Smokers' Awareness of the Effects of Smoking on Oral Health at the Military Dental Hospital, Omdurman, Sudan | Chapter 1 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 

Background: Smoking remains a highly prevalent addiction in many populations worldwide despite the increasing awareness of its harmful effects on general health. Smoking is considered a risk factor for the initiation and progression of oral and periodontal diseases. Periodontal diseases affect the quality of life of patients by affecting the function and appearance of their dentition.

 

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness of smokers about the effects of smoking on periodontal and oral health.

 

Methods: A descriptive, hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among male smokers at the Military Dental Hospital in Omdurman, Sudan. A pretested and revised self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from study participants. Demographic data, such as age, occupation and educational level, were recorded. Factors related to smoking awareness, the effect of the number of cigarettes and the duration of smoking on oral periodontal health and the oral symptoms (complaints) associated with smoking were also assessed. A simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23, and the results were presented as frequencies and proportions.

 

Results: A total of 385 smoking males, with a mean age of 27.8, participated in this study. The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 10 cigarettes, and the mean duration since starting smoking was 8 years. The majority of smokers (85.5%) were not aware of the effect of the number of cigarettes on periodontal and oral health. Also, 93 % of them were not aware of the effects of the duration of smoking on oral and periodontal health. Among the participants, 63% of smokers complained of color change of oral mucosa, 35% about staining of the teeth, 19.2% of bad breath and 17% delay in wound healing (with statistically significant difference at p-vale <0.01) More than half (58.20%) of smokers were aware that smoking could cause oral cancer and 76.10% held favorable attitudes toward smoking (i.e., they believed “smoking was cool”). Most of the study participants (89.10 %) didn’t receive adequate information about the risk of smoking on their health from their dentists, and 88.60% of them didn’t hear about Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRTs).

 

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a high percentage of smokers were not aware of the harmful effects of smoking on oral and periodontal health. This study recommends increasing awareness among smokers through advertisements, audiovisual aids, and print media to show the benefits of smoking cessation for oral and systemic health.

 

Author(s) Details

Dalia Ahmed Gasm El Seed
Periodontics Department, Napata College, Program of Dentistry, Sudan.

 

Malaz Yahya Abd Al-Kreem
Faculty of Dentistry, Karary University, Omdurma, Sudan.

 

Abeer Hussein Al-Bushra
Faculty of Dentistry, Karary University, Omdurma, Sudan.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v6/5823

Revolutionising Lung Cancer Diagnostics: The Role of Liquid Biopsy and Tumour-Derived Biomarkers | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 9

 

Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. Lung cancer ranks second among cancer diagnoses for both genders in the US and is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths. The study aims to assess the role of liquid Biopsy and tumour-derived biomarkers in diagnostic lung cancer. Numerous body fluids and tissues include tumour-derived biomarkers for lung cancer, which offer important information for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. These biomarkers consist of tumour-derived exosomes, microRNAs (miRNAs), circulating tumour cells (CTCs), and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). This study found that CTCs are tumour cells that separate from primary or metastatic lesions and enter the peripheral circulation on their own or as a consequence of a diagnosis or therapeutic procedure. Moreover, Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound, nanoscale particles secreted into the extracellular space by cells. Microvesicles (MVs), exosomes, and apoptotic bodies are the three primary subtypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Along with the cfDNA fraction contains DNA produced by tumour cells after apoptosis, necrosis, or active secretion. With ongoing advancements, liquid biopsy represents a transformative step toward precision oncology, offering hope for improved outcomes through earlier detection, better monitoring, and tailored therapy in lung cancer.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Gyanendra Singh
Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rajkot, Gujarat, India.

 

Tarang Patel
Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rajkot, Gujarat, India.

 

Kesha Rachani
Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rajkot, Gujarat, India.

 

Vishal Tayade
Grant Medical College and Sir J.J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400008, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v9/6037

The Clinical Significance of the Impact of Vaping on Plasma Clozapine Levels | Chapter 4 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 4

Background: Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication essential for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Heinz Baumann and his team at Wander AG, a Swiss pharmaceutical company, first synthesized Clozapine in 1958. Its plasma levels are influenced by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, particularly CYP1A2. Vaping and traditional smoking may impact clozapine metabolism.

 

Objective: This study aims to explore how vaping affects the plasma levels of clozapine, focusing on the pharmacokinetic interactions between clozapine and vaping constituents, and the implications for clinical practice.

 

Methods: A literature review was conducted to examine the interactions between nicotine smoking, CYP450 enzymes, and clozapine metabolism. Additionally, case reports were analyzed to understand the clinical implications for patients on clozapine who switch from smoking to vaping.

