Enhancing Maritime Safety: Indonesian’s Ship Safety Assessment Strategies | Chapter 2 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 12

Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago, two-thirds of the country is covered by sea. However, due to many factors, a lot of ship accidents occur every year, causing a large number of casualties. Efforts have been made to improve the safety of domestic sea transportation in order to fully comply with SOLAS regulations. However, the varying sea and cargo conditions, along with low passenger education, increase their vulnerability to accidents. The methods used in this paper were FSA Methods with the use of Ship safety strategy with the Safety Assessment Model. The research was carried out to explore the most appropriate strategy for ensuring the safety of ships operating on Indonesian waters using various methods, where the four most influencing aspects i.e. Software, Hardware, Environment, and Live-ware were put into consideration. The existing conditions and experience learned from the past, backgrounds and sources of accidents/incidents were investigated. Based on the findings feasible strategy is proposed, which will include the design requirements; qualification of personnel, refined rules, and operational efficiency.

 

Author (s) Details

Danny Faturachman
Darma Persada University, Indonesia.

 

Shariman Mustafa
University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v12/1250

Exploring the Impact of Behaviour-Based Safety in Reducing Accidents in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry | Chapter 10 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 2

Background: Accidents are one of the most undesirable events in different industries. The impact of an accident can be devastating, with the potential for loss of lives and reduction in organisational profitability. However, over time, the perception of accidents changed, and many organisations accepted that all accidents are preventable. This led to the implementation of different strategies to prevent or reduce accidents in the different industries.

 

Aims: This study was carried out to test the impact of behaviour-based safety (BBS) implementation on accident rates. Specifically, the study aimed to identify whether the implementation of the BBS program led to a reduction in accidents among workers in the petroleum industry in Nigeria.

 

Methodology:  This study was based on a multiple case study design. The study was carried out on the petroleum industry in the Nigerian Niger Delta region. The questionnaire was deployed as the research instrument and was distributed to 50 workers in the Nigerian petroleum industry. A stratified random sampling technique was utilised to select the workers. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation. The oil industry is made up of both offshore and onshore installations and workers. The data was collected from different categories and levels of workers and across different vocations to enhance the reliability of the research conclusion.

 

Results:  Findings from the study indicated that the implementation of the BBS programme was effective in reducing accidents. Therefore, organisations that aim to address unsafe acts, at-risk behaviours, and accidents due to human frailties and performance difficulties can adopt BBS as a safety tool to drive improved safety culture.

 

Conclusion: This study established that the implementation of BBS resulted in the reduction of accident rate in the Nigerian petroleum industry. This indicates a positive effect on health and safety management. The implication is that organisational leaders can deploy BBS as an instrument to drive positive changes in safety culture to reduce accidents. Though this study concluded that the implementation of BBS contributes to the reduction in accidents, further study is recommended to address the proportion of accidents that the implementation of BBS impacts

 

Author (s) Details

 

Esang Lazarus Esitikot
Highstone Global University, Texas, USA.

Mary Ubong Umoh
Institute of Health, Safety, Security and Environment Studies, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

 

Akaninyene Edet Ekong
Highstone Global University, Texas, USA.

 

Gerald Ndubuisi Okeke
Highstone Global University, Texas, USA.

 

Utibe Amos Ofon
Institute of Health, Safety, Security and Environment Studies, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

 

Anthony Akadi
Institute of Health, Safety, Security and Environment Studies, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

 

Clement O. Obadim
Institute of Health, Safety, Security and Environment Studies, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v2/5234

Acute and Subchronic Toxicity of “Mendim me zon”: A Traditional Tea Made with Solanum aethiopicum Shum Berries | Chapter 2 | Solanum aethiopicum Shum, an Example of the Richness of the Food and Therapeutic Heritage of a Continent in a Country, Cameroon, Africa in Miniature, Edition 1

