Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agents of Acute Phosgene Gas Exposure | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 7

Phosgene in its gaseous form is a deadly poison if inhaled at high concentrations within a short period of time. It may induce non-cardiogenic lung edema which may lead to respiratory failure and death. At low and moderate concentrations, phosgene-gas exposure may cause noticeable symptoms like coughing, and burning sensation in the throat and eyes. There are currently no effective pharmacological therapies for managing exposed individuals. In this study, using rats as a widely used and well-accepted animal model, several drugs and some chemical agents with anti-oxidative and/or anti-radiation properties were tested for their efficacy as therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents following or before whole-body exposure to a lethal dose of phosgene (868 ppm for 2 min). It was found that in the absence of these agents, exposure resulted in 100 % fatality mainly due to non-cardiogenic lung edema, while in their presence, the level were survival and pathologic features were improved depending on the type of the agent used.

This manuscript provides valuable insights into the urgent need for effective therapeutic and prophylactic interventions for phosgene gas exposure, a significant concern in both industrial and potential terrorist scenarios. By using a well-established rat model, the study offers a critical evaluation of various agents.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Hussain Al-WandawI
Department of Pharmacy, Middle East University College, Baghdad, Iraq.

 

Ibrahim A. Hassan
Department of Pharmacy, Middle East University College, Baghdad, Iraq.

 

Hala H, Kareem
Department of Pharmacy, Middle East University College, Baghdad, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v7/2506

Mechanistic Contributors to Subclinical Hypothyroidism in obesity: Review of Molecular Evidence for Impaired Thyroid Hormone Receptor Affinity and Actions from Rat Studies | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 13

Obesity and its pathophysiologic sequela have become a burgeoning medical issue not only in Africa but worldwide. Obese and overweight patients may sometimes present with symptoms suggestive of disordered carbohydrate metabolism and thyroidal parameters including hypothyroidism. However, when the usual routine thyroid battery of labs comes back, they may identify markers of insulin resistance but often fail to identify any obvious abnormal findings in their hypothalamic-thyroidal axis. To determine the potential for subclinical thyroidal actions as a contributing factor for hormonal regulation of energy balance and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome, studies of resting and catecholamine stimulated metabolism, in vivo thyroid hormone half-life, thyroid hormone binding characteristics and weight gain, groups of lean and obese congenic LA/Ntul//-cp rats were offered stock or high energy diets and in vivo and in vitro parameters of thyroid hormone action determined. The obese phenotype demonstrated impaired thermic responses to diet and environment and cold-induced thermoregulation, in association with decreases in plasma T3 but not T4 concentrations. Administration of I-131 T4 and I-131 T3 in the obese phenotype of corpulent rats resulted in clearance rates for T3, but T4 clearance was consistently prolonged by approximately 50% among the obese phenotype. The plasma half-life of T4 was ~50% longer in obese than in lean littermates, while the half-life of T3 was similar in both phenotypes. Measures of nuclear thyroid hormone receptor density were similar in both phenotypes, but receptor affinity for T3 was diminished in the obese phenotype, consistent with impaired thyroidal actions as a contributing factor for subclinical hypothyroidism in the obese phenotype of this strain. In conclusion, the current trends in the increasing prevalence of obese and overweight conditions will in all likelihood become a pressing global priority to identify and more fully characterize at the molecular, tissue and organ system levels of effective resolutions to the critical issues of overweight and obese conditions. A doable solution must be found, as urgency is emerging that signals that a metabolic and global healthcare epidemic is tantamount to a tsunami if left unattended.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Orien L Tulp
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK, Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, USA and Department of Natural Medicine, East West College of Natural Medicine, Sarasota FL, USA.

 

O F Obidi
Department of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

 

T C Oyesile
Department of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Frantz Sainvil
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK, Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, USA and Department of Medicine, Broward College, Davie FL, USA.

 

Rolando Branly
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK and Department of Medicine, Broward College, Davie FL, USA.

 

A Sciranka
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK.

 

Syed AA Rizv
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK and Department of Medicine, Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, USA.

 

Aftab Awan
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.

 

Michael Anderson
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK.

 

George P Einstein
Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK and Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach, USA.

 

Syed AA Rizvi

Department of Medicine, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Olveston, Montserrat, UK and Department of Medicine, Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v13/5230

Effects of Refined Xiaoyaosan on Depressive-Like Behaviors in Rats with Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress through Neurosteroids, their Synthesis and Metabolic Enzymes | Chapter 11 | Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Depression with Famous TCM Prescription Xiaoyaosan

