The Immune Response of Carbon-based Nano Light Vaccines to SARS-CoV-2 | Chapter 10 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

 

Elucidating the panoramic mechanism of coronavirus-host immune interaction is a strategy for disease surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and immunity assessment of COVID-19. A robust carbon-based nano light vaccine technology system contributes to achieving the core scientific issues of this strategy. In this review, we state the latest prevention and control strategy of carbon-based nano light vaccine, and their broad-spectrum resistance to high transmissible and pathogenic variants. Furthermore, we cover the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 under carbon-based nano light vaccine intervention, and finally evaluate the efficacy of carbon-based nano light vaccines and their interactive mechanisms. The search for highly efficient, conserved T cell epitopes provide a basis for development of a new generation of T cell vaccine.

Author(s) Details:

Qiang Wang,
Gansu Medical College, Pingliang 744000, China.

Fenfen Zhang,
Gansu Medical College, Pingliang 744000, China.

Jianshe Yang,
Gansu Medical College, Pingliang 744000, China and Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9561

Immunity against Tuberculosis Infection | Chapter 7 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 The invulnerable response shows the initial arm of host defense against Koch’s bacterium. The present research describes and debates current knowledge of the host immune reaction to infection by M. infection, with importance on the roles of antimycobacterial effector functions of macrophages, T cells, mediators, receptors and activators of exemption as Toll-like receptors and the impact on the inherited response to Mycobacterium. Specifically, we summarize studies focusing on of the pathogen that multiplies in the alveolar macrophages, but private of the cases it causes bacteriostasis where the bacterium is in a nonreplicating state latent (dormant) and opposing to drugs. In addition, we also devote effort to something the induction, specificity, and effector functions have existed investigated in current years, to a degree gamma-interferon, tumor necrosis determinant-alpha, nitric group of chemical elements, reactive nitrogen go-between, and natural killer. Our needing immediate attention is to implement instructional programs that will enable the creation of a essential tuberculosis stop strategy. It is urged to use immunotherapy after chemotherapy for fear that reactivation of the bacterium due to the presence of hidden bacilli in tissues.

Author(s) Details:

Martínez-Romero Aurora,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Gómez Palacio, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED). Av. Artículo 123 s/n Col. Filadelfia CP 35010; AP 51. Gómez Palacio, Dgo, México.

Ortega-Sánchez José Luis,
Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, AP No. 8 Bermejillo, Dgo, México.

Alba-Romero José de Jesús,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Gómez Palacio, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED). Av. Artículo 123 s/n Col. Filadelfia CP 35010; AP 51. Gómez Palacio, Dgo, México.

Hernández-González Sandra Isabel,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Gómez Palacio, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED). Av. Artículo 123 s/n Col. Filadelfia CP 35010; AP 51. Gómez Palacio, Dgo, México.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V4/article/view/10133

Determining the Effect of Supplementing Cassia tora Extract on Immunological and Haematological Parameters of Broiler Birds| Chapter 6 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 5

 The effect of supplementing methanolic extract of Cassia tora on immunological and haematological parameters of broiler bird was determined. Day-old broiler birds of Vencobb strain (n = 36) were randomly assigned into 3 treatments with 3 replicates each, 4 birds (2 each for cell mediated and humoral immune response) in each replicate. The birds of group T1 (Control) received basal diet, whereas birds of group T2 (Standard) received an antibiotic (Lincomycin @ 0.05% in feed) in addition to basal diet. The birds of group T3 (Test) received methanolic extract of leaves of Cassia tora (CSE) @ 0.4 g/l in drinking water in addition to basal diet. The treatment was given to birds of all the groups for 6 weeks. Cell mediated immune response was measured by 2, 4-Dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB) skin sensitization test whereas humoral immune response was assessed by micro haemagglutination test against sheep red blood cells. The skin thickness of T3 bird (3.41±0.20 mm) was significantly (p≤0.05) greater than T2 bird (2.92±0.17 mm) followed by T1 bird (2.20± 0.23 mm) at 48 hrs post sensitization. The HA titers was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in T3 (4.33±0.21) as compared to birds of T2 (3.5±0.22) and T1 (2.17 ± 0.17). The mean TLC in blood samples of birds of Cassia extract treated group (32.83 ± 0.83 thousand/ mm3) was significantly higher (p≤0.05) than birds of control group (26.17 ± 0.98 thousand/ mm3). Heterophil count of birds of test group (26.00 ± 0.45%) was non-significantly higher than control group (24.66 ± 0.61%).