Mendim me zon is a traditional tea made with Solanum aethiopicum Shum berries; a plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. It is a Bantu beverage consumed for its revitalizing properties. Some consumers claim that “Mendim me zõn” possesses detoxifying and revitalizing properties. Powdered berries of this plant are now distributed and consumed in many countries worldwide. Bioactive substances such as glycoalkaloids, galactosamine and fucose, among others, which may be potentially toxic, can be found in Mendim me zon. However, very few studies have examined the safety of this increasingly popular beverage. The present work aimed to conduct a toxicological study of this drink, focusing on acute and sub-chronic toxicity. To do this, 50 g of powdered berries were obtained in the locality of Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region of Cameroon, and were infused in 10 L of boiling water for 10 min. The extract was used to study acute and subchronic toxicity using rats as animal models, for 14 and 42 days respectively. The administered doses were prepared by dissolving the corresponding amounts of extract of S. aethiopicum Shum in distilled water. Clinical, biochemical and histopathological analyses were carried out on male and female rats given progressive doses of the extract. Histopathological evaluation was performed on the liver and kidney of male and female control animals, which had daily received 1000 mg/kg Extract of S. aethiopicum Shum for 28 days. For statistical data analysis, the differences between the test groups and the control group were determined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test at the 5% level. The results showed no deaths at any dose. Signs of toxicity including vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, self-mutilation, apathy, agitation, continuous grooming, drowsiness, stupor, tremors, hair erection, difficulty in breathing and anorexia were not observed in rats. Repeated intake of Mendim me zon increased appetite and proved to be laxative. Microscopic sections of the liver and kidney showed normal architecture. Blood parameters remained within normal ranges. However, at high doses (1000 mg/kg/day), extract increased erythrocytes while white blood cells decreased in males. In females, platelets and mean corpuscular volume increased. With the exception of bilirubin, consumption of extract statistically reduced the values of the parameters linked to renal and hepatic function. These results might suggest that Mendim me zon is a safe beverage at doses of less than 1000 mg/kg/day.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Valentin Desire Guiama
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Laboratory of Motricity and Health, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Juliette Koube
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Douala, Cameroon.

 

Esther Ngah
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, National Advanced School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-15-0/CH2

Assessment of Safety Culture in Tertiary Institutional Chemical Analytical Laboratories in Oghara and Warri, Delta State, Nigeria| Chapter 1 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 2

 The objective concerning this study was to assess the security culture in 20 synthetic analytical laboratories in the Nigerian Delta state towns of Oghara and Warri.  This was attained through a determination of the safety acting between tertiary instruction chemical labs and industrial laboratories, private and administration-owned laboratories, and mechanics and non-technical labs. The 5-point Likert scale inquiry and a common checklist were the research means used in this study. A t-test corresponding of private and government-owned workshops revealed that the security culture of private-owned labs, regardless of whether they were technical or higher education, was more important (P < 0.05) than that of government-owned labs. Analysis of t-test for the survey indicated no significant distinctness between tertiary instruction and industrial labs (P > 0.05), with a mean value of 3.69798 for after second education laboratories and 3.62842 for industrialized laboratories. Analysis of t-test likewise indicated P < 0.05 for technical (M = 75.00) and non-mechanics (M = 56.11) tertiary education labs. The overall mean for tertiary education synthetic analytical labs is 67.90, which is higher than the overall mean for modern chemical analysis labs, which is 54.50. It is considered that laboratories set up a administrative safety committee-surpassed internal review mechanism for occurrences and corrective conduct, and hold recurring safety conferences on the lessons that can be win from accidents. All analytical workshops should also implement a powerful and effective safety administration system.

Author(s) Details:

S. A. Agaja,
Industrial Safety and Environmental Technology Department, Petroleum Training Institute, P. M. B. 20, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.

G. J. Birma,
Industrial Safety and Environmental Technology Department, Petroleum Training Institute, P. M. B. 20, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.

C. J. Ndu,
Industrial Safety and Environmental Technology Department, Petroleum Training Institute, P. M. B. 20, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V2/article/view/8883

Implementation of Integrated Pilot Training Setup (IPTS) | Chapter 17 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 7

 Civil aviation is the most widely used means of transportation in the modern world, with millions of people travelling by plane every year. Civil aviation has grown in a massive process since the turn of the twentieth century to give humanity more efficient, effective, and safer modes of transportation. Despite the fact that aviation has evolved into the safest means of transportation, aviation-related accidents and crashes are more deadly and catastrophic than any other mode of transportation. When it comes to huge disasters that might result in the loss of hundreds of lives and property, it's evident that pilot error plays a key role. The focus of this research was on pilot training for a specific aircraft and how to make pilots feel confident and skillful while flying it. As a result, this paper is written to present the IPTS technique, which has the ability to instruct pilots successfully and efficiently. Finally, the IPTS overall technique and information on each stage were supplied.

