Impact of Emerging Pandemics on Cardiovascular Health and Psychological Stress: A Systematic Review | Chapter 2 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

Introduction: Every epidemic that breaks out could cause confusion and fear in society. Little is known regarding behavioural changes and health condition responses, despite the dramatic warning in the media. There is an extremely strong correlation between the onset of cardiovascular disease and the pandemic.

 

Aim: The goal of the study was to find out how the pandemic's stress affected the heart's regular physiological processes.

 

Methodology: Information about the potential effects of psychological stress brought on by the pandemic on cardiac physiological function was gathered from several databases. Using the various databases, studies that examined the relationship between stress on CVDs or the emergence of the pandemic and the cardiovascular system were found. A total of 37 studies were chosen for full assessment out of the more than 200 abstracts that were screened to ascertain whether all inclusion requirements were satisfied. Among these studies, one focused on evaluating the stress levels of front-line medical staff in China, particularly those working at a provincial hospital during the coronavirus outbreak and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

 

Discussion: As a result, a study revealed that medical staff members experienced significantly higher levels of moderate and severe anxiety than their administrative counterparts. Prior research on severe acute respiratory syndrome emphasised the importance of increasing awareness of mitigating strategies. Because a larger perceived danger of infection was more likely to result in an increase in cautionary events in contrast to contamination, this strategy was taken into consideration with the underlying insights of risk and anxiety. The implementation of control measures raises the stress level, which may cause CVD to develop.

 

Conclusion: There is adequate evidence that illustrates the physiological manifestation of the respiratory system and obstruction of the blood flow that might lead to the development of CVD. If not properly controlled might lead to death due to a heart attack.

 

Author(s) Details

Matome M Sekhotha
Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.

 

Tlou R Senosha
Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.

 

Maropeng R Ntsoane
Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v3/5511

The Significance of Diabetes in Orthodontic Patients: Treatment Modalities and Considerations | Chapter 16 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 6

 

The present study highlights the significance of Diabetes in Orthodontic Patients. Diabetes mellitus, often referred to simply as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects millions worldwide. It's not just a medical condition; it's a journey that transforms daily life for those living with it. The classical symptoms of hyperglycemia are polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia, blurring of vision. In severe cases results in ketoacidosis. The etiology of diabetes mellitus is multifactorial – an interplay of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors, primary destruction of islet cells, cancer, surgery and trauma. Orthodontic treatment was more common to be performed among adolescents and young adults. Recent advances encouraged elder individuals to seek dental clinics for orthodontic interventions.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Kumaran Vijayarangam (Associate Professor)
Department of Orthodontics, JKKN Dental College and Hospital, Kumarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v6/651

Airborne Dilemma: An Update | Chapter 15 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 6

Airborne transmission of the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is problematic because it means the virus may be transmitted without close contact. In its most straightforward interpretation, airborne transmission refers to the ability of a virus to be spread by droplets small enough to be suspended in the air or airborne. While larger droplets quickly drop to the ground, droplets less than 5 micrometers (μm) in size, generally called aerosols, linger in the air for hours and can be moved by air currents such as those created by the air conditioner. Respiratory droplets produced during exhalation (e.g., breathing or speaking) can emit aerosols containing the influenza virus at as many as ten particles per second. Airborne viral particles travel further and are more communicable regardless of whether a mask is worn. COVID-19 is no longer a pandemic. Mutation, antiviral therapy, vaccinations, and herd immunity have reduced its virulence. Yet, immunosuppressed patients, such as those who have received organ transplantation or those who are chronically ill, are still at risk of acquiring COVID-19 and may have a severe course. Precautions should be exercised when encountering them.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Stephen Z. Fadem
Department of Medicine-Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas, USA.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v6/749

Distinct Inflammatory Profiles Distinguish COVID-19 from Influenza with Limited Contributions from Cytokine Storm | Chapter 3 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

 We pursued a study of immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza patients. Compared to patients with influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited largely equivalent lymphocyte counts, fewer monocytes, and lower surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA)–class II expression on selected monocyte populations. Furthermore, decreased HLA-DR on intermediate monocytes predicted severe COVID-19 disease. In contrast to prevailing assumptions, very few (7 of 168) patients with COVID-19 exhibited cytokine profiles indicative of cytokine storm syndrome. After controlling for multiple factors including age and sample time point, patients with COVID-19 exhibited lower cytokine levels than patients with influenza. Up-regulation of IL-6, G-CSF, IL-1RA, and MCP1 predicted death in patients with COVID-19 but were not statistically higher than patients with influenza. Single-cell transcriptional profiling revealed profound suppression of interferon signaling among patients with COVID-19. When considered across the spectrum of peripheral immune profiles, patients with COVID-19 are less inflamed than patients with influenza.

Author(s) Details:

Philip A. Mudd,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Jeremy Chase Crawford,
Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.

Jackson S. Turner,
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Aisha Souquette,
Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.

Daniel Reynolds,
Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Diane Bender,
Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

James P. Bosanquet,
Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Nitin J. Anand,
Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

David A. Striker,
Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

R. Scott Martin,
Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Adrianus C. M. Boon,
Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.

