Procalcitonin Patterns in Sepsis: An Indian Insight into Tropical Infections | Chapter 12 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 

Background: Sepsis remains a critical global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions where diverse pathogens—ranging from bacteria and fungi to malaria and dengue—trigger complex host responses.

 

Aim: This study aimed to characterise procalcitonin (PCT) dynamics in sepsis patients, with a special focus on tropical infections, at a rural teaching hospital in India.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Microbiology and General Medicine departments of SBKS Medical Institute & Research Centre, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, between September 2012 and December 2015. After ethical approval, we enrolled 155 adult patients (aged >18 years) clinically diagnosed with sepsis (according to the 1992/2001 definitions). Initial PCT measurement employed a semi-quantitative assay (until March 2015), later transitioned to a QDx Instacheck quantitative method. Patients were categorised by aetiology: 98 tropical sepsis, 46 non-tropical sepsis, and 11 with unidentified causes.

 

Results: PCT levels on admission were distributed as follows: ≤0.5 ng/mL in 43 patients, >0.5 to <2 ng/mL in 32, ≥2 to <10 ng/mL in 55, and ≥10 ng/mL in 25. The majority exhibited PCT in the 2–10 ng/mL range. Elevated PCT (≥2 ng/mL) was common across bacterial, fungal, and malarial infections, whereas dengue cases predominantly had PCT ≤0.5 ng/mL. Peak PCT levels (≥10 ng/mL) were strongly associated with severe disease and higher mortality.

 

Conclusions: In the rural Indian cohort, PCT elevation was not specific enough to distinguish among bacterial, fungal, and malarial sepsis but proved highly indicative of dengue when levels remained ≤0.5 ng/mL. Exceptionally high PCT correlated with disease severity and mortality. These findings underscore PCT’s potential as a rapid biomarker to guide early diagnostic assessments and risk stratification in tropical sepsis settings—and particularly for identifying dengue cases with low PCT.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Hairya Ajaykumar Lakhani
SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre, Vadodara, India.

 

Aarjuv Majmundar
Department of Medicine, SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre, Vadodara, India.

 

Miloni Mineshbhai Nada
Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Affiliated to the Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, India.

 

Radhika Khara
Department of Microbiology, Banas Medical College & Research Institute, Palanpur, India.

 

Sucheta Lakhani
Department of Microbiology, SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre, Vadodara, India.

 

Jitendra D. Lakhani
Department of Medicine, SBKS Medical Institute and Research Centre, Vadodara, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v5/6189

Exploring Lie Symmetry Analysis within a Nonlinear System Characterizing Endemic Malaria |Chapter 1 | Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 9

 

This book chapter delves into the integrability of a nonlinear system characterized by the emergence of endemic Malaria, utilizing Prelle-Singer and Lie symmetry analysis techniques. The model involves three nonlinear differential equations representing interactions among susceptible humans, infected humans, and infected mosquitoes. Through examining the biological plausibility of the proposed model and scrutinizing the integrability of the nonlinear system, this study sheds light on its dynamics. Furthermore, it showcases the integrability of the model through the presentation of an explicit solution. Additionally, exact invariant solutions of the model are derived by employing the obtained infinitesimal generators and corresponding similarity reduction equations, enriching our comprehension of the system’s behaviour and potential strategies for combating Malaria.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Maba Boniface Matadi
Department of Mathematics, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, Kwa Dlange Zwa 3886, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rumcs/v9/9052A

Prevalence and Distribution of Chloroquine Resistance and Susceptible Alleles of Plasmodium falciparum from Selected Primary Health Centers in North-Western Nigeria: Implications for Malaria Treatment | Chapter 2 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 5

Background: Since the detection of P. falciparum resistant to ACT in western Cambodia, malaria control and elimination efforts have become seriously threatened. The decline in the sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) in Nigeria has prompted the unofficial use of chloroquine (CQ) for self-medication. Due to the lost cost and effectiveness of CQ, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of chloroquine resistance alleles Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from north-western Nigeria to assess the possibility of reintroducing CQ in this region.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, across five states in north-western Nigeria. After collecting a total of 466 P. falciparum-positive blood samples from various primary health centres in the states. DNA was extracted from these samples and analysed for the presence of mutations in the Pfcrt (K76T) and Pfmdr1 (N86Y) genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The prevalence of these mutations was determined and their distribution was analysed using chi-square, odds ratios, and paired t-tests.

 

Results: The drug-susceptible Pfmdr1 N86 alleles were the most prevalent, observed in 47.9% of the samples, while the drug-resistant 86Y alleles were found in 28.3%. Also, the Pfcrt K76 alleles, responsible for CQ susceptibility, were present in 17.4% of samples, whereas the 76T alleles, responsible for resistance, were found in 12.4%. Mixed infections (K76T) were the least common at 3.6%. Significant variations were observed in the distribution of these alleles across the different states. Demographic analysis also showed variations in allele prevalence based on gender and age but were not statistically significant.