Author(S) Details

J. K. Rahul Jayawardana
Project and Research Instructor, Sri Lanka Telecom PLC, Training Centre, Welisara, Sri Lanka. and IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, std), School of Engineering and Physics, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V7/article/view/4434

Determination of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Medication Use and Safety among Saudi People: A Public- based Versus an Internet-based Survey | Chapter 5 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

 Irrational behaviours, along with inadequate knowledge and poor attitudes about medicine usage and safety, have a negative impact on public health. The study's main goal was to determine public knowledge, attitudes, and practises regarding drug usage and safety, as well as predictors for the three categories evaluated (knowledge, attitudes, and practices). From June to October 2015, two cross-sectional surveys (public and internet-based) were undertaken. Adult Saudis living in Taif City, Saudi Arabia (> 18 years old) were included. It was decided to use the convenience sampling method. A systematic questionnaire was used to collect data. An investigation of multivariate logistic regression was carried out. Statistical significance was defined as a P-value of less than 0.05.

 

The data was analysed using SPSS. A total of 788 persons were recruited (386 for the public study and 402 for the internet study). In comparison to 234 (60.6 percent) of respondents recruited manually, 302 (75.1 percent) of respondents recruited electronically had acceptable knowledge of medication use (P = 0.001). Among public survey interviewees, more education was a predictor of satisfied knowledge [OR= 1.9; 95 percent CI (1.2-2.9); P = 0.003]. Age (> 30 years) and higher educational level were, nevertheless, significantly linked with adequate knowledge [OR= 0.6; 95 percent CI (0.4-1.0); P = 0.032] and [OR= 1.9; 95 percent CI (1.1-3.2); P = 0.015], respectively, among electronically answered individuals. Knowledge, attitudes, and practises were found to contain misconceptions about pharmaceutical use and safety. It is vital to provide public education that produces favourable outcomes.

Author (S) Details

Abubaker Ibrahim Elbur

Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V3/article/view/4151

Civic Competences Aspect in the Educational Process of Pupils from Socio-economically Disadvantaged Backgrounds | Chapter 6 | Modern Perspectives in Language, Literature and Education Vol. 9

Every one of us will experience an emergency at some point in our lives, whether it's a fire, an accident, a traffic collision, or a natural disaster, and it's critical that we know how to recognise them and respond appropriately. The major goal of the study is to measure the level of protection and safety awareness among primary school students in socioeconomically marginalised areas, ranging from first to third grade. The text describes the level of protection and safety awareness among Czech primary school students in the first to third grades who live in socioeconomically marginalised areas. Children's and students' education in areas of pollution prevention is becoming a hot topic. The problem is to alert and urge teachers to continue with topics that develop not only knowledge but also perceptions of the outside world and awareness of hazards and dangers that could damage a child's or pupil's development.

Author (S) Details

Lukas Starek
Department of Special Education, Univerzita Jana Amose Komenskeho Praha S.R.O., Rohacova 63 Prague 3, 130 00, Czech Republic.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MPLLE-V9/article/view/3597

Study on How to Established National Occupational Health and Safety at Institute in Saudi Arabia| Chapter 11 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 2

 For people interested in promoting workplace health and safety, the field of occupational health and safety offers a wide range of job options. Occupational health and safety workers are in charge of ensuring a safe working environment in general. In the public sector, health and safety personnel are largely responsible for enforcing health and safety laws, whereas in the private sector, they are responsible for risk management, employee productivity, and liability reduction. In comparison to the major industrialised countries, occupational health and safety is a relatively new medical field in our Arab region. We must keep up with globalisation with these services, given the great industrial expansion here.

Author (S) Details

M. Almasoud
Occupational Medicine Specialist, Saudi Arabia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V2/article/view/3448

Determining the Efficacy and Safety of Teneligliptin and Metformin Versus Glimepiride and Metformin in Patients of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Uncontrolled with Monotherapy | Chapter 6 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common non-communicable diseases, with both short- and long-term effects.

Material and Methods: The study included 60 patients, divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Teneligliptin 10 mg once a day and metformin 500 mg twice a day after meals were administered to Group 1 participants for 12 weeks. Glimepiride 1 mg once a day and metformin 500 mg twice a day after meals were administered to Group 2 patients for 12 weeks. Following the signed consent, the patient's medical history, clinical examination, and biochemical tests such as FBG, PPBG, HbA1c, and lipid profile were performed. FBG and PPBG were repeated every week for a total of 12 weeks. HbA1c and lipid profiles were measured at the start and end of the trial.

The change in FBG was greater in group 1 than in group 2. When comparing the drop in PPBG in patients in groups 1 and 2 there was a highly significant difference in group 1. HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, HDL, and LDL levels all changed more in group 1 than in group 2.