 To observe the effects of refined Xiaoyaosan (XYS) on the depressive-like behaviors in rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and to explore the relationship between the changes of neurosteroids and mRNA expressions of their synthesis and metabolic enzymes, and the mechanism of XYS in the treatment of depression. Methods: Eighty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, XYS group and fluoxetine group. The latter three groups were subjected to 21 days of CUMS to prepare the stress depression model. Rats in the XYS group, and fluoxetine group were given intragastric administration with refined XYS and fluoxetine, respectively. The behavioral changes of the rats were observed after 21 days. The contents of pregnenolone (PREG), progesterone (PROG) and alloprognanolone (ALLO) in the plasma of rats were measured by ELISA. The levels of PREG, PROG and ALLO in the hippocampus and amygdala tissues were measured by High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis(LC-MS/MS). The mRNA expressions of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 β-HSD), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and 5α-reductase (5a-R) in the hippocampus and amygdala were detected by RT-qPCR methods. Results: There were changes in the model rats. The contents of PREG, PROG and ALLO changed similarly, which reflected in the decrease of PROG and ALLO, and the increase of PREG. The mRNA expression of P450scc was increased, and the mRNA expressions of 3α -HSD, 3 β-HSD and 5a-R were decreased. Refined XYS could improve the behaviors of rats and the biological indicators. Conclusions: There is a neurosteroid dysfunction in the brain region of depression rat model animals, and the mechanism of refined XYS depression treatment may be related to the regulation of the control of mRNA expression of related synthesis and metabolic enzymes in the hippocampus and amygdala, further affecting the contents of neurosteroids.

Author(s) Details:

Xiaoling Guo,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China and Beijing Fengtai District Fangzhuang Community Health Service Center, Beijing-100078, China.

Wenqi Qiu,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Yueyun Liu,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Yifang Zhang,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Hongbo Zhao,
School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing-100029, China.

Jiaxu Chen,
Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou-510632, Guangdong, China and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IPTDFTPX/article/view/11272

Ionic Detoxification Ameliorates Obesity and Reduces Fatty Liver in Rats Exposed to a High-Fat Diet | Chapter 12 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 Ionic complete and sudden withdrawal from an addictive substance (ID) or ionic water soap treatment is considered a natural alternative method to reinforce health, but it currently lacks healthy scientific evidence to support allure efficacy. The theory underlying this study is that consistent ID situation may speed the elimination of toxic fragments from the body and mitigate metabolic disorders, including corpulence. To assess the impact of ID treatment on corpulence and fatty liver inferred by a high-fat diet, male Wistar rats were bear hardship either a low-fat control diet, a high-fat (HF) diet, or a HF diet followed by ID treatment (executed three times per week) over an 11-period period. The study calculated triglyceride levels and examined the verbalization of genes related to fatty acid absorption in both perirenal fatty tissue and the liver. Results showed that rats augment the HF diet exhibited considerably increased material weight, liver weight, and fatty tissue pressure (both perirenal and epididymal) compared to those on the reduced-fat diet. However, the rats subjected to ID situation alongside the HF diet displayed a meaningful reduction in body burden and perirenal adipose fabric weight persuaded by the high-fat diet. Furthermore, ID situation led to a decrease in hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride elements of larger object. Regarding liver function, ID treatment primarily damaged fatty acid absorption. It significantly discounted the expression of genes involved in greasy acid synthesis (in the way that acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase mRNA) more significantly than those guide fatty acid corrosion (such as carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 and acyl CoA oxidase mRNA). This desires that ID treatment may decrease the result of fatty acids in the liver, that could contribute to lower triglyceride levels.

Author(s) Details:

Hsien-Tsung Yao,
Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V2/article/view/12287

Standardization of Some Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Rattus norvegicus | Book Publisher International

 Biochemical and haematological assessment in animals is of vital importance in defining the diagnosis of many diseases. Variations in biochemical parameters (urea, blood glucose, creatinemia, transaminases: GPT and GOT, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides and total lipids) and haematological parameters, i.e. the haemogram (red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes and MXD) is an indicator of the state of health of certain vital organs such as the kidney, liver, pancreas, veins, heart and so on. Each batch consisted of thirty-nine (39) rats. Each rat was weighed and venipunctured caudally to collect blood separately in a dry (red) and EDTA tube. The red tube was used to determine biochemical parameters. The EDTA tube was used for the haemogram. The results of this study showed that some animals already had certain pathologies prior to the use of any beneficial or harmful substances on them. However, most of the animals used had normal biochemical and haematological parameters, revealing the good condition of their various vital functions (kidney, liver, heart, veins, pancreas, etc.). These values for standard biochemical and haematological parameters can be used as a basis for future tests.

