Acute and Subchronic Toxicity of “Mendim me zon”: A Traditional Tea Made with Solanum aethiopicum Shum Berries | Chapter 2 | Solanum aethiopicum Shum, an Example of the Richness of the Food and Therapeutic Heritage of a Continent in a Country, Cameroon, Africa in Miniature, Edition 1

Mendim me zon is a traditional tea made with Solanum aethiopicum Shum berries; a plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. It is a Bantu beverage consumed for its revitalizing properties. Some consumers claim that “Mendim me zõn” possesses detoxifying and revitalizing properties. Powdered berries of this plant are now distributed and consumed in many countries worldwide. Bioactive substances such as glycoalkaloids, galactosamine and fucose, among others, which may be potentially toxic, can be found in Mendim me zon. However, very few studies have examined the safety of this increasingly popular beverage. The present work aimed to conduct a toxicological study of this drink, focusing on acute and sub-chronic toxicity. To do this, 50 g of powdered berries were obtained in the locality of Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region of Cameroon, and were infused in 10 L of boiling water for 10 min. The extract was used to study acute and subchronic toxicity using rats as animal models, for 14 and 42 days respectively. The administered doses were prepared by dissolving the corresponding amounts of extract of S. aethiopicum Shum in distilled water. Clinical, biochemical and histopathological analyses were carried out on male and female rats given progressive doses of the extract. Histopathological evaluation was performed on the liver and kidney of male and female control animals, which had daily received 1000 mg/kg Extract of S. aethiopicum Shum for 28 days. For statistical data analysis, the differences between the test groups and the control group were determined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test at the 5% level. The results showed no deaths at any dose. Signs of toxicity including vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, self-mutilation, apathy, agitation, continuous grooming, drowsiness, stupor, tremors, hair erection, difficulty in breathing and anorexia were not observed in rats. Repeated intake of Mendim me zon increased appetite and proved to be laxative. Microscopic sections of the liver and kidney showed normal architecture. Blood parameters remained within normal ranges. However, at high doses (1000 mg/kg/day), extract increased erythrocytes while white blood cells decreased in males. In females, platelets and mean corpuscular volume increased. With the exception of bilirubin, consumption of extract statistically reduced the values of the parameters linked to renal and hepatic function. These results might suggest that Mendim me zon is a safe beverage at doses of less than 1000 mg/kg/day.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Valentin Desire Guiama
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Laboratory of Motricity and Health, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Juliette Koube
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Douala, Cameroon.

 

Esther Ngah
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon and Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, National Advanced School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-15-0/CH2

Determination of Acute Toxicity and Anti-Anxiety Activity of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts | Chapter 10 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 The severe toxicity and anxiolytic effects of hydroalcoholic Tapinanthus dodoneifolius, Bryophyllum pinnatum, and Terminalia catappa leaf extracts were checked. Limit dose severe toxicity testing in rodent was used to assess acute toxicity. The open-field example (OFT) was used to assess anxiolytic project after 1 moment of single spoken administration of water purified by distillation, extracts (at three dose levels), and diazepam (0. 5 mg/kg) utilizing the behavioral indications of mean centre zone time (CZT), centre zone re-access (CZR), and defeaction/urination repetitiveness (D/UF). Acute toxicity testing tells that the extracts are safe, accompanying an LD50 of 5g/kg. On the OFT paradigm, alone acute T. dodoneifolius and B.pinnatum extract situations demonstrated consistent prescription-dependency in anxiolytic action across the three parameters of mean CTZ, mean CZR, and mean MD/UF, accompanying T. catappa extract exhibiting prescription-dependent anxiolytic effect only on the first limit. At the maximum dosage level of 500 mg/kg, nevertheless, all plant extract treatments had anxiolytic belongings equivalent to 0.5 mg/kg diazepam treatments.  The findings concerning this study justify the established use of medicinal plant extracts in the situation of neuropsychiatric illnesses.

Author(s) Details:

Umarudeen A. M.,
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.