Conclusion: When compared to Glimepiride and metformin, teneligliptin and metformin resulted in a larger improvement in glycaemic and lipid profiles. Teneligliptin is therefore more effective than glimepiride.

Author (S) Details

Nitika Hans
Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V10/article/view/2843

Comparative Study of Various Herbal Cosmetics: A Survey | Chapter 3 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6

 The study's goal was to compare and rate several herbal cosmetic brands in order to determine their popularity.

A survey-based questionnaire was utilised as the strategy.

Results: According to the above study on herbal products performed in Kanpur, we discovered that Himalaya was the most popular brand when compared to other brands such as Patanjali, Joves, and other comparable brands.

Conclusion: In the market, there is no scarcity of demand for herbal items. Consumers' concerns about the health risks and negative effects of chemical items have prompted them to switch to natural products. Himalaya products are highly regarded by their customers.

Author (s) Details

Ms. Megha Tiwari
Department of Pharmacy, Naraina Vidyapeeth Group of Institution, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Dr. Vishal Dubey
Department of Pharmacy, Naraina Vidyapeeth Group of Institution, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Akanksha Lahiri
Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V6/article/view/1703

Determining the Validation of Homegrown Stethoscope Simulator for Cardiopulmonary Training | Chapter 18 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 Background: Health-care professionals' knowledge contributes significantly to public safety. Simulation-based curriculum proponents argue that this mode of instruction is especially important. Auscultation using a stethoscope is a must-have instrument for the best possible care of cardiopulmonary patients. However, due to technical and ethical issues, obtaining adequate training in cardiopulmonary auscultation is difficult. The purpose of this study is to validate a low-cost and high-fidelity domestic stethoscope simulator for cardiopulmonary auscultation built by the author. Materials and Procedures: The hardware is a single PowerPoint presentation slide with links to cardiopulmonary sounds' audio tracts, and the software is a single PowerPoint presentation slide with links to cardiopulmonary sounds' audio tracts. The inventor confirmed the stethoscope simulator, and a panel of specialists was requested to assess its utility as a training tool, as well as its relevance to practise, physical qualities, realism of experience, capacity to accomplish tasks, realism of content, and realism of auscultation sounds. A panel of specialists evaluated the veracity of our homegrown stethoscope simulator. The participants were given an overview of the simulator and how it works, as well as the opportunity to physically examine the stethoscope simulator, learn how to use it, and auscultate all of its cardiopulmonary sounds. Each member of the panel was given a survey and asked to rate their comments on a five-point Likert scale: strongly disagree (1), disagree (2), neutral (3), agree (4), and highly agree (5).  The qualities and attributes of this stethoscope simulator were agreed upon by experts in cardiology, pulmonary medicine, and respiratory care, and the observed average of the "global assessment" of the stethoscope simulator was acceptable. The manufacturing of a single simulator of this type cost around $100 USD. Conclusion: This homemade stethoscope simulator is a valuable equipment that can be implemented into bedside training and clinical experience laboratories to help undergraduate students comprehend and teach cardiopulmonary auscultation, according to primary evidence.

Author (S) Details

Tarig Eltoum Yagoub Fadelelmoula
Department of Respiratory Care, Almaarefa Colleges for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V13/article/view/1557

Approaches in the Development of the Potentially Pandemic LAIV Candidates | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Influenza causes a major burden of acute respiratory disease each year. In addition, influenza pandemics occur on a regular basis. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing seasonal and pandemic influenza. Currently, there are three types of influenza vaccines on the market: killed (inactivated), live attenuated (LAIV), and recombinant influenza vaccines. LAIV has sparked renewed interest in recent years, owing to WHO's recognition of its benefits in the event of a pandemic. Classic reassortment of wild type influenza virus with cold–adapted master donor virus (MDV) in embryonated chicken eggs (Ultravac, Russia) and reverse–genetics technique (FluMist, USA) are two alternative approaches to generate LAIV candidates currently available. Avian influenza viruses continue to pose a serious pandemic risk. A variety of killed and live pandemic vaccines have been produced around the world in response to this threat. The aim of this chapter is to compile information from the growth, preclinical, and clinical testing of potentially pandemic LAIVs based on the cold–adapted A/Leningrad/134/17/57 master donor virus backbone obtained through a routine reassortment procedure. The LAIV candidates mentioned in this chapter are reassortants of wild–type (WT) viruses with MDV genomic compositions of 6:2 and 7:1. (6 MDV genes: 2 WT genes or 7 MDV genes : 1 WT gene, respectively). Despite variations in the genome formula, LAIV candidates of the H5, H7, and H2 subtypes developed temperature sensitivity, cold–adaptation, and attenuation in various animal models. They were found to be safe and immunogenic in healthy adult volunteers in clinical trials. According to the data, 7:1 reassortants carrying the only HA gene of a potentially pandemic virus as well as the remaining seven MDV genes could be potential candidates for the pandemic LAIV.