 

Results: Unlike traditional smoking, vaping often lacks combustion products like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), leading to reduced CYP1A2 induction. Case reports showed that switching from smoking to vaping often results in elevated plasma clozapine levels due to decreased CYP1A2 activity, causing adverse effects from toxicity. However, some vape products containing combustible products like aldehydes and carbonyls can induce CYP450 enzymes, leading to subtherapeutic plasma clozapine levels.

 

Conclusion: Switching from smoking to vaping may affect clozapine metabolism primarily through reduced activity of the CYP1A2 enzyme. This can lead to higher serum clozapine levels, hence increased risk of toxicity and deleterious adverse effects. But vaping can also lead to the induction of CYP450 enzymes thereby causing decreased plasma clozapine levels. So, the effect of vaping on plasma clozapine levels can be dependent on its constituent ingredients. Therefore, health professionals should carefully monitor plasma clozapine levels in patients who switch from smoking to vaping and adjust dosages as needed to maintain therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse effects.

 

Author (s) Details

Nkechinyere Mary Harry
Vinnytsia National Pirogov Medical University, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine.

 

Ibrahim L. Folorunsho
Badr Al Janoub Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia. 

 

Kenechukwu Anona
University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Nnenna Okafor
College of Medicine, All Saints University, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Caribbean

 

Gibson O. Anugwom
Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v4/1759

Pathological Spectrum of Lung Lesions: A Study Done on Surgical Lobectomy Specimens | Chapter 14 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 7

Background: Lung cancer is by far the leading fatal cancer in both men and women, compared to prostate, colon and rectum. Both the neoplastic lesions and non-neoplastic lesions (obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases and occupational lung diseases) cause significant morbidity.

Aims: The aims are to study the spectrum of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the lung and to study the incidence of lung cancers with reference to age, gender, lifestyle and occupation.

Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational study done over a period of 2 years (May 2009 to April 2011) in the Department of Pathology, GGH, Guntur. A total of 52 lobectomy specimens were studied. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded H & E stained tissue sections were studied. Special stains (Gomorri’s methenamine silver stain and Periodic acid Schiff) were done whenever necessary. Immunohistochemistry was done in diagnostically difficult cases. Multistep procedure (sandwich method) was followed using a biotinylated universal secondary antibody and a third layer of streptavidin, horse radish peroxidase complex and finally 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen was used to develop colour at the site of antibody binding.

Results: Neoplasms constituted 38.4% of total lobectomy lesions. The majority of lung tumors occurred in the fifth and sixth decades. The Male-Female sex ratio was 4:1. On chest x-ray/CT scan chest, the majority of lung tumors presented as mass lesions. The right side of the lung was more commonly affected than the left. Cigarette smoking was the major etiological factor in the causation of lung carcinomas. Among the primary tumors, adenocarcinoma constituted the largest group followed by squamous cell carcinoma. One case of synchronous lung tumor is reported in the study in a 60-year-old male patient while one case of pulmonary hydatid cyst is reported in an 11-year-old female patient.

Conclusion: From the present study, it is concluded that adenocarcinoma is now the most common lung carcinoma in all races and sex groups. There was a strong association between lung cancer and smoking. Chest radiographs and CT scan aid in the diagnosis and anatomical localisation of lung tumor. Tuberculosis was the most common infection of the lung in both males and females.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sumalatha Kasturi
Department of Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Santhosh Babu Rendla
Department of Radiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v7/4474

Biological Factors Cause Menopause, Treatments as Well as Surgeries Influence Menopause, Symptoms of Menopause and Treatment of Menopause | Chapter 11 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

End of menstrual cycle is caused by biological determinants namely ovarian aging, hormonal changes, inheritable determinants, lifestyle factors, automobile immune diseases and smoking. Manifestations of menopause are hot flashes, midnight sweats, irregular periods, vaginal changes, mood swings, sleep disturbances, intelligent changes, weight gain, bone health, cardio vascular energy and urinary symptoms. Treatment is established hormone replacement and herbal medicine. It is finally concluded that communicable proper treatment grant permission be result in a good response.

Author(s) Details:

Muralinath E.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sony Sharlet E.,
College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sravani Pragna K.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kalyan C.,
College of Veterinary Science, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Vinayasree C.,
College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India.

Guru Prasad M.,
Vaishnavi Microbial Phama Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India.