Author(s) Details:

Obou Constantin Okou,
Group of Excellence for Research into Traditional Pharmacopoeia Products (GeRTPhaPro), Agrovalorisation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Agroforestry TRU, Jean Lorougnon Guédé University (JLoGU), BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSBHPR/article/view/12125

Tomato Puree Lycopene: Protective Effects in Atherosclerosis/Heart Diseases | Chapter 8 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5

 The working food industrial marquee linked potential presenting investigation on hypolipidemic and antioxidant efficacy of attractive woman puree lycopene has been arose out as a next generation research folio inclined be beneficial for creative start up mission. New generation advantageous position for those selling base nutrition superimposing health claim promoting food crop linked with worth addition is underlined as a new dimension of working foods. In present study the energy claim exploration ability of lycopene rich attractive woman puree as a novel food additive was assessed by animal studies to project hypolipidemic efficacy to defeat risk of selective non-able to be contracted diseases. The data study, interpretation and reviewed research infusion together underlined the efficacy of lycopene (tomato make into paste) in monitoring atherogenesis mechanism through cooperative mode of action of informed specialty countenance (total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol) and projected an active gateway to support disease soaked health claim appraisal. Lycopene has several cardiovascular health benefits to a degree antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antagonistic-atherogenic, cardioprotective, antiplatelet effect, improving endothelial function (nitric group of chemical elements bioavailability and blood flow), metabolic profile (by impairing cholesterol combination) and blood pressure control. The cumulative decrease in total cholesterol of medicated rats (159.99 to 126.40mg/dl), serum triglycerides (114.81 to 107.34mg/dl), LDL cholesterol (40.19 to 32.90mg/dl) and increase in HDL cholesterol (19.99 to 23.87mg/dl) represents hypolipidemic productiveness of tomato smash lycopene. The development of a prototype for CVD to begin a health claim was rationally renovated by the attractive woman puree mass, a practicable source of lycopene with native antiatherogenic efficacy. The human clinical study as a proof tool, concede possibility be the best option for future generations research.

Author(s) Details:

Kavita Mane,
MIT School of Food Technology, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Rajbaug, Pune, India.

Vasant Pawar,
MIT School of Food Technology, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Rajbaug, Pune, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V5/article/view/11052

Estimation of the Sympathetic and Thyroidal Partitions to Diet Induced Thermognesis in the Rat | Chapter 6 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

 The physiologic method of diet induced on fire (DIT) during overfeeding implicates diversified hormonally mediated biochemical pathways of minimum energy requirement. The effects of overfeeding very palatable diets via the restaurant feeding diet procedure (café) is a reliable and reproducible exploratory model to induce DIT in usually lean rats of several strains. Groups of adult lean LANtul//-cp rats were presented a Purina chow (CHOW) diet or the unchanging diet plus a daily café supplement from 10 as far as 24 weeks of age. The noradrenergic answers enable an structure to elicit a accelerated response to accommodate temporary thermogenic demands of diet and atmosphere, and act via incitement of thermogenesis in BAT in guy and animals. The sympathoplegic drug α-methylparatyrosine (α MPT) was executed groups (250 mg α-MPT/kg BW, i.p.) to ablate friendly (SNS) activity or a sham dose of physiologic saline likely, and measures of resting on fire obtained at thermal impartiality (30°C) before and after the α-MPT or sham presidency. Following café overfeeding, both groups knowing a 67% increase in body burden (BW) and a 25% increase in VO2, whereas usually CHOW fed rats knowledgeable only a 40% increase in BW and no additional upgrade in VO2, and the sham injection had no effect on usual physiological backlashes as predicted.  Sympathetic barrier with α-MPT was associated with moderate decreases in body hotness and an average 15% decrease in VO2 in both α-MPT discussed groups, but when the RMR data were arithmetically rectified to isothermal conditions only a net 3% decrease happen in CHOW fed rats, while the α-MPT situation resulted in a 12 % decrease in two together café groups. Serum T3 concentrations increased by 86 % and urinary catecholamine excrement of VMA >100% following the café diet, but the VMA excretion was basically nil following the sympathetic barrier. These findings plan that the SNS-mediated offering component to DIT following prolonged café overfeeding under environments of thermal impartiality contribute nearly 50% of the thermic answer, compared to as little as 3% of the warm response in usually fed rats, what the total thermic response of DIT likely signifies a mix of short acting SNS and more interminable acting non-SNS mechanisms, containing a likely important thyroidal component in usually lean animals.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies, The University of Health and Humanities, Virgin Islands (UK), and the Einstein Medical Institute, NPB, FL, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V3/article/view/10773

