Dry Mouth: Understanding the Causes and Effective Treatment Options | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 6

Saliva is the fluid that is always present in the human’s oral cavity. It is composed of water, mucus, mineral salts, proteins, and amylase. It assists in the lubrication of the oral cavity, mastication, swallowing, and protection of the mouth and teeth. The salivary glands make, modify, and secrete saliva. These glands may be affected by wide spectrums of pathology, ranging from developmental anomalies and inflammatory disorders which may be acute or chronic and lead to hyposalivation and xerostomia. Dry mouth affects geriatric patients but can also be seen in young people. The aim of this review is to investigate the underlying causes of dry mouth (xerostomia) and evaluate effective treatment options to improve patient outcomes. A search of English-language scientific literature from 1989 to 2025 was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The criteria focused on reports about xerostomia, its diagnosis, effects, and treatment, with inaccessible or duplicate reports excluded. Hyposalivation can be caused by age-related changes, systemic diseases, radiotherapy, certain medications, infections, lifestyle habits, and autoimmune diseases. Each of these factors can affect saliva production and composition, leading to dry mouth symptoms. Dry mouth can be managed through endogenous approaches, like pharmaceutical or genetic modifications, and exogenous approaches, like topical saliva substitutes. Artificial saliva substitutes typically contain water, electrolytes, and other ingredients to lubricate and protect the mouth.

 

Author (s) Details

Abdulhameed G. Albeshr
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

 

Amal T. Alanazi
National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Delyal Alshammary
National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Duaa Obaidallah
King Abdulaziz Dental Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Hayat M. Almussad
National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Khalid Alahedib
King Abdulaziz Dental Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Maha M. Albaqami
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Nujud K. Hajij
National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Yazeed A. Alhabdan
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v6/5609

Assessment of the Changes in the Salivary Profile and its Clinical Correlation in Leukemic Children Undergoing Chemotherapy | Chapter 2 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 4

The present study aimed to assess the changes in salivary profile and its clinical correlation in leukemic (ALL) children undergoing chemotherapy. Chemotherapy adversely affects the salivary glands, altering the quality and quantity of saliva. Several chemotherapeutic agents cause damage to the mucosa which affects the dividing cells of Basal epithelium and also, direct contact of these agents with connective tissues can lead to their extensive damage.

 

Children who have been diagnosed with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia undergoing chemotherapy in Bharati Hospital, Pune were included in the study. Those children were included who fulfilled the following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Stimulated salivary samples were collected in sterile vials at 1-, 3-, and 6-month intervals and were assessed for salivary pH and buffering capacity. Caries and oral manifestations were also checked at each interval.  A total of 25 children with ALL undergoing chemotherapy were included to participate in the study. The results were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. All the major changes were seen in the 1st month, that is, the induction phase of chemotherapy. Hence, we can say this is the most affected phase of chemotherapy. Mucositis was more common in the prepubertal age group than the younger age group in the present study. Also, it was more common in girls than boys. Given that parents and kids should be motivated to practice good dental hygiene, this study has clinical significance. To prevent difficulties later on, all preventive dental procedures should be completed as soon as feasible before starting chemotherapy.

 

Author (s) Details

Madhura N Paranjap
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Preetam Shah
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Smita Patil
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Rohan Shah
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India

 

Smita Patil
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India.

                                                                                                                                   

 

Laxmi Lakade
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v4/1667

 

Assessing the Role of Saliva and Urine in Detecting Molecular Markers of Plasmodium falciparum Resistance to Antimalarial Drugs | Chapter 2 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

Background: Various interventions such as insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, rapid diagnostic tests, and, more recently, vaccines (RTS, S/AS01, and R21/Matrix-M), continue to play a crucial role in the malaria control strategy. The malaria diagnostic tools developed to date require blood to be taken. However, certain groups in the population are reluctant to take and or give blood samples because of their cultural habits (blood taboo), or because of the fear associated with the trauma of the injection, especially when the sample is taken repeatedly. Saliva and urine, which are not very invasive to collect, have not been widely used for malaria diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of saliva and urine in detecting molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs.