 

Conclusion: The high prevalence of CQ-susceptible alleles, especially Pfmdr1 N86, suggests a reduction in CQ resistance in north-western Nigeria which aligns with trends observed in other regions where CQ-sensitive strains have resurfaced after the withdrawal of CQ. The results of this study suggest the possibility of (re)introducing CQ for malaria treatment in north-western Nigeria and provide insight into the genetic background of P. falciparum in the study area, especially if continuous surveillance and molecular monitoring are maintained. This is also a valuable tool in mitigating the threat posed by ACT resistance.

 

Author(s) Details

Ruqayyah H. Muhammad
Department of Biological Sciences, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano, Nigeria.

 

Ishaya H. Nock
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

 

Iliya S. Ndams
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

 

Jonathan B. George
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

 

Yusuf Deeni
University of Abertay, Bell Street Dundee DD1 1HG, UK.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v5/1516

Ethnopharmacology of Antimalarial Herbal Agents for Traditional Medicine Practice in Ethiopia: A Review | Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 7

Background: Malaria is one of the parasitic infections that cause enormous public health, economic, and emotional burdens in many tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Controlling and treating malaria has become more challenging due to vector mosquito resistance to existing pesticides and the establishment of multidrug resistance by malaria parasites to commonly used antimalarial medications. New antimalarial alternative medications and mosquito control strategies are immediately needed. Like most African countries, Ethiopia is prosperous in a wide range of tropical habitats, and remarkable biodiversity and relies on traditional medicines to treat various illnesses.

 

Objectives: The present study aimed to discuss ethnopharmacological activities (medicinal properties), phytochemistry, and safety (toxicity) of some of the commonly used antimalarial herbal agents in Ethiopia and around, which could have significant potential for antimalarial drug discovery and development.

 

Insights: In light of the increasing level of multidrug-resistant malaria, traditional medicine could be an essential, affordable and sustainable alternative source of treatment. The traditional uses of most plants for the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia have been supported by In vitro and In vivo studies. There is a vast majority of unexplored flora and folklore, which, if they are systematically explored, will provide additional new leads and drugs for malaria treatment and control. Further studies for antimalarial drug discovery and development should focus on the identification of the active constituents as well as pharmacokinetic profiles of the promising candidates studied so far in the area.

 

Author (s) Details

Asmare Amuamuta
Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klonglung, Pathum Thani, Thailand.

 

Kesara Na-Bangchang
Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klonglung, Pathum Thani, Thailand.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v7/2409

Nano-Formulation and Preclinical Study of Dihydroartemisinin-Lumefantrine Antimalarial Drug | Chapter 1 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 6

 

Artemisinin-based combinations (ACTs) are currently recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of both complicated and uncomplicated malaria. A mixture of artemisinin and lumefantrine is considered the first-line antimalarial drug in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. However, antimalarial drugs are presently being faced with some challenges including low aqueous solubility, non-specificity, low bioavailability, increased dose frequency to maintain the drug therapeutic level in the blood plasma, and poor drug release profile. Drug nanoformulation in a suitable drug carrier system has been expansively studied and shown to improve the drug release profile, and drug aqueous solubility, reducing dose frequency which in turn reduces the drug toxicity and enhances drug bioavailability, hence improving drug efficacy. This work was aimed at designing, nano-formulating, and characterizing DHA-LUM double nano-formulated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) (DHA-LUM SLNs) as a potential drug-delivery system. SLNs were prepared by a modified single solvent extraction method based on a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion. The mean zeta potential, polydispersity index, and particle size of the DHA-LUM SLNs were 308.4±3.8 nm, 0.29±0.02, and -16.0±1.3 mV respectively. The encapsulation efficiencies of DHA and LUM in the double nano-formulated drug were 93.92±0.47% and 33.65±1.58% respectively while the loading capacities for DHA and LUM were 11.87±0.0% and 24.10±2.88% respectively. DHA and LUM drugs followed the Kors-Peppas drug release model in the in-vitro drug release studies with a steady drug release recorded for over 72 hours. Morphological analysis by scanning electron microscope showed smooth spherical-shaped DHA-LUM-SLNs. The FTIR overlay spectra showed great similarity in the peak bands of the empty and drug-loaded nanoparticles. The drug-loaded nanoparticles showed less pronounced peaks as compared to DHA and LUM-free drugs. This showed a successful nano-formulation process. The nanoformulated DHA-LUM-SLNs were 31% more effective as compared with conventional oral dose tested in Plasmodium berghei-infected Swiss albino mice. This study showed a successful method for double nano-formulation of the antimalarial drug.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Pesila Akeyo Odera
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Geoffrey Otieno
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Joab Otieno Onyango
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