Khan F.,
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V9/article/view/11906

Evaluation of Safety Profiles of a Herbal Wound Healing Formulation in Laboratory Animals | Chapter 11 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 The present study stated an acute, Sub severe dermal safety and Mucus membrane sensitivity profile of AO and AO11 in lab animals. This is a very effective wound restorative oil expression developed in house. We have orderly studied the effect of the lubricate in Laboratory Animal for its hematological parameters and raise no hepato or renal toxicity associated with the substitute-chronic dermal exposure of investigational crop and investigational product11 in the animals. Wound is demarcated as the disruption of community tissues by violence or anguish. The restoration of injured or inflamed tissues back  to normal condition is judged as healing.Theformulations were arisen Curcuma longa Linn and Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn rhizomes, Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb bark, Typha angustifolia Linn flowers, Azadirachta indica A.Juss leaveswithout/ with pig fat (AO and AO11 individually) mixed in sure proportion using Sesamum indicum Linn lubricate as a base, manufactured at a GMP ascertained facility. Acute, sub-severe dermal safety, gelled waste membrane irritation sketches were studied by OECD directions number 434, 410 and 405 in Wistar rats and New Zealand rabbits individually.This study was conducted using 10 men and 10 females Wistar rats engaging OECD guideline number 410. For acute study dermal request of 2000 mg/kg single measure and for sub-acute study limit lot protocol of 1000 mg/kg for 28 days was secondhand. For mucus membrane sensitivity test0.10ml dose was secondhand.In an acute study no local reaction, observable changes and mortality was noticed at 2000 mg/kg by dermal route till 14 days. In sub-acute study accompanying dermal application of 1000 mg/kg for 28 days, skilled were no abnormal signs/symptoms at the request site, sameness inbody weight, food devouring, hematology/enzyme sketches, urine analysis, relative tool weights and histopathological observations of internal organs in comparison to control animals. Mucus sheath of rabbits demonstrated no evidence of irritation for both formulations.

Author(s) Details:

S. B. Patankar,
ACE Hospital and Research Centre, 32/2a, Erandwana, Pune-411004, India.

A. M. Mujumdar,
ACE Hospital and Research Centre, 32/2a, Erandwana, Pune-411004, India.

T. Sane,
Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Institute of Research and Development, Matunga, Mumbai-400019, India.

U. Remya,
Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Institute of Research and Development, Matunga, Mumbai-400019, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V1/article/view/10422

Antibacterial Effect of Rose Leaves and Petals Extract Along with Antibiotics on Escherichia coli: An In vitro Evaluation | Chapter 10 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 The present study was projected to evaluate the antibacterial effect of petals and leaves old tract of red-pink along with resistant medicines against Escherichia coli isolated from various clinical samples. Roses have been intentional for their medicinal features in addition to their fragrance. In old medicine, R. damascena was secondhand for the treatment of abdominal and rib cage pain, menstrual bleeding, digestive questions, depression, grief, fearful stress, ten,sion, skin problems and headaches.  This is a emergency room based prospective study from April to September 2019.Escherichia coli unique from diverse dispassionate samples along with resistance medicines.All resistant isolates were proven along with hibiscus Rosa sinensis extract both leaves and petals extract with resistant medicines. The findings granted that out of total 51, 35 (68.63%) were resistant E. coli isolates to various antibiotics and 85.72% were from excretion samples. Individually, both extracts showed an increase in district size accompanying many resistant antibiotics. Antibiotics like medicine, cefotaxime, cotrimaxazole, cefuroxime, piperacillin, gentamycin showed more augmentation with rose whorl on flower extract than leaves. While antibiotic like levofloxacin (5%) displayed enhancement only with leaves extract and not accompanying the petals extract.it is concluded that red-pink petals and leaves extracts have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli in addition to antibiotics. The request of herbal extracts can decrease the use of antimicrobial agents and have wonderful potential in reducing the antimicrobial opposition of E. coli.

