five years; she had a few ecchymotic patches, investigations revealed severe anaemia, thrombocytopenia, haemolytic jaundice, and a peripheral smear confirmed thrombo  Due to cultural ignorance that teaches only three days abstinence after last menstrual periods, instead of seven days abstinence after last menstrual periods, exposure of germ cells to raw endometrial surface from the 4th to 7th days of menstrual cycle resulted in the cumulative autoimmunity thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura status for the past five years in her sincere effort to conceive a baby. Case 2: A 24-year-old woman who had undergone puerperal sterilisation presented to emergency with unresponsiveness on the fourth day after her last menstrual periods; her investigations revealed a prolonged prothrombin time, a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. [non-evidence-based medical practice], 20 million germ cells are fragmented into chromatid breaks, acentric fragments, and ring chromosomes, which are exposed to partially regenerated endometrial surface on the fourth day after last menstrual periods, due to lack of awareness of abstinence up to seven days, resulting in fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation. Case 3: Fatal haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis soaring autoimmunity detected in the victim host of corona virus infection, which was directly correlated with extensive tissue damage produced in the victim host by prior surgical abortions. Conclusion: Cases one and two occurred in the absence of abstinence, with germ cell exposure to a partially healed endometrial surface in the former, resulting in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; in the latter, with fragmented 20 million germ cells [by contraception] exposure to a partially healed endometrial surface, resulting in fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation. In three cases, autoimmune hemophagocytic lympho-histiocytosis resulted from corona virus infection, which was caused by extensive tissue damage from liberal global abortions. The Red Russian riverways are yet another example of global warming caused by unabated blood pollution on a global scale. Permafrost melting Frost crashing into the Diesel tanks, with oil spill reflecting on an abortion-polluted river, turns bright red, similar to a blood moon caused by abortion-polluted air. Numerous human lives, with their iron of blood flowing within blood vessels, repelling the earth's magnet, are required to strengthen the earth's magnet. The Arctic ozone hole was closed in May, and environmental pollution was reduced as a result of the absence of global abortions, contraception, and their ozone-depleting blood pollution as a result of the corona virus pandemic's lockdown.

Author (S) Details

Elizabeth JeyaVardhini Samuel
Department of General Medicine, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Ramalingam
Department of General Medicine, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Zumu
Department of General Medicine, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Aakash
Department of General Medicine, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Celestine Rajmanohar
Department of General Medicine, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Darmalingam
Department of General Medicine, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sundararajan Veerakesari
Department of General Medicine, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Natarajan
Department of General Medicine, Karpagam Faculty of Medical Sciences and Research Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V15/article/view/1959

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus as Manifestation of Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorder | Chapter 20 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 CVID (common variable immunodeficiency disorder) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID) with a wide range of clinical symptoms. It has been related to a variety of autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune cytopenias and rheumatologic conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with SLE and CVID co-existing are uncommon in the literature, accounting for less than 1% of the total population. The aim of this study is to find out what clinical and demographic characteristics this group of patients has. Furthermore, since both pathologies reflect opposite poles, the similarities and distinctions between them have been investigated. SLE is defined by polyclonal activation of B cells and hyperproduction of autoantibodies (hypergammaglobulinemia), while CVID is defined by hypogammaglobulinemia and deficiencies of IgG, IgM, and IgA immunoglobulins. As a result, the treatment approaches for both pathologies are diametrically opposed.

Author (s) Details

Carmen M. Cabrera
Immunology Section, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, Spain and Faculty of Medicine of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V11/article/view/899