James Jorum Owuor
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Florence Anyango Oloo
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya and Centre for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University Medical Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Martin Ongas
Centre for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University Medical Centre, Nairobi, Kenya and Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Jeremiah Gathirwa
Centre of Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Bernhards Ogutu
Centre for Research in Therapeutic Sciences, Strathmore University Medical Centre, Nairobi, Kenya and Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v6/1044

Assessing the Role of Saliva and Urine in Detecting Molecular Markers of Plasmodium falciparum Resistance to Antimalarial Drugs | Chapter 2 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

Background: Various interventions such as insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, rapid diagnostic tests, and, more recently, vaccines (RTS, S/AS01, and R21/Matrix-M), continue to play a crucial role in the malaria control strategy. The malaria diagnostic tools developed to date require blood to be taken. However, certain groups in the population are reluctant to take and or give blood samples because of their cultural habits (blood taboo), or because of the fear associated with the trauma of the injection, especially when the sample is taken repeatedly. Saliva and urine, which are not very invasive to collect, have not been widely used for malaria diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of saliva and urine in detecting molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs.

Methodology: This prospective study took place at the Anonkoua Kouté Health Center and the Port-Bouët and Ayamégeneral hospitals from February to August 2015. Blood, urine, and saliva samples were collected in three different localities from 94 patients over 2 years of age with microscopically confirmed Plasmodium falciparum uncomplicated malaria. P. falciparum genomic DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was then extracted and amplified using primers specific for the Pfcrt (Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter), Pfdhfr (Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase) and PfK13 propeller (Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 propeller) genes. The amplification products were processed by electrophoresis and analyzed against blood, saliva, and urine samples. A multivariate statistical analysis in the R programming environment was performed. A statistical difference and/or association was considered significant if the p-value < 0.05.

Results: This study involved a comparative analysis of the amplification products of urine, saliva, and blood DNA extracts with a view to finding an alternative to blood sampling in the molecular diagnosis of malaria and the study of genetic markers of antimalarial drug resistance. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the amplification products of each gene detected the Pfcrt genes at 80.85% (76/94), Pfdhfr at 95.74% (90/94) and PfK13 Propeller at 98.93% (93/94) in blood. In saliva, gene detection levels were 50% (47/94), 69.14% (65/94) and 4.26% (4/94) respectively for the K13 propeller, Pfdhfr, and Pfcrt genes. Unlike the Pfcrt gene, which was not detected, 45.74% (43/94) and 38.30% (36/94) of PfK13 Propeller and pfdhfr genes respectively were detected in urine. Taking blood as the reference biological sample, statistical analysis showed that, unlike urine, saliva exhibited a detection performance for molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance (pfcrt, pfdhfr, pfK13 propeller) close to that of blood (p < 0.05). The performance of saliva and urine was also assessed on the basis of the detection of the molecular markers pfdhfr, pfcrt, and pfK13 using ROC (Reciever Operational Characteristic) analysis. The data revealed a high sensitivity of saliva compared with urine in the detection of the pfdhfr, pfcrt, and pfK13 propeller genes.

Conclusion: Current malaria diagnostic tools all require blood sampling, which is still not accepted by patients. The levels of detection of molecular markers of antimalarial drugs studied in saliva are close to those in blood. Saliva is a high-performance biological product that could potentially be used as an alternative non-invasive sample for the study of molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dagnogo Oléfongo
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Dago Dougba Noél
Training and Research Unit (UFR) of Biological Sciences, Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Kouman Kouamé Bouatini Angélo
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

Ako Ako Ako Aristide Bérenger
Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Bla Kouakou
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

Touré Offianan André
Training and Research Unit (UFR) of Biological Sciences, Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Djaman Allico Joseph
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v7/2519

Exploring Lie Symmetry Analysis within a Nonlinear System Characterizing Endemic Malaria | Chapter 1| Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 9

 This book chapter delves into the integrability of a nonlinear system characterized by the emergence of endemic Malaria, utilizing Prelle-Singer and Lie symmetry analysis techniques. The model involves three nonlinear differential equations representing interactions among susceptible humans, infected humans, and infected mosquitoes. Through examining the biological plausibility of the proposed model and scrutinizing the integrability of the nonlinear system, this study sheds light on its dynamics. Furthermore, it showcases the integrability of the model through the presentation of an explicit solution. Additionally, exact invariant solutions of the model are derived by employing the obtained infinitesimal generators and corresponding similarity reduction equations, enriching our comprehension of the system’s behaviour and potential strategies for combating Malaria.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Maba Boniface Matadi
Department of Mathematics, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, Kwa Dlange Zwa 3886, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rumcs/v9/9052A

Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Among Children in Minna, North Central, Nigeria | Chapter 9 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

 

Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, predominantly caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It is responsible for millions of deaths annually, with children being the most affected group. The study was conducted in Minna, the capital of Niger State in North Central Nigeria, with the objective of determining the seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to P. falciparum in children. This cross-sectional study involved 93 children aged 6 months to 17 years, recruited from outpatient departments of selected healthcare facilities in Minna. Blood samples were collected for malaria parasite detection and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testing. The results show a high seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against P. falciparum antigens among children in Minna, indicating widespread exposure to malaria rather than protective immunity. Additionally, the presence of IgG antibodies in microscopically negative samples further indicates the potential for submicroscopic infections, which were confirmed by PCR. Parasite density did not significantly affect IgG responses, with seroprevalence reflecting exposure intensity rather than infection severity. Furthermore, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in antibody responses across different age groups, suggesting that age does not play a significant role in the development of anti-malarial IgG responses. However, a significant difference (P<0.05) in seroprevalence was observed between males and females, indicating unequal exposure to P. falciparum between the sexes. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of IgG antibodies in malaria immunity, highlighting the complex relationship between exposure, antibody production, and protection in children from malaria-endemic regions. The study emphasizes the importance of improving diagnostic tools and the need for further research into the immune responses that could lead to better control and prevention measures.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Dr. Usman-Yamman Hadijah
Department of Public Health, Newgate University Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

 

Dr. Eke S. Samuel
Department of Biology, Air Force Institute of Technology, Nigerian Airforce Base, Kaduna, Nigeria.

 

Dr. Otuu A. Chidiebere
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

 

Prof. Omalu C. J. Innocent
Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

 

Prof. Abubakar Abdulkadir
Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v5/2902

Exploring Ocular Morphological Alterations in Iron Deficiency Anemia through Optical Coherence Tomography: A Comprehensive Analysis | Chapter 7 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 9

Anemia, characterized by insufficient red blood cells and impaired oxygen-carrying capacity, affects billions globally, with a high prevalence among women and children. This study explores the multifactorial etiology of anemia, focusing on preventable factors such as inadequate diet, poor living conditions, and infections. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), a diagnostic tool offering high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of biological tissues, is employed to investigate the ocular impact of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Various studies utilizing OCT reveal consistent correlations between IDA and structural changes in the peripapillary retinal fiber layer (RNFL) and macula. These changes are associated with serum ferritin levels, hemoglobin concentrations, and other iron profile parameters. In conclusion, this comprehensive review and study underscore the significance of OCT in evaluating ocular changes associated with iron deficiency anemia. The consistent patterns observed across multiple studies emphasize the potential clinical utility of OCT as a non-invasive tool for monitoring and managing IDA-related ocular manifestations. This research lays the foundation for further exploring and applying OCT in clinical assessments, offering valuable insights for early detection and intervention in preserving ocular health in anemic populations.

Author(s) Details:

Praveen Prashant,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, HR, India.

Dinesh Kumar,
Department of Physiology, World College of Medical Sciences, Jhajjar, Haryana, India.

Abhishek Bansal,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, HR, India.

Pragya Dixit,
ESI Health Care Haryana, ESI Hospital Panipat, HR, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V9/article/view/13734

Malaria and Severity of Anemia in Children under 7 Years of Age in the Western Region of Côte d’Ivoire| Chapter 5 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

Background: Anemia is a major public health problem, affecting nearly one-quarter of the world’s population. The prevalence of anemia in 2019 among children aged 6–59 months was 72.2%, and among women of childbearing age it was 51%. It is defined as a reduction in the hemoglobin level in the peripheral blood to below the normal threshold set for a particular population. Very often in the subtropics, helminths or malaria co-infect an individual, causing morbidities that vary by age and region. This study aims to characterize the type of anemia observed in children under 7 years of age infected with malaria in the western region of Côte d’Ivoire, to recommend a better strategy of care.

Methods: The study was carried out from March 2020 to May 2021 in 22 villages in Man, Tonkpi Region, with a cohort of 451 children, both male and female, aged from 3 months to 6 years. The children provided venous blood samples for the diagnosis and characterization of anemia (full blood count), and Giemsa staining (GS) (thick and thin smears) and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were used for the diagnosis of malaria. Risk factors and morbidity profiles were assessed using a questionnaire. The data were exported for the analysis to SPSS and Stata. Logistic regressions models were employed to identify independent risk factors and morbidity patterns associated with Plasmodium falciparum mono-infection and co-infections.

Results: Of the 451 children who completed the study, 221 (49.0%) were female and 230 (51.0%) were male. Both sexes (males and females) were equally affected, although children aged 3 months to 2 years were affected slightly often more than older children. The prevalence of anemia was 55.0%, distributed as 30.7% mild, 66.1% moderate, and 3.2% severe anemia. The characterization of anemia revealed that hypochromic microcytic anemia (HMA) was the predominant type, being found in 195 (78.63%) children. It was followed by normochromic microcytic anemia (29 children, 11.69%), normochromic normocytic anemia (14 children, 5.65%), and, finally, hypochromic normocytic anemia (10 children, 4.03%). The prevalence of malaria was 66.7% and 78.3% based on GS and RDTs, respectively. The closed association between malaria (Plasmodium) and anemia led to P. falciparum alone causing 56.7% of mild, 51.3% of moderate, and 37.5% of severe anemia in children.