Glucocorticoid Ablation Attenuates Insulin Resistance and Improves Glucose Tolerance in the Obese LA/Ntul//-cp RAT | Chapter 10 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 The counterregulatory belongings of glucocorticoids and insulin that commonly happen in obesity result in the growth of insulin resistance and injured glycemic responses to dietary carbohydrates. Two together adipose fabric and skeletal power are dependent on insulin actions to cause success glucose rude answer, and the combined hormonal effects enhance disordered processes of minimum energy requirement in insulin dependent tissues that mainly correspond to the magnitude of insulin fighting. To determine the belongings of glucocorticoid inhibition on usual insulin-mediated glycemic processes in obese rats, groups (n=6 -12 rats/phenotype) of usually reared durability-prone congenic lean and obese mammals were fed a Purina food diet from 6 to 9 weeks of age, and overfill with the Chow diet plus a very palatable restaurant diet from 9 to 12 weeks of age. The congenic LA/Ntul//-cp rat strain articulates the obese characteristic soon after detaching but remains glucose prejudiced but non-diabetic thereafter. Subgroups of corpulent animals were subjected to reciprocal adrenalectomy (ADX) at 6 weeks of age to away glucocorticoid contributions to glycemic limits. At 6, 9, and 12 weeks of age, each treatment group realized weight gain (WG) and sweet liquid tolerance (OGT). At 6 and 9 weeks of age on the food diet, WG on ADX-obese rats was equivalent to that of their lean littermates, but was doubly that of their lean littermates from 9 to 12 weeks of age. following 30 to 60 record, OGT responses and the area under the OGT curve were injured but not diabetic in obese mammals of all ages, and reverted to those of lean rats following ADX. At 12 weeks of age, the insulin to sweet liquid ratio (I:G) was logical with insulin opposition in obese rats but not in ADX-obesity or lean rats. At 9 and 12 weeks adult, ADX led to the normalization of OGT and glycemic indications in the obese phenotype. These verdicts support normalizationof typical insulin-mediated parts of glycemic parameters and sweet substance uptake in peripheral tissues following glucocorticoid devaluation due to use of congenic obese rats, and plan that the counterregulatory effects of insulin and glucocorticoid hormones can be contributory to the impaired glycemic reactions in the obese phenotype of the LA/N//-cp (fat) rat and are consistent accompanying a receptor-mediated aspect in the development of insulin fighting and glucose uptake in minor tissues commonly guide the early development of obesity in this place strain.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, University of Health and Humanities, Virgin (BVI) and the Einstein Medical Institute, Florida USA.

Aftab R. Awan,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, University of Health and Humanities, Virgin (BVI) and the Einstein Medical Institute, Florida USA.

George P. Einstein,
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, University of Health and Humanities, Virgin (BVI) and the Einstein Medical Institute, Florida USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V2/article/view/10628

Evaluation of Safety Profiles of a Herbal Wound Healing Formulation in Laboratory Animals | Chapter 11 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 The present study stated an acute, Sub severe dermal safety and Mucus membrane sensitivity profile of AO and AO11 in lab animals. This is a very effective wound restorative oil expression developed in house. We have orderly studied the effect of the lubricate in Laboratory Animal for its hematological parameters and raise no hepato or renal toxicity associated with the substitute-chronic dermal exposure of investigational crop and investigational product11 in the animals. Wound is demarcated as the disruption of community tissues by violence or anguish. The restoration of injured or inflamed tissues back  to normal condition is judged as healing.Theformulations were arisen Curcuma longa Linn and Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn rhizomes, Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb bark, Typha angustifolia Linn flowers, Azadirachta indica A.Juss leaveswithout/ with pig fat (AO and AO11 individually) mixed in sure proportion using Sesamum indicum Linn lubricate as a base, manufactured at a GMP ascertained facility. Acute, sub-severe dermal safety, gelled waste membrane irritation sketches were studied by OECD directions number 434, 410 and 405 in Wistar rats and New Zealand rabbits individually.This study was conducted using 10 men and 10 females Wistar rats engaging OECD guideline number 410. For acute study dermal request of 2000 mg/kg single measure and for sub-acute study limit lot protocol of 1000 mg/kg for 28 days was secondhand. For mucus membrane sensitivity test0.10ml dose was secondhand.In an acute study no local reaction, observable changes and mortality was noticed at 2000 mg/kg by dermal route till 14 days. In sub-acute study accompanying dermal application of 1000 mg/kg for 28 days, skilled were no abnormal signs/symptoms at the request site, sameness inbody weight, food devouring, hematology/enzyme sketches, urine analysis, relative tool weights and histopathological observations of internal organs in comparison to control animals. Mucus sheath of rabbits demonstrated no evidence of irritation for both formulations.

Author(s) Details:

S. B. Patankar,
ACE Hospital and Research Centre, 32/2a, Erandwana, Pune-411004, India.

A. M. Mujumdar,
ACE Hospital and Research Centre, 32/2a, Erandwana, Pune-411004, India.

T. Sane,
Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Institute of Research and Development, Matunga, Mumbai-400019, India.

U. Remya,
Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Institute of Research and Development, Matunga, Mumbai-400019, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V1/article/view/10422

Antibacterial Effect of Rose Leaves and Petals Extract Along with Antibiotics on Escherichia coli: An In vitro Evaluation | Chapter 10 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

 The present study was projected to evaluate the antibacterial effect of petals and leaves old tract of red-pink along with resistant medicines against Escherichia coli isolated from various clinical samples. Roses have been intentional for their medicinal features in addition to their fragrance. In old medicine, R. damascena was secondhand for the treatment of abdominal and rib cage pain, menstrual bleeding, digestive questions, depression, grief, fearful stress, ten,sion, skin problems and headaches.  This is a emergency room based prospective study from April to September 2019.Escherichia coli unique from diverse dispassionate samples along with resistance medicines.All resistant isolates were proven along with hibiscus Rosa sinensis extract both leaves and petals extract with resistant medicines. The findings granted that out of total 51, 35 (68.63%) were resistant E. coli isolates to various antibiotics and 85.72% were from excretion samples. Individually, both extracts showed an increase in district size accompanying many resistant antibiotics. Antibiotics like medicine, cefotaxime, cotrimaxazole, cefuroxime, piperacillin, gentamycin showed more augmentation with rose whorl on flower extract than leaves. While antibiotic like levofloxacin (5%) displayed enhancement only with leaves extract and not accompanying the petals extract.it is concluded that red-pink petals and leaves extracts have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli in addition to antibiotics. The request of herbal extracts can decrease the use of antimicrobial agents and have wonderful potential in reducing the antimicrobial opposition of E. coli.