Author (s) Details

Irina Kiseleva
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia and Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia and Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St Petersburg, Russia.

Natalie Larionova
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/691

Emphasizing the Safety, Health and Hazards Related to Using of Sprayed Concrete in Underground Mining Works| Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol. 10

Sprayed concrete is a conventional construction material, but it reflects a highly advanced process at the same time. The development of sprayed concrete requires material science and developments in technology for spraying equipment. The performance and characteristics of sprayed concrete depend, in particular, on the state of its application, the equipment, the experience and the competence of the sprayed concrete team. This paper presents several aspects of a sprayed concrete operation that, due to the machinery, pressure value and the rebound projection, could have several hazards. In addition, proper ventilation in the field of application requires the use of sprayed concrete in underground mining works. Particular attention must be paid to the use of chemical admixtures and supplementary products in the constituent materials and, ultimately, in the sprayed concrete composition. Using this technique to mobilise the strength that forms in concentrated rocks around underground work to the limit, contributes to lower loads acting on permanent support and thus results in a more economic and realistic support system. The specificity of the support created from mortar or spraying concrete is that the rocks themselves are involved in achieving the bearing strength. Thus, from the object of the support, the rocks are a means of support themselves, literally rocks are self-supporting. The latter has a decisive role in promoting underground work in the newly developed framework of sprayed concrete-rock. With a resistance and impermeability superior to standard concrete, the mixture poured on the surface of rocks adheres very well and strengthens in a short time. At pressures of less than 0.6 to 0.8 MPa, the sprayed concrete is impervious to water penetration and can be used as a temporary and permanent support. Sprayed concrete is an artificial conglomerate obtained in some quantities by deciding the homogeneous mixture of aggregates, binder, and water. In smaller quantities, the sprayed concrete composition and a number of substances are also found in other powdered materials which change certain physical-mechanical characteristics in the desired sense. Due to both technical and technological variables, as well as the human factor, various hazards can be related from the spraying process. As far as underground workers who are directly involved in applying sprayed concrete are concerned, they must wear protective equipment at all times and maintain proper ventilation in the region of application, as spraying produces dust, mist and other contaminants that can contaminate the air. At the same time, there is a chance of protruding reinforcement fibres on the contour of underground work in sprayed concrete and can pose real dangers as they may harm the workers. A easy solution is to initially add a thin layer of unreinforced sprayed concrete to prevent this possible danger (hazard). Security specifications and operating instructions issued by the manufacturer of the equipment and the supplier of the materials must be given special attention. In particular, admixtures and admixtures for water reduction, but also complementary products, are commonly considered to be harmful to humans and the environment. Silicate-based accelerators have a high alkali content and need personal protection against irritation of the skin and eyes; there is a chance of alkali silicate reaction and water soluble portions leakage. Aluminate (alkaline)-based accelerators are caustic and require personal protection against skin and irritation. Since they are less risky and have a safer working environment, Alkalifree accelerators are favoured. The methods of spraying used have various effects on the working environment underground. Therefore, the use of the process of wet-mix spraying has a positive impact on the air quality of the working face and no air pollution has been found, if additions or alkaline-free accelerators are added in sprayed concrete, the working condition will dramatically improve. The sprayed concrete rebound consists mainly of aggregates, and its environmental effect is not significant. New sprayed concrete technology contributes greatly to environmental conservation and contributes to the safety of the entire working community. Advanced equipment allows underground workers to operate from safe distances to the work face and can mitigate the injuries that could arise or health issues as a result.

Author (s) Details

Mihaela Toderaş
University of Petrosani, Mining Engineering, Surveying and Constructions Department, 332006 Petrosani, Romania.

Ciprian Danciu
University of Petrosani, Mining Engineering, Surveying and Constructions Department, 332006 Petrosani, Romania.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/370

Occupational Health and Safety of Workers in Certain Work Environment in Enugu, Nigeria under COVID-19 Pandemic | Chapter 9 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 7

Objectives: In the face of the COVID 19 pandemic, to classify health issues associated with such working conditions in Enugu. Research Design: Descriptive design of the cross-sectional sample was used to observe the occurrences in the study area for employees. Place and Period of the Study: The study was conducted between May 2020 and August 2020 in the Nigerian metropolis of Enugu. Methodology: For data collection, questionnaires, personal interviews and personal observations have been introduced. In the analysis of results, descriptive statistics are used. Result: The current survey reveals that while some employers have put in place some steps to avert corona virus touch, many employees in various industries have not taken full advantage of the provisions.