Methodology: This prospective study took place at the Anonkoua Kouté Health Center and the Port-Bouët and Ayamégeneral hospitals from February to August 2015. Blood, urine, and saliva samples were collected in three different localities from 94 patients over 2 years of age with microscopically confirmed Plasmodium falciparum uncomplicated malaria. P. falciparum genomic DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was then extracted and amplified using primers specific for the Pfcrt (Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter), Pfdhfr (Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase) and PfK13 propeller (Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 propeller) genes. The amplification products were processed by electrophoresis and analyzed against blood, saliva, and urine samples. A multivariate statistical analysis in the R programming environment was performed. A statistical difference and/or association was considered significant if the p-value < 0.05.

Results: This study involved a comparative analysis of the amplification products of urine, saliva, and blood DNA extracts with a view to finding an alternative to blood sampling in the molecular diagnosis of malaria and the study of genetic markers of antimalarial drug resistance. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the amplification products of each gene detected the Pfcrt genes at 80.85% (76/94), Pfdhfr at 95.74% (90/94) and PfK13 Propeller at 98.93% (93/94) in blood. In saliva, gene detection levels were 50% (47/94), 69.14% (65/94) and 4.26% (4/94) respectively for the K13 propeller, Pfdhfr, and Pfcrt genes. Unlike the Pfcrt gene, which was not detected, 45.74% (43/94) and 38.30% (36/94) of PfK13 Propeller and pfdhfr genes respectively were detected in urine. Taking blood as the reference biological sample, statistical analysis showed that, unlike urine, saliva exhibited a detection performance for molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance (pfcrt, pfdhfr, pfK13 propeller) close to that of blood (p < 0.05). The performance of saliva and urine was also assessed on the basis of the detection of the molecular markers pfdhfr, pfcrt, and pfK13 using ROC (Reciever Operational Characteristic) analysis. The data revealed a high sensitivity of saliva compared with urine in the detection of the pfdhfr, pfcrt, and pfK13 propeller genes.

Conclusion: Current malaria diagnostic tools all require blood sampling, which is still not accepted by patients. The levels of detection of molecular markers of antimalarial drugs studied in saliva are close to those in blood. Saliva is a high-performance biological product that could potentially be used as an alternative non-invasive sample for the study of molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dagnogo Oléfongo
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Dago Dougba Noél
Training and Research Unit (UFR) of Biological Sciences, Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Kouman Kouamé Bouatini Angélo
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

Ako Ako Ako Aristide Bérenger
Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Bla Kouakou
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

Touré Offianan André
Training and Research Unit (UFR) of Biological Sciences, Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University, Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Djaman Allico Joseph
Biosciences Training and Research Unit (UFR), Felix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v7/2519

Fuelling Your Smile: Significance of Nutrition for Dental Wellness | Chapter 4 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

This study emphasizes the role of nutrition in maintaining oral health and the need for comprehensive programmers that combine dietary treatments with initiatives to promote good oral health. In order to maintain good oral health, it is important to eat a balanced diet. Preserving ideal oral health. The importance of diet for dental health is frequently underemphasized. Through all stages of life, nutrition is essential for promoting and maintaining excellent dental health. A comprehensive evaluation of the literature was conducted to investigate the relationship between food and several aspects of oral health. The findings demonstrated the relationship between food and the immune system, salivary gland function, tooth development and strength, gum health, and tissue healing. For optimal tooth mineralization and strength, nutrients including calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D have been discovered to be crucial. Additionally, conditions affecting the mouth, such as angular cheilitis and glossitis, have been linked to nutritional deficits in vitamins B complex, iron, and B12. Promoting dental health requires eating a diet that is well-balanced and full of fresh produce, healthy grains, lean proteins, and dairy products in order to avoid tooth decay. It's also important to restrict the consumption of sugary meals and drinks. The advantages of maintaining good oral hygiene practices and having regular dental examinations are further increased by a healthy diet.