Author(s) Details:

Leena Chimurkar,
Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Deepashri Maraskolhe,
Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Prachi Kamble,
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V1/article/view/10421

Can Caffeine, Ephedrine and Norepinephrine Activate Your Brown Fat? An Experimental Study on the Groups of Lean and Obese LA/Ntul//-cp Rats | Chapter 14 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 8

 Brown fatty tissue happens in man and carnal animals, where it is innervated for one sympathetic central nervous system and is readily stimulated by adrenergic stimulation, and place once stimulated results in significant increases in thermogenic venture. To determine the belongings of norepinephrine (NE) or of caffeine (CAF) unique or in combination accompanying ephedrine (EPH) were determined gang of lean and obese LA/Ntul//-cp Rats, Body weights of obese were >> lean littermates (p=<0.01) and measures of RMR of lean > Obese (p=<0.05). The belongings of caffeine, ephedrine, a hot beverage made from beans of a tree+ephedrine combo, and the ?- agonist epinephrine were checked. Caffeine (CAF) resulted in a 33% increase in VO2, ephedrine (EPH) a 48% increase, the blend CAF+EPH a 53% increase, and the EPI a 33% increase in VO2. The time to peak thermogenic reaction was similar in lean and corpulent phenotypes for each of the 4 treatment procedures, but the duration of the peak answers to each situation differed middle from two points lean and obese phenotypes (Obese > lean) for CAF, EPH and the CAF+EPH alliance but duration of the VO2 response was akin in both phenotypes for the EPI situation. These findings support a powerful CAF-stimulated hot response in two together the lean and obese phenotypes of the congenic LA/Ntul/-cp rat, a answer that was qualitatively similar to that of NE what was further enhanced by EPH unique or in conjunction with CAF. Although the pharmacologic and physiologic mechanisms wrested by the three agents substitute may have various mechanisms of operation, the results show that they are complementary in character in increasing nonshivering explosion parameters and, consequently, metabolic strength expenditure in two together lean and obese rats. In conclusion, while hot beverage made from beans of a tree as monotherapy may cause success limited pressure loss in humans and additional mammalian organisams, the merger of caffeine plus ephedrine was more direct in the lean and obese phenotypes of the congenic, non-diabetic LA/Ntul//-cp (Corpulent) informer. Thus, a case may ought for the role of hot beverage made from beans of a tree and adrenergic agents on increasing the limits of energy payment and may influence energy balance in he and animals.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI MSR1110, USA.

George P. Einstein,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI MSR1110, USA.

Syed A. A. Rizvi,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI MSR1110, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V8/article/view/9939

Can Caffeine, Ephedrine and Norepinephrine Activate Your Brown Fat? An Experimental Study on the Groups of Lean and Obese LA/Ntul//-cp Rats | Chapter 14 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 8

 Brown fatty tissue happens in man and carnal animals, where it is innervated for one sympathetic central nervous system and is readily mobilized by adrenergic stimulation, and place once triggered results in significant increases in thermogenic venture. To determine the belongings of norepinephrine (NE) or of caffeine (CAF) unique or in combination accompanying ephedrine (EPH) were determined camp of lean and obese LA/Ntul//-cp Rats, Body weights of obese were >> lean littermates (p=<0.01) and measures of RMR of lean > Obese (p=<0.05). The belongings of caffeine, ephedrine, a hot beverage made from beans of a tree+ephedrine combo, and the ?- agonist epinephrine were checked. Caffeine (CAF) resulted in a 33% increase in VO2, ephedrine (EPH) a 48% increase, the mixture CAF+EPH a 53% increase, and the EPI a 33% increase in VO2. The time to peak thermogenic reaction was similar in lean and corpulent phenotypes for each of the 4 treatment menus, but the duration of the peak answers to each situation differed 'tween lean and obese phenotypes (Obese > lean) for CAF, EPH and the CAF+EPH mixture but duration of the VO2 response was analogous in both phenotypes for the EPI situation. These findings support a powerful CAF-stimulated hot response in two together the lean and obese phenotypes of the congenic LA/Ntul/-cp rat, a answer that was qualitatively similar to that of NE what was further enhanced by EPH unique or in conjunction with CAF. Although the pharmacologic and physical mechanisms brought out by the three agents substitute may have various mechanisms of operation, the results show that they are complementary in character in increasing nonshivering on fire parameters and, consequently, metabolic strength expenditure in two together lean and obese rats. In conclusion, while hot beverage made from beans of a tree as monotherapy may cause success limited pressure loss in humans and added mammalian organisams, the blend of caffeine plus ephedrine was more active in the lean and obese phenotypes of the congenic, non-diabetic LA/Ntul//-cp (Corpulent) informer. Thus, a case may should for the role of hot beverage made from beans of a tree and adrenergic agents on increasing the limits of energy payment and may enhance energy balance in father and animals.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI MSR1110, USA.