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Jyoti Sahu,
 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H. (Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya) Anjora, Durg-491001, Chhattisgarh, India.

Prof. Kishori Mohan Koley,
 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science & A.H. (Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya) Anjora, Durg-491001, Chhattisgarh, India.

Dr. Bhishmadev Sahu,
 Livestock Development Department, Dondi, Balod-491226, Chhattisgarh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V5/article/view/5715

Study about Covid-19 Disease: A Hypothetical View on Infection | Chapter 9 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

 Coronaviruses are an RNA virus family that causes illness in both animals and humans. While fighting viruses, the immune system kills and damages its own respiratory cells, resulting in serious consequences such as lymph and mucus collection in the lungs and shortness of breath. Patients with a weakened immune system and milder symptoms have a better chance of surviving. Why is SARS-CoV-2 so dangerous to the elderly and individuals with long-term chronic illnesses?

Author(S) Details

M. Dragan Nikolic
Faculty of Medicine Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V1/article/view/5047

Study about Covid-19 Disease: A Hypothetical View on Infection | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 13

 Coronaviruses are an RNA virus family that causes illness in both animals and humans. While fighting viruses, the immune system kills and damages its own respiratory cells, resulting in serious consequences such as lymph and mucus collection in the lungs and shortness of breath. Patients with a weakened immune system and milder symptoms have a better chance of surviving. Why is SARS-CoV-2 so dangerous to the elderly and individuals with long-term chronic illnesses?

Author(S) Details

M. Dragan Nikolic
Faculty of Medicine Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Serbia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V1/article/view/5047

Study on Evaluation of Immune Response to Enterotoxaemia Vaccine in Sheep Reared Under Experimental and Field Conditions by Using ELISA | Chapter 2 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 The immunological response of vaccinated animals is measured in order to determine when booster vaccinations should be given. Serological tests can be used for seromonitoring, with ELISA being the most specific and sensitive. As a result, the goal of this study was to use ELISA to evaluate the immunological response in sheep that had been vaccinated against ET. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the immune response to the enterotoxaemia vaccine (ET) was assessed in sheep grown in the lab and in the field (ELISA). Six sheep were vaccinated with a booster dose on the 14th day and tested for immune response in an experimental setting; however, serum samples from 386 ET vaccinated sheep (139 from organised farms and 247 from the unorganised sector of Andhra Pradesh) were tested for protective antibody titre using ELISA in a field setting. The highest protective titre was found in sheep raised in an experimental setting on day 30 following vaccination, followed by a progressive decline until day 90. When compared to sheep kept in experimental/laboratory circumstances, immune responses of sheep kept in rural environments were shown to be low. The protective titers in sheep kept under village circumstances lasted up to 3 months, while those kept in experimental conditions lasted up to 4 months. As a result, improved management methods combined with ET booster vaccination in farms may result in a greater immune response in sheep against ET.

Author(S) Details

Nagendra Reddy Thopireddy
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkatewara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sreenivasulu Daggupati
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkatewara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Eswara Prasad Pagadala
Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkatewara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V4/article/view/4844

Investigating the Collision between Two Pandemics: Obesity and COVID-19 Viral Infection | Chapter 5 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 4

 The novel coronavirus disease 2019 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (COVID-19). Precarious metabolic health was discovered to be the primary risk factor for the development of serious types of COVID-19. COVID-19 is thought to be dangerous due to a number of factors ranging from impaired immune system function to persistent inflammation. When considering the link between obesity and COVID-19 severity, it's crucial to remember that obesity is a complicated condition. Obesity is being linked to COVID-19 by a growing body of evidence. Obesity is clearly linked to the high frequency, severity, and death rates of viral infections in obese patients. Because the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entrance into host cells, is highly expressed in adipose tissue, obese people are more vulnerable to COVID-19. Type-I interferon (IFN-I), which is decreased in COVID-19, is the major immunological response. As seen in the cytokine storm reported in people with serious disease, the pro-inflammatory condition associated with obesity causes an imbalance in the inflammatory response to COVID-19. Obesity is thought to be a low-grade chronic inflammation, indicating a potential for harmful immunological amplification. The impact of obesity on the immune system and possible interrelationships are discussed in this review, with a focus on the influence of dysfunctional adipose tissue on immunity in the context of COVID-19 infection. Obesity-induced immune dysfunction leads to organ harm in COVID-19 infection, impairing the patient's ability to fight the virus, according to the investigators. When compared to lean people, obese patients spend more time in the hospital and have a more severe clinical picture. Obesity control, immunonutrition, and physical activity must all be studied further in the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Author(S) Details