Stacey L. House,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Kenneth E. Remy,
Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Richard S. Hotchkiss,
Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Rachel M. Presti,
Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Jane A. O’Halloran,
Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

William G. Powderly,
Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Paul G. Thomas,
Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.

Ali H. Ellebedy,
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA and Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9553

Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, Titin, and Sudden Unexpected Deaths: On the Risk of Multiple Vaccinations| Chapter 1 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 10

 Objective concerning this short review is to recall data that link Influenza virus, harsh acute respiratory disease-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the human cardiac Titin protein to sudden unexpected dying (SUDs) through molecular mime. Indeed, a direct causality between Influenza bacterium and SUDs has been again and again reported in clinical article and, more recently, also SARS-CoV-2 immunization has been had connection with an alarming incidence of SUDs. Hence, it is of pertinence to highlight that Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 antigens, that is, hemagglutinin and spike glycoprotein (gp), share invulnerable determinants with the SUD-connected Titin. Such a peptide sharing and the consequent autoimmune cross-sensitivity are even more significant because might enable an aggressive implementation of SUD occurrences following simultaneous multiple antagonistic-influenza and anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. On the whole, this chance imposes caution and careful immunization clinical trials.

Author(s) Details:

Darja Kanduc,
Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari-70126, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V10/article/view/8861

A Challenging Case of Influenza H1N1 Pneumonia and Pulmonary Alveolar Protienosis, Comprehensive Discussion of Disease-Disease Relationship in Terms of Causality, Cross-Reactivity, Outcome and Effect of Treatment | Chapter 4 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung condition in which amorphous lipoproteinaceous material accumulates in the distal air gaps as a result of alveolar macrophages' failure to remove surfactant. This results in poor gas exchange and various degrees of arterial hypoxemia. Despite the fact that autoimmune PAP is assumed to be idiopathic, this focused analysis examines the possible link between viral pneumonia and autoimmune PAP (APAP) in terms of pathogenesis, superinfection, and therapeutic effects. The confirmed serum anti-granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibody is a putative viral aetiology "trigger" for a newly diagnosed case of APAP. This is the first report that we are aware of that describes and discusses this issue. For more than 4 months, the patient, a 38-year-old ex-smoker, had increasingly worsening dyspnea and a chronic, severe cough. It was assumed to be a case of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and she was treated with numerous antibiotics, but her condition did not improve. Despite considerable alveolar filling on chest X-ray, physical examination revealed mild hypoxia and modest bilateral fine crepitations (CXR). PAP was discovered during a bronchoscopic surgery. During the course of the disease, the patient experienced an abrupt flare-up of the condition, which was caused by a confirmed H1N1 influenza infection. In the case of recurrent pneumonia that does not respond to treatment, APAP should be investigated. In this case report, we propose that viral causal "triggers" or cross-reactivity of GM-CSF antibodies may play a role in the development of APAP. We also go over the care that was delivered, the antiviral therapy response, and the diagnostic and management issues that were faced during the follow-up.

Author (S) Details

Saeed Mishal Albogami
Respirology Division, Department of Medicine, King Fahad Hospital, Rabigh Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Abdelfattah A. Touman
Pulmonology Section, Department of Medicine, Mouwasat Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V2/article/view/2677

Approaches in the Development of the Potentially Pandemic LAIV Candidates | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Influenza causes a major burden of acute respiratory disease each year. In addition, influenza pandemics occur on a regular basis. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing seasonal and pandemic influenza. Currently, there are three types of influenza vaccines on the market: killed (inactivated), live attenuated (LAIV), and recombinant influenza vaccines. LAIV has sparked renewed interest in recent years, owing to WHO's recognition of its benefits in the event of a pandemic. Classic reassortment of wild type influenza virus with cold–adapted master donor virus (MDV) in embryonated chicken eggs (Ultravac, Russia) and reverse–genetics technique (FluMist, USA) are two alternative approaches to generate LAIV candidates currently available. Avian influenza viruses continue to pose a serious pandemic risk. A variety of killed and live pandemic vaccines have been produced around the world in response to this threat. The aim of this chapter is to compile information from the growth, preclinical, and clinical testing of potentially pandemic LAIVs based on the cold–adapted A/Leningrad/134/17/57 master donor virus backbone obtained through a routine reassortment procedure. The LAIV candidates mentioned in this chapter are reassortants of wild–type (WT) viruses with MDV genomic compositions of 6:2 and 7:1. (6 MDV genes: 2 WT genes or 7 MDV genes : 1 WT gene, respectively). Despite variations in the genome formula, LAIV candidates of the H5, H7, and H2 subtypes developed temperature sensitivity, cold–adaptation, and attenuation in various animal models. They were found to be safe and immunogenic in healthy adult volunteers in clinical trials. According to the data, 7:1 reassortants carrying the only HA gene of a potentially pandemic virus as well as the remaining seven MDV genes could be potential candidates for the pandemic LAIV.

Author (s) Details

Irina Kiseleva
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia and Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia and Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St Petersburg, Russia.

Natalie Larionova
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/691