Author(s) Details:

Nazish Zulfiqar,
Department of Home Economics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology MUST, Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Asma Saghir Khan,
Department of Home Economics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology MUST, Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Mahum Waheed,
Department of Home Economics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology MUST, Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RUDHR-V5/article/view/14029

Qualitative assessment of Helicobacter pylori by PCR in the saliva of Male Smokers and Non-Smokers with Chronic Periodontitis | Chapter 14 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a rational resident of the pertaining to the stomach environment, has also happened found in the spoken environment of humans. Various studies have befriended the presence of H. pylori in the spoken environment of subjects accompanying periodontitis suggesting that progression of periodontal pocket and redness may favor settling by this bacterium. One of the major risk determinants for periodontitis is smoking. Smokers have raised prevalence and severe in consideration of periodontal disease, in addition to a higher prevalence of premolar loss distinguished to non-smokers. This chapter aims to evaluate the comparative presence of H. pylori in the slobber of smokers and nonsmokers with never-ending periodontitis. A total of 48 male individuals diagnosed accompanying chronic periodontitis (CAL≥5mm) accompanying and without hot habits were enrolled in the study. The unstimulated whole slaver was subjected to H. pylori DNA discovery using real-occasion PCR. The percent closeness of H. pylori DNA among the groups was statistically compared.Periodontal limits (gingival index, plaque index, acute depth, and dispassionate attachment level) were significantly various between smokers and non-smokers distinguished to controls (P =.001). Overall, H. pylori was not detected in controls (100% negative), whereas 5.5% of non-smokers and 13.3% of smokers revealed the presence of H. pylori. The Chi-square test presented a significant difference (P =.003) betwixt smokers and controls; however, it was visualized that the relative differences with the groups could not reach statistical importance. The study revealed that smokers accompanying chronic periodontitis may bother a relatively greater risk of H. pylori presence in the oral crater than non-smokers.

Author(s) Details:

Rajeev Kishore Saxena,
Department of Microbiology, Abhishek I. Mishra Memorial Medical College and Research, Junwani, Bhilai, India.

Abdul Samad Aziz,
Department of Biochemistry, Dr. G. D. Pol Foundation’s YMT Dental College and Hospital, Kharghar, Navi-Mumbai, India.

Madhav Govind Kalekar,
Department of Biochemistry, Grant Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Byculla, Mumbai, India.

J. P. Milsee Mol,
Department of Biotechnology, Sinhgad College of Science, Pune, India.

Adinath Narayan Suryakar,
FACBI, Registrar, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik, India.

Benjamin Tabita,
Department of Dentistry, Grant Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Byculla, Mumbai, India.

Ravi Vasudev Shirahatti,
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sinhgad Dental College, Pune, India.

Raghavendra Shrishail Medikeri,
Department of Periodontics, Sinhgad Dental College, Pune, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V5/article/view/12179

Bioanalytical Methods for Cortisol Analysis | Chapter 13 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 4

 Cortisol is individual of the steroid hormone often applied as “stress biomarker” used in diagnosis of afflictions or disorder related to raised chronic stress, pituitary-adrenal, and hypothalamic, especially Cushing’s condition and Addison’s disease. It plays an important duty in regulating wide range of physiologic and pathological body process. Measurement of cortisol levels cruel blood, antitoxin or plasma and urine is usually performed in clinical workshops by utilizing various immunoassay methods.Salivary and sweat cortisol have drawn growing attention as they reflect biologically alive cortisol level and involve non-invasive savoring procedure. Whereas, measurement of cortisol in grass provides reliable news as it reflects cortisol level over the earlier period of 3-4 months (similar to glycated red body fluid test), which tells average glucose level over the past 2-3 months. The 11ß-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase-2 (11ß-HSD2) isoenzyme, which interconverts biologically alive cortisol to inactive cortisone, regulates cortisol absorption. Monitoring the cortisol-cortisone ratio is favor as the best indicator for acting people with adrenal ailments. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with crew mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is usually working for the simultaneous calculation of cortisol and cortisone reliably. Studies shown that skilled are no appreciable correlations middle from two points serum, saliva, or excretion cortisol levels and hair cortisol concentration. However, a antitoxin cortisol level comparison betwixt stimulated serum cortisol and salivary or excretion cortisol demonstrated a positive connections.

Author(s) Details:

Syed N. Alvi,
Environmental Health Program, Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V4/article/view/12006

Critical Analysis of Molecular Biochemical Markers in Periodontal Health and Diseases – Concept and Principles | Book Publisher International

 Periodontal diseases continue to be one of the most common chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases in the world. Pathogenic mechanisms acting in periodontal diseases contain two major arms: the microbial component and the host response. Knowledge on both aspects has been increasing tremendously during the last two decades. Indeed, the progress in knowledge and the available evidence have led European Federation of Periodontology and American Academy of Periodontology to combine power and build up a new classification system for periodontal diseases in 2017 after 18 years passed since the 1999 Classification.