Jehan Saad Alrahimi
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V4/article/view/4695

Study on Mayaro Virus Disease: Symptoms and Treatments | Chapter 10 | Innovations in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

The goal of this chapter was to go over the various features of fever induced by the Mayaro virus, including symptoms, aetiology, therapy, and diagnosis. Mayaro virus causes a vague, sublethal disease in humans, with symptoms similar to chikungunya, dengue fever, and other viruses. Arthralgia symptoms, which are frequently connected with viral infections, can be incapacitating. Since initial isolation in 1954 [Trinidad and Tobago], outbreaks have been confined and infrequent inside the Pan-Amazonia forest. As a result, the literature available is diverse, sparse, and dispersed. Mayaro virus is an alphavirus that is connected to the Semliki forest antigenic complex phylogenetically. Mayaro and the related UNA viruses are the only members of this group that have been identified in the New World. Mayaro's genome is made up of 12 kb of single-stranded positive-charged RNA that can be separated into genomic and subgenomic areas that encode nonstructural and structural proteins, respectively. Mayaro has demonstrated great adaptability in vertebrate hosts for infections, but high selectivity invertebrates for the Culicidae [mosquito] family. Forested environments in northern South America, as well as the rainy season, are risk factors for disease. MAYV has two genotypes: L [limited to Belterra, Brazil] and D [widely dispersed throughout Pan-Amazonia]. The enzootic cycle is analogous to the yellow fever jungle cycle, in which Haemagogus mosquitoes and monkeys serve as reservoirs. Other secondary vectors and hosts, such as Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes scapularis, have been demonstrated experimentally to transmit the virus efficiently, and this poses a threat to the virus's spread. Due to the high viremia levels of infected people, there is a major risk of an emergent disease in urban, rural, and peridomestic areas around Mayaro virus enzootic foci.

Author (S) Details

Salvatore G. De-Simone
FIOCRUZ/Center for Technological Development in Health [CDTS]/National Institute of Science and Technology in Neglected Disease Innovation [INCT-IDN], Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. and Federal Fluminense University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.

Paloma Napoleão-Pego
FIOCRUZ/Center for Technological Development in Health [CDTS]/National Institute of Science and Technology in Neglected Disease Innovation [INCT-IDN], Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Larissa Rodrigues Gomes
FIOCRUZ/Center for Technological Development in Health [CDTS]/National Institute of Science and Technology in Neglected Disease Innovation [INCT-IDN], Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Guilherme C. Lechuga
FIOCRUZ/Center for Technological Development in Health [CDTS]/National Institute of Science and Technology in Neglected Disease Innovation [INCT-IDN], Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

David W. Provance-Jr
FIOCRUZ/Center for Technological Development in Health [CDTS]/National Institute of Science and Technology in Neglected Disease Innovation [INCT-IDN], Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IMB-V1/article/view/3768

Oral Epithelial Cytokines: A Review | Chapter 8 | Issues and Development in Health Research Vol. 4

 Oral mucosal epithelia, like other forms of mucosal epithelia, has a reputation for being protective. Oral epithelia was introduced as a non-lymphoid, non-myeloid tissue with immunological potentials in the current chapter. The plural form of the singular epithelium is epithelia. They are specialised layers that cover the outside of the organs that make up the human body. Oral epithelial cells, according to popular belief, contain a TLR system and can recognise microbial invaders. Microbial invaders, in turn, cause epithelia to release pro-inflammatory TH1,TH2 cytokines and chemokines. Chemokines. Species and strain-specific induction procedures are reported. A number of in-vitro models have confirmed natural epithelial cytokine production. Oral epithelial cytokine has multiple immunological activities, including regulating local immune responses, mediating autoimmune illness, and inducing tissue damage when release is elevated. They show multi-factorial influences on the mucosal immune compartment, are an important component of local innate immune responses, and may have implications for vaccine immunity in the future.