Author(s) Details:

Leena Chimurkar,
Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Deepashri Maraskolhe,
Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Prachi Kamble,
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V1/article/view/10421

Acute and Sub-acute Stent Thrombosis after Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization with Drug-eluting Stents: A Prospective Observational Study of Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes| Chapter 9 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 5

 This phase aimed to decide acute and sub-severe Stent thrombosis (ST)  occurrence, predictors, and outcomes following in position or time primary percutaneous coronary invasion (PCI).Patients who had sustained primary PCI at a tertiary care cardiac center were contained in this potential observational study. All subjects were followed up on 30 days after their beginning hospitalization to visualize if they developed severe or subacute ST.An aggregate of 1756 patients were included accompanying 79% (1388) male patients and mean age was 55.59 ± 11.23 age. The findings presented that the incidence of ST was 4.9% (86) with 1.3% (22) severe and 3.6% (64) sub-severe. ST was categorized as positive in 3.3% (58) and probable in 1.6% (28). Independent predictor of ST were seen to be male common (odds percentage (OR); 2.51 [1.21–5.2]), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure ≥ 20 mmHg (OR; 2.55 [1.31–4.98]), and pre-procedure thrombolysis in heart attack (TIMI) flow 0 (OR; 3.27 [1.61–6.65]). After primary PCI, we establish a significant number of patients the one were susceptible to severe or subacute ST. Male gender, LVEDP, and pre-process TIMI flow grade can all be used to identify and manage extreme-risk patients.

Author(s) Details:

Rajesh Kumar,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan.

Ali Ammar,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan.

Tahir Saghir,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan.

Jawaid Akbar Sial,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan.

Jehangir Ali Shah,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan.

Ashok Kumar,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Hyderabad, Pakistan.

Abdul Hakeem Shaikh,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan.

Abdul Samad Achakzai,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan.

Nadeem Qamar,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan.

Musa Karim,
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V5/article/view/9145

A Case Report on Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis | Chapter 3 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Acute suppurative thyroiditis is a rare endocrine emergency that may be life-threatening. It accounts for 0.1 to 0.7 percent of thyroid pathologies treated surgically. We present a case of a 3-year-11-month-old girl who was brought to the hospital by her parents with a one-week history of painful anterior neck swelling that began as the size of the child's middle finger's distal phalanx and progressed to occupying much of the anterior neck. There had been a previous history of fish bone impaction 2 weeks prior while feeding. Within 24 hours of admission, the infant was found to be febrile (temperature 38.5°C), with dysphagia, hoarseness, and restricted head movement. There is no history or clinical signs of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The lymph nodes in the anterior cervical region were swollen and tender. Her weight was average at 13 kg. Local inspection revealed a 4 cm x 4 cm mass in the anterior neck, more on the left half, no skin changes, and no discharge. Different levels of warmth and tenderness were present. It was erratic and moved when I swallowed. The right lobe of the thyroid gland was standard on ultrasound, but the left thyroid gland was swollen to 4.52 cm x 3.37 cm with a heterogeneous echo texture. TSH 0.3 (0.5-3.7 mIU/L); fT3 0.3 (1.4-4.2 pg/ml); fT4 1.4 (0.8-2.0 pg/ml) were all within the range of euthyroid sick syndrome. A diagnosis of acute suppurative thyroiditis was made, and the patient was given IV antibiotics. Cefuroxime and metronidazole were prescribed, and by the fifth day, a portion of the swelling had turned hyperemic and was exuding pus. The abscess was cut open, and 4 mL of frank pus was drained. Klebsiella was found to be allergic to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and amoxyl-clavulanic acid after microscopy, culture, and sensitivity testing of the aspirate. After that, the child's health changed dramatically, and she was discharged home and is doing well. As a result, timely diagnosis and care are critical. In all paediatric cases, a pyriform sinus fistula should be assumed.

Author (s) Details

I. O. Oluwayemi
Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

F. O. Abduraheem
Department of Paediatrics, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

O. T. Agaja
Department of Paediatrics, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

O. J. Oke
Department of Paediatrics, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

E. O. Ogundare
Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

A. B. Ajite
Department of Paediatrics, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

O. S. Olatunya
Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V11/article/view/882