Periodontology is one of the most glamorous fields of dentistry with dozens of exciting papers, which open up completely novel pathways of research. “The more we understand the scenario the more complex it becomes.” This is quite true for periodontology. However, this complexity not only attracts even more scientists to work in this field but also stimulates building new bridges between various disciplines of dentistry and medicine to make the story clear.

Development of chair-side diagnostic tests for determining the presence or absence of periodontal disease and activity is still a challenge in periodontology. The use of biofluid samples such as gingival crevicular fluid, whole saliva, and serum as a means of evaluating host-derived products, as well as exogenous components has a great potential for diagnosis and monitorisation of periodontal diseases. Having more precise and early diagnostic tools may enable early intervention and help to develop individually tailored treatment modalities. We are not there, yet, but shall expect to arrive soon. The technological developments in laboratory methods and the closer collaboration with different branches of medicine bring great hope for the future.

This book examines all aspects of the progress being made towards the development of highly specific and sensitive biomarkers that will overcome the shortcomings of clinical assessments in periodontics. The opening chapters present the basic anatomic features of periodontal tissues, outline the nature and pathogenic mechanisms of periodontal diseases, and discuss both conventional and novel methods of diagnosis with reference to their specificity and sensitivity. The potential role of biomarkers in periodontal diagnosis is then presented in the light of the published data. The biological samples in which potential biomarkers are sought are evaluated comparatively, drawing attention to their strengths and weaknesses, and the available technologies for biomarker studies are reviewed. The potential benefits of biomarkers are also discussed with regard to the possible bidirectional interactions between periodontal diseases and systemic health.

Finally, the past, present, and future of periodontics are examined from a broader perspective. Readers will find the book to be an ideal summary of the state of the art in the field as biomarkers emerge that promise to facilitate periodontal diagnostics and permit timely, personally tailored interventions.

Author(s) Details:

Neelam Das,
Department of Periodontology, Rama Dental College, Hospital & Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh - 208024, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAMBMPHDCP/article/view/10228

Development and Validation of a LC-MS/MS Method to Measure Phenytoin in Human Brain Dialysate, Blood, and Saliva and the Analytical Comparison with a GC-MS Method and a Recently Published LC-MS/MS Method | Chapter 4 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 Introduction and aim: Therapeutic drug listening (TDM) is crucial for fault-finding dose drugs like antiepileptics for efficacious and dependable therapeutic administration of patients. Phenytoin (PHT) is a troublesome to dose drug and an excellent instance to show the development and the mechanics progress realized for TDM in the last ten of something. The frequently prescribed PHT has a narrow healing range with non-uninterrupted pharmacokinetics, a high interplay potential with other drugs, shows ancestral polymorphisms in metabolism, and skilled is a correlation of body tissue concentration with healing/toxic answer. Together with the often-long-term remedy, PHT fulfills the necessities for a rational TDM. Bioanalytical confirmation data from a state-of-the-art GC-MS and a well sensitive picked LC-MS/MS methods for PHT were distinguished in this investigation and resolved with a currently published LC- pedal-driven recreational vehicle MS method for PHT-TDM.Methods: Sensitivity, specificity, accomplishment, sample preparation, balance, and cost of the TDM analytics were distinguished with reference to the FDA Guidance for Industry on bioanalytical methods. Both procedures are suitable for distinguishing scientific pharmacological inspections, for clinical TDM needs, and in forensic uses. Validation data of two together methods were resolved and statistically compared. Data evidence was demonstrated by a brochure review.Results: The GC-MS and the LC-tandem MS assay admit to specifically discover (LOD < 15 ng/mL and < 1 ng/mL for GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively) and quantify (LOQ < 50 ng/mL and < 10 ng/mL for GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, individually) very low PHT concentrations indifferent body fluids like ancestry, saliva, and brain microdialysis samples. Only limited sample volumes (25-50 L) were wanted for the analyses. The procedures are compliant with the FDA counseling for bioanalytical testing. The LC-MS/MS was nearly two to five times more delicate (LOD, LOQ). It offers other significant benefits over the GC-MS assay like reduced sample book, less laborious sample processing, best linearity range for various PHT concentrations, shorter reasoning time with larger sample run capacity, and main cost savings.Discussion and Conclusions: The bestowed method evaluation create LC-MS/MS a gold standard for big specific and correct measurements in pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic studies as well as for bedside and dispassionate routine analyses (PHT-TDM). Where wanted or useful, for example, in forensic or scientific surveys, and in compliance accompanying the FDA guidance for bioanalytical patterns, other than plasma samples maybe analyzed like unmodified blood, urine, slaver, CSF, tissue biopsies or dried ancestry spots. For PHT-TDM with LC-MS/MS, PHT-D10 is an optimum internal standard. LC-MS/MS admit a less laborious sample processing distinguished to GC-MS. MS-MS detection authorizes high particularity, can detect metabolites, has no interference accompanying chemical derivative responses upon use of an external standard (GC) or accompanying non-specific immune backlashes (EMIT). To assess the free (undone) PHT fraction, the Sheiner-Tozer invention in hypoalbuminemic patients was useful and compared with the calculated free PHT values. Very recent LC-MS/MS form publications are in-line accompanying and confirm the results concerning this in-depth GC-MS and LC-MS/MS evaluation.