George P. Einstein,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI MSR1110, USA.

Syed A. A. Rizvi,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI MSR1110, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V8/article/view/9939

The Effects of Aging, Obesity and Mechanisms of Impaired Nonshivering Thermogenesis in the LA/Ntul//-cp rat | Chapter 7 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 6

 The predominance of obesity and corpulent conditions has immediately reached epidemic proportions in much of the Western planet, and is generally pretended to be on account of a metabolic imbalance 'tween energy intake and strength expenditure. Animal models show the preferred exploratory tools to interrogate mechanisms of energy metabolism in an attempt to find a pharmacotherapeutic or other dispassionate approach to treat the disordered absorption. The role of injured thermogenesis donates to an economy of energy metabolism that continues throughout the age in the obese phenotype of the fat rat. Obesity and temperate to moderate impaired carbohydrate fortitude develops in the corpulent phenotype of the LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) informer strain by 6 weeks of age. Groups (n=12-20 rats/phenotype] of female congenic lean and corpulent LA/Ntul//-cp (corpulent) rats were augment ad libitum standardized Purina #5012 diet ad family water for 4, 14, or 24 months of age. Measures of Body burden (BW) and of resting oxygen use (RMR; VO2) at thermal impartiality and for up to 45 minutes of (4°C) willing cold exposure, and norepinephrine-aroused thermogenesis (100 ug. s.c.) were persistent at each age. Body weights of lean rats increased only evenly during the study (p=n.s.), but weights of obese phenotype were ~2-fold better at 4 months (p=<0.05), 14 months (p-<0.01), and ~3.5 to 4-fold greater at 24 months adult (p=<0.01). Resting metabolic rates in the lean phenotype decreased sensibly after 24 months (p=<0.05), and they were above resting metabolic rates in the corpulent phenotype at all ages studied (p=<0.05). In 4-temporal length of event or entity's existence-old rats, cold uncovering at 4°C caused a moving 5-fold increase in oxygen consumption later 5 minutes, which cut down to 2x resting metabolic rate inside 15 minutes and stopped unchanged from that time forward in the lean phenotype. In lean 14-month-traditional rats, the increase in oxygen consumption at 5 minutes act average ~4-fold higher than situated levels, and it decreased to two occasions resting levels from 15 to 45 summary of exposure to 4°C. In 24-month-traditional lean rats however, the cold persuaded increases in metabolism were greatly diminished to only ~3x inactive metabolic rates at 5 minutes cold exposure but waited similar to the added lean age groups thereafter. In the corpulent phenotype, the peak responses at 5 proceedings were lower than those of lean rats at 5 summary in 4- and 14-month-old rats and were considerably impaired in 24-period-old rats always measured. Norepinephrine happened in a >1.5-fold increase in oxygen consumption in the lean phenotype at all ages intentional, while in obese rats norepinephrine happened in a~1.4-fold increase in oxygen consumption at 4 months adult with non-important ~1.1 to 1.2-fold increases at the two earlier ages. In both phenotypes, the resting and the norepinephrine-aroused oxygen consumption reactions tended to decrease accompanying increasing age. The verdicts from this research indicate that the obese phenotype has considerably higher corpse weights than their lean littermates across the age spectrum intentional, and that two together resting metabolic rates, 4°C cold exposure, and norepinephrine-aroused thermogenesis are lower in the corpulent phenotype compared to the lean phenotype and enhance lower with age. Thus, the saving of energy metabolism is considered a significant contributory determinant in the epigenetic expression of adipogenesis and fat addition in the obese phenotype concerning this strain.

Author(s) Details:

Orien L. Tulp,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies, USA, Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, The University of Health and Humanities, Virgin Islands, USA and The Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach FL, USA.

George P. Einstein,
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies, USA, Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, The University of Health and Humanities, Virgin Islands, USA and The Einstein Medical Institute, North Palm Beach FL, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V6/article/view/10023

The Postprandial Thermic Effects of Diet Induced Thermogenesis in Congenic Lean and Obese LA/Ntul//-Cp Rats | Chapter 09 | Emerging Trends in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 This study adds crucial new insights and avenues to understanding and investigating the thermogenic effects of diet and diet-induced thermogenesis, as well as their potential contributions to energy balancing mechanisms. Diet-induced thermogenesis has been proposed to account for up to 15% of the caloric content of a meal and to decline with age and obesity. Genetically obese mice have been demonstrated to have impaired thermic responses to diet and environment, which may explain for their better caloric efficiency and contribute to their proclivity to become obesity. The purpose of this study was to see how thermic responses to diet and environment changed in obese rats of different ages. Resting oxygen consumption declined with age, and thermic responses in obese rats were lower than predicted as compared to lean rats, indicating deficits in both sympathetically and non-sympathetically mediated contributions to the process of non-shivering thermogenesis.