Conclusion: Malaria infection was highly prevalent among children aged ≤ 7 years in both sex and in different age groups, although the number of Plasmodium parasites present during infections was greatest in younger children. Similarly, the prevalence of anemia was high, with moderate anemia and HMA being more prevalent in children ≤ 7 years of age in the western region of Côte d’Ivoire.

Author(s) Details:

Mocket Adolphe Ehouman,
Infestious Diseaes Department, Olopam Pharma and Research and Development, Abidjan, Coˆte d’Ivoire and Unite´ de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universite´ Fe´lix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Coˆte d’Ivoire.

Kouakou Eliezer N’Goran,
Unite´ de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universite´ Fe´lix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Coˆte d’Ivoire.

Gaoussou Coulibaly,
Unite´ de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universite´ Fe´lix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Coˆte d’Ivoire.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V2/article/view/13505

Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Evolutionary Characteristics of Malaria in Children with Sickle Cell Disease | Chapter 7 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

Background: Malaria is a major public health problem in our countries where its distribution is similar to sickle cell disease. According to the latest world report on malaria, there are 249 million cases in 2022 with 608,000 deaths.

Children under 5 years old represent approximately 78% of all malaria deaths in WHO Africa Region where we find 94% of all malaria cases and 95% of deaths [16=1].

The relationship between sickle cell disease and malaria is the subject of much controversy. However, there is a lack of data on our services. Our objective was to study the epidemiological, diagnostic and evolutionary characteristics of malaria in children with sickle cell disease followed in a specialized setting.

Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) who presented with malaria and were followed at the Ambulatory Care Unit for Sickle Cell Children and Adolescents (USAD) at the Albert Royer National Children’s Hospital in Dakar, Senegal, West Africa from January 1st, 2017, to December 31st, 2019. We included all the following pediatric patients, less than 16 years, with sickle cell disease who presented at least one episode of malaria, confirmed by a positive thick drop, during these 3 years. We did not include patients with incomplete records or those older than 16 years. The clinical and biological signs, and the follow-up was collected and analyzed with Excel package 2019.

Results: Of 3773 patients followed for sickle cell disease, 21 had presented malaria. The frequency was 0.5% or 7 cases/year. However, we exploited the data of 14 of them. The sex ratio was 6 boys for a girl and the mean age at admission was 7.3 years. The highest number of malaria cases was observed in 2018 and the peak frequency was observed in November with 8 cases (57.1%). Fever was the most frequent symptom, observed in 10 patients (71.4%). All patients were SS homozygous, with a mean baseline hemoglobin level of 7.5g/dl. All patients had a positive thick blood smear and Plasmodium falciparum was the only species found in the blood smear, with a mean parasite density of 1693 parasites/ml of blood. All patients had anemia, with a mean hemoglobin level of 7.74 g/dl. Twelve patients (85.7%) were hospitalized and had all received inject- able artesunate followed by oral Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT). Long-lasting insecticidal nets were used in 9 patients (69.2%). The evolution was favorable in all patients, and any death was reported.

Conclusion: The patients who presented the association of malaria and sickle cell disease were all SS homozygotes. However, malaria must be considered as serious in this chronic anemic setting. That’s why it is important to improve prophylaxis. Therefore, it is important to make different strategies to reduce the global burden.

Author(s) Details:

Indou Deme/Ly,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Cheikh Binetou Fall,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Awa Kane,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Ibrahima Diop,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Aminata Mbaye,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Yaaye Joor Dieng,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Denika Estelle Liapoui,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Idrissa Demba Ba,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Abou Ba,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Aliou Thiongane,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Papa Moctar Faye,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Amadou Lamine Fall,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Ibrahima Diagne,
Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal.

Ousmane Ndiaye,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V1/article/view/13215

Investigations Pertaining to the Field of Pharmacognosy Concerning Coleus rotundifolius L. | Chapter 4 | Recent Trends in the Study of Botanical Research Volume - 1

 Coleus rotundifolius L., a member of the Lamiaceae family, is recognized by its vernacular name "Patharchur" in Hindi. It presents as a sizable succulent perennial herb, characterized by its aromatic qualities. The plant's leaves have historically found application in diverse medicinal contexts such as malarial fever, hepatopathy, renal and vesicle calculi, cough, chronic asthma, bronchitis, hiccough, anthelmintic purposes, colic pain, and convulsions. The present paper undertakes a comprehensive investigation of the pharmacognostic attributes pertaining to the leaves, stems, and roots of C. rotundifolius, encompassing an array of distinct parameters.