Author(s) Details

Prof. Ibrahim Mohamed Saeed Shnawa
College of Biotechnology University of Qasim, Qasim, Babylon, Iraq. Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDHR-V4/article/view/3376

Immunity in Medically Important Parasitic Infections: An Overview | Chapter 9 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 The rule is immunity. It's frequently unfinished, takes a long time to develop, and then fades away rapidly. The term "immunity" refers to the ability to resist infection. Human life is a battleground in which we are surrounded on all sides by bacteria, viruses, fungus, and parasites, as if we were troops. Our bodies are equipped with an immune system as a defence mechanism. Infections with parasitic worms, such as intestinal worms, are frequently accompanied by blood eosinophilia, which is caused by an inflammatory mechanism. Intestinal infections with Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuristrichiura, Wuchereria bancroft, Brugiamalayi, loaloa, Dracunculus medinensis, mite infection of the lungs (including at least some cases of tropical eosinophilia), and hydrated disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus are all common causes of blood eos Eosinophilia infiltrates tissues where an antigen-antibody response has occurred in significant numbers. They appear to be drawn to some antigen-antibody reaction product, as evidenced by the fact that when tissues from sensitised guinea pigs mixed with antigen in vitro, or tissues from guinea pigs who have died from anaphylaxis, are transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of normal guinea pigs, the recipient develops severe eosinophilia within 24 hours. Although the active agent has not been infected, it is unlikely that it is histamine. Rodent eosinophils are particularly active phagocytic, ingesting cellular debris, mast cell granules, and other detritus, but it's unclear whether this is true of eosinophils from other species, or what role eosinophils play in these reactions. In parasite infection, a variety of defence systems are activated. When parasites enter the bloodstream (Malaria, Trypanosoma), a humoral response emerges, but parasites that grow within the tissues elicit cell-mediated immunity (Eg: Cutaneous leishmaniasis). B cells, memory cells, and antibodies all play a role in humoral immunity. IgG and IgM are produced in protozoal infections. In addition, IgA is created during an infection of the intestine. IgG, IgM, and IgE antibodies are generated in response to helminthic infections.

Author (S) Details

M. V. R. Rao
Research Laboratory, Apollo institute of Medical Sciences and Research, India.

M. Khaleel
Department of Microbiology, Owaisi Hospital & Research Canter, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, India.

V. K. Chennamchetty
Department of Pulmonology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, India.

S. Rao
Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, India.

A. Khan
American University School of Medicine Aruba, Caribbean Islands, India.

T. Calvo
American University School of Medicine Aruba, Caribbean Islands, India.

A. M. Nisanth
NRI Medical College, Dr. NTR University Health Sciences, India.

R. Kudari
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hindu College of Pharmacy, India.

Dilip Mathai
Department of Medicine, Dean, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, India.

M. K. Verma
American University School of Medicine Aruba, Caribbean Islands, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V7/article/view/2579

Approaches in the Development of the Potentially Pandemic LAIV Candidates | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 Influenza causes a major burden of acute respiratory disease each year. In addition, influenza pandemics occur on a regular basis. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing seasonal and pandemic influenza. Currently, there are three types of influenza vaccines on the market: killed (inactivated), live attenuated (LAIV), and recombinant influenza vaccines. LAIV has sparked renewed interest in recent years, owing to WHO's recognition of its benefits in the event of a pandemic. Classic reassortment of wild type influenza virus with cold–adapted master donor virus (MDV) in embryonated chicken eggs (Ultravac, Russia) and reverse–genetics technique (FluMist, USA) are two alternative approaches to generate LAIV candidates currently available. Avian influenza viruses continue to pose a serious pandemic risk. A variety of killed and live pandemic vaccines have been produced around the world in response to this threat. The aim of this chapter is to compile information from the growth, preclinical, and clinical testing of potentially pandemic LAIVs based on the cold–adapted A/Leningrad/134/17/57 master donor virus backbone obtained through a routine reassortment procedure. The LAIV candidates mentioned in this chapter are reassortants of wild–type (WT) viruses with MDV genomic compositions of 6:2 and 7:1. (6 MDV genes: 2 WT genes or 7 MDV genes : 1 WT gene, respectively). Despite variations in the genome formula, LAIV candidates of the H5, H7, and H2 subtypes developed temperature sensitivity, cold–adaptation, and attenuation in various animal models. They were found to be safe and immunogenic in healthy adult volunteers in clinical trials. According to the data, 7:1 reassortants carrying the only HA gene of a potentially pandemic virus as well as the remaining seven MDV genes could be potential candidates for the pandemic LAIV.

Author (s) Details

Irina Kiseleva
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia and Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia and Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St Petersburg, Russia.

Natalie Larionova
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V5/article/view/691