Author(s) Details:

Raphael Hösli,
Spitalzentrum Biel, Spitalpharmazie, Vogelsang 84, CH- 2501 Biel, Switzerland.

Andrea Tobler,
Rücken- & Schmerz-Praxis, Worbstrasse 206, CH-3073 Gümligen, Switzerland.

Stefan Mühlebach,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Division Clinical Pharmacy & Epidemiology • Hospital Pharmacy, P.O. Box, Spitalstrasse 26, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V4/article/view/9833

Health Benefits of “Well Chewing” during Meals via Enterosalivary Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway| Chapter 8 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 8

 Saliva holds nitrates reused from ingested foodstuff (such as, vegetables) by way of the enterosalivary road. Chewing thoroughly all the while food increases salivary flow and the adaptation of salivary nitrate to nitrite by oral commensal microorganisms, happening in a nitrite-rich gastric atmosphere. As a result, alternatively N-nitroso compounds, the acidic stomach produces nitric group of chemical elements (NO) and S-nitrosothiols. These particles can provide pertaining to the stomach and intrinsic health benefits by transducing NO-intervened signals, exceptionally in victims with vascular endothelial dysfunction and metabolic condition, two together of which are guide dropped endogenous NO creation and injured NO synthase project. This article tries the evidence that all-encompassing chewing of foodstuff constitutes a nitrite-rich gastric surroundings that strengthens strength benefits rather than carcinogenicity by growing NO bioavailability by way of the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway.

Author(s) Details:

Jun Kobayashi,
Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V8/article/view/9342

COVID 19-and Oral and Periodontal Manifestation| Chapter 9 | Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 There has existed widespread and current interest in the variety of COVID-19 syndromes on the oral cavity. Taste disturbances, equivocal oral ulcerations, desquamative gingivitis, petechiae, and coinfections aforementioned candidiasis are some of the spoken signs and symptoms of COVID-19. This unit aims to detail about variety of COVID-19 manifestations on the oral cavity. Transmission of COVID-19 spreads viruses in liquid beads during talk from covid positive patient. The asperity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is taller in middle aged culture and in patients accompanying co morbidities. Saliva was observed to be even more impressionable for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 cases in comparison to nasopharyngeal swabs. Saliva can have an main role as a demonstrative tool in discovery of Covid-19 infection. Even though a link between periodontal verdicts and the COVID-19 infection maybe inferred, more research is necessary to confirm spoken and periodontal presentation as the initiation symptoms of the COVID-19 infection.

Author(s) Details:

R. Narayane,
Department of Periodontology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V6/article/view/8605

Determining the Effect of Smoking on Salivary Parameters | Chapter 11 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 Smoking is a dangerous habit that has been linked to a number of inflammatory and malignant disorders of the mouth, respiratory system, and digestive system.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate and compare the effects of smoking on the composition of entire unstimulated saliva.