Author(s) Details 

Emodi, Edmund Emeka

Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/358

Application of Ilities for Ontology-based Systems Engineering | Chapter 10 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol.5

 The application of ilities for the ontology-based systems engineering is investigated. Ontologies may

be used to improve the systems engineering body of knowledge. The benefits of using ontologies are
that they enable the knowledge management in terms of fundamental concepts and relationships.
Among representatives in systems engineering knowledge management, the concept of ilities becam
most critical since ilities capture one of the cores of what systems engineering is all about. This work
develops the details of how ilities play the important function in the ontology of systems engineering
and show this with examples. Prior work on ilities has emphasized or restricted their application to
system level, non-functional properties. The premise of this work is that ilities can be applied with
benefit, and in some cases out of necessity, to lower levels of systems as well. The veracity of this
premise is established by providing examples that demonstrate how some ilities are passed and used
as a non-functional property of electrical and structural subsystems in aircraft. It is further
demonstrated that flowing ilities down to the subsystem or lower levels is not only a useful practice for
systems engineers, it can also be an essential step to ensure that customer needs are actually met by
the system under design or service. Systems engineers often lack the detailed knowledge of the
subsystems or components required to translate ilities into functional requirements. Thus, the system
ilities are passed down and translated from non-functional to functional requirements by subject
matter experts. We first discuss the definition, characteristics and scope of ilities within the context of
ontology. Then, we formulate the application of ilities at a subsystem level. Next, we show aircraft
engineering examples for ilities applications. The application process is formalized with diagrams, and
ilities’ relation to ontological system architecture engineering is discussed. The work concludes with a
summary and suggestions for future work.

Author(s) Details

James Y. Lee
Boeing Commercial Airplanes Division, The Boeing Company, Seal Beach, CA 90740, USA.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/241

Bt Detection, Protein, Lipids and Toxic Antinutritional Substances in Mexican Maize | Chapter 3 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

The maiz (Zea mays L.) can contain polyphenols and mycotoxins; therefore, the genetic engineering technology has developed Bt maize which has recombinant proteins without risky substances chemical. The aflatoxins are the most toxic mycotoxins capable of producing cancer and decreasing the immune response in humans. Tannins affect the nutritional value of maize and hepatic and renal disfunction in high levels. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of Bt maize events and compare the content of aflatoxins and soluble polyphenol compounds. Twenty-five samples of maize grain were collected, 12 hybrid maize and 13 local varieties, from Hidalgo, Mexico and Morelos. Samples were analyzed for Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac, using lateral flow strip method, crude protein and lipids by standard methods. Aflatoxins were assessed by commercial Elisa kit, and 30 samples maize from Mexico City were identified by HPLC-FD and polyphenol compounds by UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The data were grouped in a completely random model and an analysis of variance was performed. The results indicated that 44.5% of hybrid maize were positive to Bt-Cry1Ab/1Ac proteins, containing 9.02% ± 2.5 lipids and 11.33% ±2.2 crude protein, 189 ± 0.92 mg/g of polyphenol compounds and 6.36 ± 3.3 µg·g aflatoxins. The local maize samples (55.5%) were negative to Bt-Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac, containing 8.68%±0.90, 6.14% lipids ± 2.3, 273 ± 0.40 mg/g polyphenol compounds and 7.15 ± 3.3 µg·kg of aflatoxins. In 13 hybrid maize from Mexico City, we found 5.43 µg/kg in a range of 0 to 10.45 µg/kg and 3.35 µg/kg (0-7.91) in local varieties.   In conclusion, we observed an improvement of lipids and protein content (nutritional composition) in hybrid maize positive to Bt proteins, with a decrease in polyphenol compounds content              comparing with some local varieties without Bt proteins.  The effectiveness of Bt maize expressing the Cry1Ab/ Cry1Ac in reducing aflatoxin contamination was not observed, therefore, additive effects of aflatoxins contamination in maize Bt-Cry need to be further investigated in chronic disease development.

Author(s) Details

Peña Betancourt Silvia Denise
Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, UAM-Xochimilco, México, D.F., Mexico.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/203