Author(s) Details:

Pratima Patel,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Mohammad Salim,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Jay Singh Patel,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTSBR-V1/article/view/12451

Utility of Prognostic Scoring in Severe Malaria| Chapter 4 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

 This division describe about subsequent APACHE II Scores for Prediction of Mortality in Patients with Severe Malaria and Admitted to Critical Care Facilities. The brisk development of exhaustive care units (ICUs) created the need for determinable and clinically relevant proxy outcome measures so that evaluate the influence of treatment practices. This long study was carried out subsequently getting inevitable ethics cabinet approval. Score of APACHE II on days 0, 2nd and 7th were evaluated and appropriate mathematical tests were applied. Out of 120 cases, 54 patients were of P. vivax, P. falciparum - 60 and six assorted infection sufferers. Mean APACHE II score was maximum on day 0 attended by day 2 and 7 in curtailing order. Serial scoring grant permission exhibit an upward or downward trend, in accordance with the current study, and is a better prognosis evidence than a single asperity assessment. The APACHE II score was statistically better on all days in patients the one didn’t survive. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve when schemed showed score of APACHE II eventually 2 - cut-off ≥ 14 to be ultimate valid in humanness prediction accompanying a sensitivity of 64.28% and precision of 87.80% as most of the results were on the abandoned from the diagonal line and had excellent area under the curve. Comparing APACHE II subsequent measurement to a distinct score measurement can be considered. As parasite count is a exact predictor of the asperity of malaria, it maybe included in the prognostic notch system. Since the subsequent score from the second day considerably distinguishes between survivors and non-survivors, the prognostic score APACHE II was erect to be beneficial in patients accompanying severe falciparum/vivax sickness who necessary intensive care situation. The optimum halt for identifying individuals at extreme risk of mortality is 14, and the Day-2 APACHE II score is an ideal biomarker for concluding the outcomes of ICU patient. Malaria is a big cause of tropical infection of blood in India leading to important amount of mortality. As a method for determining the asperity of malaria, the APACHE II style and inclusion of the parasite count in addition to the severity score each of the seven organ dysfunctions can perform better.

Author(s) Details:

Aarjuv Majmunda,
Department of Medicine, SBKS MI and RC, SVDU, Vadodara, India.

Prayans Shah,
Department of Medicine, SBKS MI and RC, SVDU, Vadodara, India.

Jayant Mayavanshi,
Department of Medicine, SBKS MI and RC, SVDU, Vadodara, India.

Chintan Shah,
Department of Medicine, SBKS MI and RC, SVDU, Vadodara, India.

Sucheta Lakhani,

Department of Microbiology, SBKS MI and RC, SVDU, Vadodara, India.

Jitendra D. Lakhani,
Department of Medicine, SBKS MI and RC, SVDU, Vadodara, India.

Shubham Darda,
Department of Medicine, SBKS MI and RC, SVDU, Vadodara, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V2/article/view/11192

Enhanced Antimalarial Therapy Using Mefloquine and Artesunate in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum| Chapter 5 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 The current study proposed to investigate hopeful alternative regimens of artesunate-mefloquine with revised efficacy to deal with multidrug resistant P. falciparum. Malaria-accompanying mortality has wonderfully reduced during the last two decades because the introduction of artemisinin-located combination remedy (ACT). Data from the previously written article on the clinical efficiency of the three-day artesunate-mefloquine blend in the Thai-Myanmar borders during 2008-2009 were secondhand for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis. All subjects were treated with a three-era combination of artesunate-mefloquine. Population PK-PD models were grown. Data from clinical remarks were used to validate the grown models. Based on mefloquine sensitivity, patient adherence, and dependent biomass, simulations of the clinical productiveness of alternative mefloquine regimens were completed activity. The created PK/PD models are well described accompanying data from dispassionate observations. For mefloquine-opposing P. falciparum, a three-day standard menu of artesunate-mefloquine is suitable (>50% efficacy) only when the level of bootlicker sensitivity was < 1.5-fold of the halt level (IC50 < 36 nM). For mefloquine-sensitive deadbeats with IC50 < 23.19 nM (0.96-fold), all procedures provided satisfactory productiveness. In the isolates with IC50 of 24 nM, regime-I is recommended. Curative situation criteria for mefloquine and artesunate were C336h (>408 ng.mL-1) or Cmax/IC50 (>130.1 g.m/M) and Cmax/IC50 (>381.2 g.m/M), individually. A three-day artesunate-mefloquine is suitable for mefloquine-opposing P. falciparum with IC50 of < 36 nM. Efficacy of the shortened dose procedures is satisfactory only when IC50 was < 24 nM.

Author(s) Details:

Teerachat Saeheng,
Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College, 99 moo 18, Phaholyothin Road, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongneung, Klongluang District, Pathumthani-12121, Thailand.