Materials and Methods: A total of 186 persons were involved in the study, who were split into two groups: smokers (77 people) and non-smokers (109 people), with an average age of 33. (19-57). There are 89 men and 87 women among them. The studies are performed on unstimulated saliva collected passively according to conventional analytical requirements. Uric acid (UA), alpha-amylase (sAA), secretory IgA (sIg A), total protein (TPro), and albumin were all investigated (alb). Salivary parameters were measured using a finished kit from Thermo science and Beckman Coulter, as well as oral fluid methods from the Olympus AU 640 and Indiko Plus biochemical analyzers.

Results: In smokers, we found a significant increase in total salivary protein and albumin, as well as a decrease in UA, amylase, and sIg A, indicating a shift in saliva homeostasis and antioxidant capacity.

Conclusion: There are significant quantitative differences in saliva parameters between smokers and non-smokers, according to the findings. Smoking has a negative impact on oral homeostasis and raises the risk of inflammatory and degenerative alterations in the mouth lining.

Author(S) Details

Mariana Yordanova
Department of General Medicine and Clinical Laboratory, Medical University of Varna “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov” Varna; Military Medical Academy, Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Varna, Bulgaria.

Nikola Shopov
Military Medical Academy, Centre of Military Medical Expertise Aero and Maritime Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V6/article/view/5604

Laboratory Salivary Markers to Assess the Risk of Gingivitis in Divers | Chapter 13 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 The goal of the study is to track salivary marker values in divers, see how they change with smoking, and see if they can be used as a screening and risk assessment tool for gingivitis. The study included twenty military divers and a control group of twenty-five, separated into two subgroups: smokers and non-smokers. The biological substance was saliva that had not been activated. The researchers looked at uric acid, alpha-amylase, nitrite, total protein, albumin, and sIg A, as well as cells in saliva (leukocytes and epithelial cells). The findings supported the harmful and irritating effects of tobacco chemicals on the oral mucosa. Tobacco smoking affected the composition and quantity of salivary indicators, as well as lowering antioxidant mucosal defences. As a reactive inflammatory immune defence, it also raised leukocyte numbers. The smokers - divers are the ones that have the most noticeable alterations. The advantages of salivary approaches for rapid assessment of oral health, danger of oral inflammation, and prevention of oral syndrome in divers are provided by a simple, non-invasive saliva collection procedure.

Author(S) Details

Nikola Shopov
Military Medical Academy, Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Varna, Bulgaria.

Yordanova Mariana
Military Medical Academy, Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Varna, Bulgaria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V6/article/view/5606

Study on Chemotherapy Agents in Saliva through Spectrometry and Chromatography Methods Correlated with Periodontal Status in Oncology Patients | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Science and Technology Vol. 1

 This paper describes the usage of a battery-based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to alleviate voltage sag and swell. During sag/swell, the DVR is a three-phase controlled voltage source with a magnitude and angle that adds/subtracts from the source voltage. In each phase, the DVR can inject a voltage of the required magnitude and phase at the fundamental frequency. The DVR can restore the load voltage in milliseconds. DVR can fix voltage sag and voltage swell problems fast and effectively. To estimate reference voltages, the Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT) is employed, and gate pulses are generated by monitoring the source, load terminal voltages, and supply currents. The reduction of voltage sag and swell using SRFT for battery-based DVR is simulated using MATLAB/ SIMULINK and the power system Block set (PSB) toolboxes.

Author(S) Details

Diana Cristala Kappenberg Nitescu
Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Liliana Pasarin
Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Silvia Martu
Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Cornelia Teodorescu
Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Bogdan Vasiliu
Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Ioana Mârtu
Dental Technology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Ionut Luchian
Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Sorina Mihaela Solomon
Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.