Venkat Navven A.,
Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sravani K,
Nuzivedu, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Archana Jain,
Department of Vety Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Saikumar G.,
NTR College of Veterinary Science, SVVU, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Anthony Raju K.,
NTR College of Veterinary Science, SVVU, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V8/article/view/12826

A Study on Ten-Year Risk Assessment of Cardiovascular Events among Adults Visiting a Tertiary Care Institution, Farrukhabad, India | Chapter 6 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

 Using the WHO/ISH Risk prophecy Chart at ten years, the study wanted to determine the CVD risk with adult patients from the inexact community the one visited the OPD of the Urban Health and Training Centre (UHTC). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has enhance a significant community health problem moving national business-related and social growth, and ranks among the top causes of end of life in the world. Thus, society pay increasing consideration to the stop, control, and risk assessment of CVD. Cardiovascular ailments (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and ancestry vessels, containing Myocardial infarction and stroke. Risk factors contained are both changeable and non-modifiable, like age, sexuality, blood pressure, hot status, total ancestry cholesterol and presence or omission of diabetes mellitus. In the above upbringing it is important to learn the risk of CVDs among subjects visiting UHTC of a tertiary care institute. Early discovery of risk probability will alert bureaucracy to modify the complicated risk factors to thwart the CVDs. In the department of Community Medicine, a cross-divided study was conducted from noble 2017 to January 2018. A total of 400 subjects were registered. Data were collected utilizing the World Health Organisation (WHO)/ISH ten years risk prophecy chart. Chi-square test was applied and level of importance were obtained at p profit <0.05. Majority (58.75%) of the population belonged to the teenager age group (30-50 age). There were 216 men and 184 females. Overall, 7.75% folk were diabetic, and 11.25% were smoker. Majority (69.5%) of people as political whole had less than 10% risk for CVD, and 5.75% crowd had ≥ 40% risk. With respect to total serum cholesterol, 8.25% had extreme level of cholesterol. Statistically significant friendship was observed middle from two points socio-economic rank (Modified Kuppuswami scale) and cardiovascular event (p<0.00001). Middle income group were depressed risk compared to possible choice p<0.00001. People with middle incomes and more immature age groups were more likely than those with reduced incomes and older age groups to expand CVDs in the future. Therefore, early behavior management grant permission prevent CVDs. Additionally, this study opens dismissal from responsibility for additional review into the relative importance of the differing CVD risk variables.

Author(s) Details:

Abha Ekka,
Department of Community Medicine, RSDKS, GMC, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Md. Naushad Alam,
Department of Community Medicine, MPTMC, Siddharthnagar, Uttarpradesh, India.

Shagufta Khatoon,
Department of Microbiology, MPTMC, Siddharthnagar, Uttarpradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V8/article/view/12185

The Impact of Smoking on Pancreatic Cancer: A Review of the Influence of Tobacco Type and Smoking Patterns on the Dose-Response Relationship | Chapter 9 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

The aim concerning this review is to determine an overview of the current knowledge on the belongings of smoking-accompanying chemicals on fibrosis and inflammation, two main pathological facial characteristics of PC. Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of ultimate lethal cancers in the United States and Europe. The microscopic mechanisms of PC are complex and poorly understood, and the free treatments are broadly ineffective. Smoking is a well-known risk determinant for PC, but how hot contributes to PC start and progression remains evasive. Quitting smoking can considerably reduce the risk of developing PC. We again explore in what way or manner smoking chemicals concede possibility modulate the project of pancreatic stem cells, which are involved in PC development and opposition to therapy. We focal point the potential molecular targets and biomarkers that maybe used for early discovery and treatment of smoking-persuaded PC. This review also plans potential molecular targets and biomarkers that maybe used for early discovery and treatment of smoking-persuaded PC, which take care of improve the survival and status of life of PC subjects.

Author(s) Details:

Muhammad Subhan,
Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore/Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Researcher and Medical Officer at Al Barkat Health Care and Collection Centre Lahore, Pakistan.

Ruqiya Bibi,
Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore/Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Demonstrator at Amna Inayat Medical College, Sheikhupura, Pakistan.

Faris Fayyaz,
Dow International Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.

Muaz Shafique Ur Rehman,
Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Muhammad Ali,
King Edwards Medical University Lahore/Mayo Hospital, Paeds Unit 01 Lahore, Pakistan.

Kamani Yashkumar Girdharlal,
Jackson Park Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, USA.

Ashik Ali,
SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu-603203, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V2/article/view/11805

Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Infection among Smokers/Tobacco Users Upregulating the Expression of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2)| Chapter 9 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 2

 Smoking is individual of the major causes of mortality general with any of 8 million reported dying each year. Smokers are more prone to zealous and bacterial respiratory contaminations like chronic obstructive pulmonary ailment (COPD) resulting in acute respiring failure and stated to have higher mortality rates in the former outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Smoking was found to have a statistically important relationship accompanying the severity of severe severe respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) effects among sufferers, including ICU admission, smokestack for building use, and higher mortality rates. The larger expression of the angiotensin-changing enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor, a novel site of SARS-CoV-2 adhesiveness that causes COVID-19 infection in humans, with smokers further supported this link and established them in the zone of exposure for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Author(s) Details:

Maha Qasim,
Laboratory Animal Sciences, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V2/article/view/9017

Determining the Effect of Smoking on Salivary Parameters | Chapter 11 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 Smoking is a dangerous habit that has been linked to a number of inflammatory and malignant disorders of the mouth, respiratory system, and digestive system.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate and compare the effects of smoking on the composition of entire unstimulated saliva.