Kesara Na-Bangchang,
Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College, 99 moo 18, Phaholyothin Road, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongneung, Klongluang District, Pathumthani-12121, Thailand and Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology, 99 Moo 18, Phaholyothin Road, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongneung, Klongluang District, Pathumthani-12121, Thailand.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V8/article/view/11073

Investigation of the Efficacy of Home-based Chloroquine Treatment on Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in under-Five Children in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria | Chapter 9 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

 This member aims to investigate the efficiency of home-based oral chloroquine situation on Plasmodium falciparum malaria with under-five children in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. This is a cross-localized study of 93 children with and outside malaria. Malaria was recognized using microscopy of Leishman's tainted thick and thin ancestry films, P. falciparum parasitemia was determined using standard microscopy methods, and a complete blood count was acted using a Beckman Coulter Analyzer. The carcass temperature on admission was considerably lower (p < 0.05) in the control non-malaria group (36.80oC ± 0.07oC) than in the three sickness groups respectively. The mean party temperature of chloroquine treated minors with sickness was significantly lower (p < 0.05) (37.94 ± 0.30 oC) than that of teenagers presenting accompanying severe malaria (39.24±0.47 oC). Parasitemia was considerably lower (p < 0.05) in the pre-admission chloroquine doctored group (18.13% ± 0.49%) than in the non-treated plain malaria group (34.35% ± 2.75%) and severe sickness group (43.57% ± 5.49%), respectively. The average number of days before the cases were stated in the hospital was 4.80 days. The red body fluid concentration of 7.23 ± 1.01 g/dl obtained for non-doctored malaria sufferers indicates a gentle anemia, when in fact the hemoglobin concentration principles of 9.60 ± 0.51 g/dl and 10.52 ± 0.16 g/dl obtained for chloroquine acted children and control minors respectively show that the two groups of youngsters were not anemic and the principles obtained were inside the normal range. This study has demonstrated that skilled was positive impact of home-located chloroquine treatment on Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia and more in agreement with a study in Jos [1], shows reduced scope of anemia in offsprings under 5 years accompanying Plasmodium falciparum in Jos Metropolis of Nigeria. Similar research reports from Tanzania [2] and Gambia [3] also illustrated that unsupervised malaria situation at home was highly productive using Home-administration of malaria (HMM) strategy. Standardization and attainable implementation of HMM need expected considered as few malaria control strategies.

Author(s) Details:

Afolabi Segun Olomu,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria.

Ubom Gregory Abraham,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria.

Gazuwa Yusuf Samuel,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria.

Johnson Titilayo,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria.

Okolo Selina Nnuaku,
Paediatrics Department, Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Jos, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V7/article/view/10075

Spectrum of Clinical and Hematological Changes Seen in Patients with Malaria: A Tertiary Care Hospital Based Study in Gujarat, India| Chapter 3 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 This stage aims to judge the range of dispassionate and hematological changes in subjects of malaria at a after second care clinic in Gujarat, India.This backward-looking study was administered at Hematology lab, Pathology area, Sumandeep vidyapeeth, Vadodara. We contained total 55 cases old between 5 to 75 age accompanying either common. Demographic, dispassionate and lab dossier were written. Two mililitres ancestry was composed in EDTA vaccuttee and treated oncell counter SYSMEX KX-21. Thick and thin smears were prepared and tainted accompanying giemsa stain and leishman cytochrome stain. We secondhand Epi information program for scheming miscellaneous enumerations.We judged total of 55 patients accompanying age grazing from 5 age to 75 age. Out of 55, 40(72.7%) were men and 15(27.3%) were women accompanying male to female percentage was 2.6:1. PV 41(74.5%) authorized majority of the cases, understood by PF 12(21.8%) and assorted contamination 2 (3.6%) type. Along with turmoil 55(100%), ultimate average dispassionate countenance were rigors and chills 34(61.8%) migraine 26(47.2%), sickness in stomach and vomiting 20(36.3%) and splenomegaly 28(50.9%). We stated emptiness in 34(61.8%) of sickness cases, at a distance these 34 cases maximum cases of chlorosis was visualized in PF 11(91.6%), attended by PV 22(53.6%) and assorted contamination 01(50%). Thrombocytopenia was seen in 42(76.4%) of sickness cases. Out of these 42 cases maximum cases was visualized in PV 31(75.6%), trailed by PF 9(75%) and assorted contamination 0(0%). Leucocyte count was inside citation range in plurality of our cases 42(76.4%). Leucocytosis was present in 8(14.5%) and leucopenia in 5(9.1%) cases. Out of these, PF revealed higher number of leucocytosis (8.3%), while PV demonstrated bigger cases of leucopenia, while two together the cases of assorted contamination displayed rational TLC.In cases of sickness, ultimate common dispassionate changes are frenzy accompanying rigours and chills, problem, and splenomegaly, and ultimate universal haematological changes are anaemia and thrombocytopenia. The demeanor of these classic representations in a fevered patient acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the early diagnosis of sickness. Early situation can so come together, and humanness on account of difficult cases maybe prevented in the long run.