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Advanced Study on Salivary Progesterone as a Biomarker in Pregnancy | Chapter 2 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

Progesterone is considered a hormone for pregnancy. At the end of labor, progesterone was measured in the saliva of pregnant females. During the last two weeks before the planned delivery date and 2 days after delivery, samples were collected twice a day (morning and afternoon). Using commercial ELISA kits, analysis was performed after basic freezing, thawing and centrifugation of the samples. It appeared that the progesterone level was in a steady state during the time before delivery, until around 2 days prior to delivery, at which point a rapid decrease could be observed. The amounts decreased to non-pregnant values again immediately after delivery. Two separate ELISA kits were used for comparative purposes and tested for suitability. Furthermore, the applicability and usefulness of the additional salivary estriol determination was investigated in a preliminary experiment. In conclusion, salivary progesterone can be used in pregnant women as an indication of imminent delivery. An additional parameter supporting the efficacy of salivary progesterone could be salivary estriol. Estriol is also considered to provide information about the well-being of the fetus and is said to be a catalyst for delivery. As a consequence, its study can also help to predict the time of delivery, to take optional steps in the case of premature delivery or difficult pregnancies, and to provide information on fetal health. In order to statistically test the results of this study by adding more participants, both having normal deliveries and complicated pregnancies, additional research is required. The findings of this study are intended only to suggest the possibility of creating a home-use biosensor that would contribute significantly to the health of mothers and newborns.

Author (s) Details

Dr. P. Meulenberg Eline
ELTI Support VOF, Ambachtsweg 5, 6581 AX Malden, The Netherlands.

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Oral Cavity - A Potential Repository for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Asymptomatic Carriers | Chapter 12 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 The new Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has become a worldwide health emergency. The early diagnosis and successful isolation of patients is the key cause of concern among the health authorities, as the present influenza is very close to the old common flu in its initial clinical appearance. Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRTPCR) is currently considered to be the gold standard for the identification of the causative virus, SARS-Cov-2, but in the meantime, it takes time and poses the risk of further spread to the exposed individuals , especially healthcare staff. Social distancing is also the only way known worldwide to avoid the spread of the disease and to keep isolating, screening and acting on individuals with clinical symptoms. Asymptomatic carriers, however, are the next point of concern and need mass screening that is not feasible with rRT-PCR per se. Researchers are trying to create a way out for the Detection of the SARS-Cov-2 virus in asymptomatic carriers or in patients who are incubated, thereby eradicating the spread of the disease and flattening the virus multiplication curve. As stated in the literature on salivary research, early detection of a related virus during the outbreak of SARS was found to be encouraging. This paper is an attempt to emphasise that, due to its anatomical relationship with the salivary glands, naso-oro-pharynx, and the mucosa that are gradually filled with saliva, the oral cavity may be a possible reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 both in the incubation process and/or convalescence time. Samples of saliva are easy to obtain and possibly make it an excellent method for mass screening, thereby promoting the early detection and prevention of further spread of the deadly From a pandemic.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Anmol Agarwal
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Dr. Gaurav Mittal
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Dr. Payal Agarwal
Department of Oral, Dental and Craniofacial Care, Yashoda Super Specialty Hospital, Kaushambi, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Shimona Raj Mittal
Private Practitioner, Tooth Tamers the Family Dentists, Govindpuram, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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Effect on Acid Reflux Symptoms Occurring during Sleep of Oral Adhering Melts Containing Only Food Ingredients and Flavor | Chapter 13 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol.4

This chapter describes a study assessing the efficacy of a slowly dissolving adhering oral melt currently in use for reducing dry mouth during the day and the night in the management of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) while sleeping. To provide context, it is worthwhile reviewing the historical background that led to the idea that this dry-mouth product, XyliMelts, might alter the symptoms of GERD.  In 2006, Jeff Haley, CEO of OraCoat, Bellevue, Washington, USA, developed a fully dissolving intraoral adhering melt that could be applied beside an oral ulcer to reduce its pain and duration, now marketed as Renewing Melts. Subsequently, another formulation incorporating 550 mg of xylitol, 8.5 mg calcium carbonate to neutralize acidity of the adhesive, and a mild mint flavor was studied to see if it could alter the sensation of dry mouth occurring during sleep; with results indicating that it could improve perceived dry mouth. XyliMelts was then put on the market and feedback from users indicated that when used as directed, there seemed to be a reduction in GERD symptoms. Given this, a randomized controlled and blinded trial was pursued to see whether the reported anecdotes actually represented a true clinical effect. This study confirmed that it did. Based on this research, one of the ingredients, calcium carbonate, was increased to 300 mg in a new product to be released under the brand name AlkaMelts. 

Author(s) Details

Jeff Burgess
Oral Care Research Associates, USA.  

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