Author(S) Details

Orien L. Tulp
University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, British West Indies, USA.

Susan P. De Bolt
College of Medicine, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, USA.

Aftab R. Awan
University of Health and Humanities, Virgin Islands, BWI, USA and Cambridge University, Cambridge UK.

George P. Einstein
College of Medicine, University of Science Arts and Technology, Montserrat, BWI, USA and University of Health and Humanities, Virgin Islands, BWI, USA and Department of Experimental Medicine, Einstein Medical Institute, USA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ETDHR-V5/article/view/6147

Effects of Letrozole on Reproductive Organs of Male Rats of Different Ages | Chapter 5 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.11

Aim: To investigate the reproductive organs in young male rats and those with age-related involution of reproductive organs after long-term administration of letrozole, a steroid aromatase inhibitor, followed by its withdrawal.

The experiments were carried out on Wistar rats aged 5 to 15 months, who were gavaged with letrozole at a dose of 1 mg/kg b. w every other day for 3 months and then ceased for 2 months. The levels of testosterone and estradiol in the blood plasma were determined using immunoassays. Spermatozoa concentrations in epididymal washes were measured. The gonads and ventral prostate morphology were studied, as well as the testicles and accessory sexual glands. The study's findings were compared to those of control animals of the same age.

As a result of letrozole treatment, the ratio of testosterone to estradiol in the blood plasma of aged rats rose. In the epididymis, the average number of spermatozoa increased by 28%. Leydig cells were functionally activated, according to histological examination, with significant delays in involutive changes in their number and form. Some of the Leydig cells had functional depletion symptoms. Letrozole raised the relative weights of the coagulation gland by 40%, seminal vesicles by 31%, and the ventral prostate by 33% as compared to control rats. Two months after the letrozole was stopped, there were no indicators of difference between the letrozole-treated and control animals. In young rats, the effects of letrozole were almost imperceptible.

Conclusions: Letrozole raises the testosterone/estradiol ratio in blood plasma, spermatozoa content in epididymia, and the weights of androgen-dependent accessory sexual glands in male rats with age-related involution of the reproductive system. After that, age-related morphological changes in the gonad and prostate gland slow down. Letrozole's effects on reproduction are reversible.

Author(s) Details:

A. G. Reznikov
V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 69 Vyshgorodska str., Kiev, 04114, Ukraine.


O. V. Sachynska,
V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 69 Vyshgorodska str., Kiev, 04114, Ukraine.


L. I. Polyakova,
V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 69 Vyshgorodska str., Kiev, 04114, Ukraine.

O. A. Faliush,
V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 69 Vyshgorodska str., Kiev, 04114, Ukraine.

A. V. Yanishevskiy,
V. P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 69 Vyshgorodska str., Kiev, 04114, Ukraine.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V11/article/view/6077

Study on Heart rate Variability and Heart Rate under General Anesthesia in Rats of Both Sexes | Chapter 02 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The effects of general anaesthesia on autonomic function and baroreflex regulation are well documented. Intravenous anaesthetics can affect the activity of sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) by having various qualitative and quantitative effects on the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS). There is currently a scarcity of information on sex differences in ANS activity or sex differences in ANS activities under anaesthesia.

The primary goal of this study was to see how spectral powers of heart rate variability (HRV) affected changes in heart rate (HR), total spectral power of HRV, and the low-frequency (LF)/high-frequency (HF) ratio in healthy, sexually mature rats of both sexes spontaneously breathing during the light (inactive) and dark (active) periods of their regimen day.

Experiments were carried out on male and female Wistar rats anaesthetized with zoletil (30 mg/kg [intraperitoneal]) after a four-week adaptation to a light-dark (LD) cycle (12h:12h). According to sex and light period, the mice were placed into four experimental groups (n=20 each). HR, HRV spectral powers (very low frequency, LF, and HF), and the LF/HF ratio were measured 20 minutes after anaesthesia was administered.

Conclusions and Results: In both sexes and during both light times of the regimen day, Zoletil had a tachycardic impact. The autonomic nervous system was engaged in HR changes in both light periods in females, while HR was not dependent on autonomic nervous system activity in males; as a result, the authors assume that it was primarily driven by other factors. HRV was determined in females by sympathetic and baroreflex activity during both light times, whereas HRV was determined in males by parasympathetic activity during both light phases. The effect of LF on the LF/HF ratio was substantial in females but not in males, whereas the effect of HF on the LF/HF ratio was minimal in both sexes and light periods.