Author(s) Details:

Trupti R. Jansari,
Department of Pathology, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Jigna P. Patel,
Department of Pathology, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Amit Chauhan,
Department of Anaesthesiogy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Jasmin Jasani,
Department of Pathology, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V10/article/view/9393

New Protein Settings to Support In vivo Antimalarial Activity in Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice after Garlic-Arteether Therapy: A Recent Study| Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 WHO is influencing many Control and eradication strategies for ensuing malaria removal in endemic nations. These mechanics challenges necessitate the development of joined approaches, among that safe and effective sickness vaccines could be a critical finish. Due to lack of malaria vaccine, the control works relay chiefly on the   Chemotherapy, especially treatment established traditional medicine has enhance very popular.  Since groupie has developed resistance to all existent antimalarials, the control efforts relay laboriously on treatment accompanying new antimalarial agents preferably pursuing newer targets.  Garlic is individual such established medicine for curing many ailments in Ayurvedic Science. This chapter highlights the antimalarial venture of garlic in combination with artemisinin through a host bootlickers specific protein, peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerase A (PPIA) in the shielded serum.  It has been illustrated to mediate specific protein closing processes in both artificial and in vivo settings, including the interconversion of the cis and trans. According to the study, overexpressed PPIA can cause parasite proteins that are essential for parasite duplication to misfold, which manage result in parasite humanness or protect samples that have been discussed with a merger of drugs.

Author(s) Details:

Vathsala Palakkod Govindan,
Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V2/article/view/9221

CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+regulatory T cells: A Novel Sub-population Associated with Pathogenesis of Malaria| Chapter 9 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 The securing immune response and ailment outcome are known expected counterbalanced by regulatory T cells. The duty of naturally occurring supervisory cells CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ in malaria contamination remains debatable. ICOS particle has been demonstrated to imitate in the growth and function of regulatory T containers and helps T regulatory containers to produce more IL-10. This work investigates the role of ICOS-dependent supervisory CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+ T cells in resistance and susceptibleness to the malaria parasite. Here, the verbalization of CD4+ICOS+ Foxp3 + T regulatory cells in deadly and non-lethal malaria deadbeat infection was examined. During deadly infection, CD4+ICOS+ T cells increase as the affliction progress. Whereas, in non-lethal parasite contamination, along with the reduction in parasitaemia later day 7 post-infection, ICOS verbalization was also decreases. In lethal parasitical infection, the frequency of CD4 +ICOS+FoxP3+ T supervisory cells was substantially larger compared to the non-lethal parasitical infection. Moreover, there was important difference in the cytokine’s profiles of two together lethal and non-lethal contaminations. In non-lethal contamination, the expression of (IL-12) interlukin-12+ CD4+T cells was increases extensively, when compared to the lethal sickness infection. The relative frequency of IL-10+CD4+T containers was significantly higher in deadly parasite infection accompanying subsequently high antitoxin levels of IL-10 cytokines. Overall, these findings suggest that all along lethal parasite contamination, CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells encourage an immunosuppressive environment in the host immune whole, than enables the pathogen to experience and enhances parasite endurance.

Author(s) Details:

Rubika Chauhan,
Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.

Vikky Awasthi,
Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.

Reva Sharan Thakur,
Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.

Veena Pande,
Biotechnology Department, Kumaun University, Nainital, India.

Debprasad Chattopadhyay,
ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, Kolkata, 700010, India and ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine (NITM), Belagavi-590010, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V9/article/view/9186

Epidemiology Picture of Malaria and Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior of Patients Regarding Malaria in the Region of North India| Chapter 2 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 Malaria's fast emergence and revival have become a threat to our institution, increasing in two together intensity and severity. It has trenchant socioeconomic consequences in a cultivating country like India. Malaria is one of the most weighty vector-carried diseases and has been a menace to humankind for thousands of age. There is an effort to study the knowledge, stance, and behavior of family regarding Malaria. This will help in identifying the break in the measures adopted and the information, attitude and of the population. Despite miscellaneous surveillance and instruction programs, the available dossier only reflects trends, not the authentic disease burden. It has existed discovered that very few studies on the epidemiology of sickness have been transported in the northern part of the country, accompanying very limited facts on age and sex-specific migratory prevalence of the affliction. The people living in rural fields were found expected more vulnerable to malaria. The ailment was found expected more prevalent with the lower socio-economic strata and young community leading to substantial adverse effects on fitness and the economy. It is again critical to investigate population's Malaria knowledge, stance, and behavior. The current chapter supports an overview of the amount of regional malaria styles, highlights progress toward worldwide targets, and describes convenience and challenges in controlling and removing the disease in the district of northward India.

Author(s) Details:

Vishal Gupta,
Department of Community Medicine, GGSMCH, Faridkot, Punjab, India.

Mridula Mittal,
Department of Physiology, Adesh Medical College, Bathinda, Punjab, India.

Jaswant Kaur,
Department of Biochemistry, NC Medical College and Hospital, Panipat, Haryana, India.

Jaspreet Kaur,
Department of Biochemistry, Noida International Institute of Medical Sciences, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V8/article/view/8719