Author(S) Details

P. Svorc
Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty Safarik’s University, Kosice, Slovak Republic and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty Ostrava University, Ostrava, Czech Republic.

D. Petrasova
Laboratory of Research Bio-models, Medical Faculty Safarik’s University, Kosice, Slovak Republic.

P. Svorc Jr
Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty Ostrava University, Ostrava, Czech Republic.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V5/article/view/5576

The Effect of Pests and Their Co – Infections on Senior High School Students in the Greater Kumasi: A Study of Some Selected Senior High Schools | Chapter 09 | Innovations in Science and Technology Vol. 4

 The most prevalent mammals on the earth are pests, insects, and rodents. These mammals are responsible for the transmission of more than 200 diseases to humans and animals all over the world. They do significant damage to a wide range of structures. Because resources that would otherwise be spent for development projects are diverted to avoid hospitalisation and manage outbreaks, epidemics and diseases have a substantial economic impact on a country's economy. Infected invasive mosquito species have been found to increase in both local and worldwide borders as a result of escalating environmental changes. The goals of this chapter were to look at the most common boarding house pests that cause the most problems for students, to identify pest infestations and disease-causing agents, and to learn how pests are controlled using chemicals, physical, mechanical, and biological methods, as well as integrated pest management. Respondents were studied using a descriptive research approach. The study used a sample size (n) of 227 respondents. The approaches utilised were simple random sampling, purposive sampling, and stratified sampling. Respondents were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to collect and analyse data (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The majority (74.1 percent) of students have complained of pest and insect-borne ailments, with the bulk of these insects and rodents appearing in bedrooms (43.8 percent), kitchens (26.4 percent), and classrooms (13.4 percent). This chapter, on the other hand, suggests that the Ghana Education Service take immediate efforts to avoid the spread of pests and insects, such as repairing windows or leisure areas, nets and windows, and doors, and spraying regularly.

Author(S) Details

Adanse, John
Department of Hospitality Management, Bolgatanga Technical University, P. O. Box 767, Bolgatanga, Upper East Region, Ghana.

Anita Serwaa Agyemang
Home Economics Department, Islamic Senior High School , Box 1393, Kumasi, Ghana.

Sussana Antwi-Boasiako
Department Hospitality Management, Accra Technical University, GP 561, Barnes Road, Accra, Ghana.

Grace Efua Owusu Gyasi
Department of Hospitality Management, Box 981 Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Ghana.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IST-V4/article/view/5562

Scientific Investigation of Borreria hispida (Linn) – A Tamil Traditional Medicinal Plant against Hyperlipidemia Disease | Chapter 13 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 3

 The goal of this study was to see how different extracts of the whole plant of Borreria hispida (Linn) affected lipid levels in high-fat rats. Borreria hispida (Linn) dry powder was extracted using a Soxhlet extractor with various solvents (PE, EA, and methanol), and the crude various extract was used for hypolipidemic activities. All of the extracts were confirmed to be safe up to 2000mg/kg in the acute toxicity investigation, hence one hundredth of this dose was used as the assessment dose. Borreria hispida (Linn) extracts (Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate, and Methanol) were given to rats fed a high-fat diet at a dose of 200mg/kg/day to see if they may help lower cholesterol levels. Six groups of six animals were formed from a total of 36 animals. Group I was normal, Group II was a high-fat diet, Group III was a high-fat diet plus pet.ether extract (200 mg/kg b.wt), Group IV was a high-fat diet plus ethyl acetate extract (200 mg/kg b.wt), Group V was a high-fat diet plus methanol extract (200 mg/kg b.wt), and Group VI was a high-fat diet plus atorvastatin (1.2) The HFD fed group had a noticeable rise in body weight (p0.001), which was reduced by the administration of Borreria hispida methanolic extract (200 mg/kg). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, LDL-C, and VLDL-C levels were all higher in rats on a high-fat diet (group II). When compared to HFD rats, rats treated with a methanolic extract of Borreria hispida (200mg/kg/day) showed a substantial (p0.001) decrease in body weight, plasma and tissue total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, plasma LDL-C and VLDL-C, as well as an increase in plasma HDL-C. (group II). The other two extract treatment groups did not provide similar results. Borreria hispida methanolic extract may protect against atherosclerosis and lower the atherogenic index compared to other extract treatment groups. This discovery gives some biochemical evidence for the use of a methanolic extract of the whole plant of Borreria hispida to prevent atherosclerosis and lower the atherogenic index, consequently bolstering the use of Borreria hispida in the management of atherosclerosis on a local level.

Author (S) Details

C. D. Shaji Selvin
St. John’s College of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Kattappana South Post, Idukki Dist, Keralar- 685515, India.

Jambula Dinesh Babu
Department of Pharmacology, Scient Institute of Pharmacy, Ibrahimpatnam, Mandal, Ranga reddy Dist, Telangana-501 506, India.

A. Kottai Muthu
Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V3/article/view/2959