Materials and Methods: A total of 186 persons were involved in the study, who were split into two groups: smokers (77 people) and non-smokers (109 people), with an average age of 33. (19-57). There are 89 men and 87 women among them. The studies are performed on unstimulated saliva collected passively according to conventional analytical requirements. Uric acid (UA), alpha-amylase (sAA), secretory IgA (sIg A), total protein (TPro), and albumin were all investigated (alb). Salivary parameters were measured using a finished kit from Thermo science and Beckman Coulter, as well as oral fluid methods from the Olympus AU 640 and Indiko Plus biochemical analyzers.

Results: In smokers, we found a significant increase in total salivary protein and albumin, as well as a decrease in UA, amylase, and sIg A, indicating a shift in saliva homeostasis and antioxidant capacity.

Conclusion: There are significant quantitative differences in saliva parameters between smokers and non-smokers, according to the findings. Smoking has a negative impact on oral homeostasis and raises the risk of inflammatory and degenerative alterations in the mouth lining.

Author(S) Details

Mariana Yordanova
Department of General Medicine and Clinical Laboratory, Medical University of Varna “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov” Varna; Military Medical Academy, Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Varna, Bulgaria.

Nikola Shopov
Military Medical Academy, Centre of Military Medical Expertise Aero and Maritime Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V6/article/view/5604

Laboratory Salivary Markers to Assess the Risk of Gingivitis in Divers | Chapter 13 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 The goal of the study is to track salivary marker values in divers, see how they change with smoking, and see if they can be used as a screening and risk assessment tool for gingivitis. The study included twenty military divers and a control group of twenty-five, separated into two subgroups: smokers and non-smokers. The biological substance was saliva that had not been activated. The researchers looked at uric acid, alpha-amylase, nitrite, total protein, albumin, and sIg A, as well as cells in saliva (leukocytes and epithelial cells). The findings supported the harmful and irritating effects of tobacco chemicals on the oral mucosa. Tobacco smoking affected the composition and quantity of salivary indicators, as well as lowering antioxidant mucosal defences. As a reactive inflammatory immune defence, it also raised leukocyte numbers. The smokers - divers are the ones that have the most noticeable alterations. The advantages of salivary approaches for rapid assessment of oral health, danger of oral inflammation, and prevention of oral syndrome in divers are provided by a simple, non-invasive saliva collection procedure.

Author(S) Details

Nikola Shopov
Military Medical Academy, Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Varna, Bulgaria.

Yordanova Mariana
Military Medical Academy, Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, Varna, Bulgaria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V6/article/view/5606

Determination of the Role of Middle Ear Risk Index as a Prognostic Tool in Cases of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Treated by Tympanoplasty | Chapter 5 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 13

 Background: The success rate of tympanoplasty in the treatment of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) varies between 35 and 92 percent. The success rate is influenced by a number of factors, including the patient's age, the size and location of the perforation, ear status, ossicular status, and surgical technique. The goal of this study was to see how useful MERI was at predicting the outcome of tympanoplasty in patients with CSOM.

Methods: Fifty patients were enrolled in a one-year prospective observational research. The participants were all CSOM patients with conductive hearing loss who underwent tympanoplasty with or without cerebral mastoidectomy between the ages of 18 and 55. The role of MERI as a prognostic indicator was investigated.

Graft uptake was successful in 92 percent (n = 46) of the instances. A mild MERI score was found in 32 of the 46 instances, a moderate MERI score in 10, and a severe MERI score in four. A greater MERI score was found to be associated with a decreased rate of graft uptake.

Conclusion: Our study included 50 patients with safe CSOM who were divided into three groups according on their pre-operative MERI score: mild, moderate, and severe. The surgical outcome was considered to be substantial in terms of graft uptake in all of the patients, who received tympanoplasty with or without cortical mastoidectomy. The lower the MERI score, the lower the graft uptake rate, and the higher the MERI score, the greater the graft uptake rate. As a result, preoperative MERI can be a useful technique for determining tympanoplasty prognosis.

Author (S) Details

Poonam K. Saidha
Department of ENT, SGT Medical College and Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

Sahil Kapoor
Department of ENT, SGT Medical College and Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

Ayushi Gupta
Department of ENT, SGT Medical College and Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V13/article/view/2724

Immediate Healing for Personality Development: An Approach towards Yoga Concept and Spiritual Effect | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

Statement of the Problem: Clients who are having psychotherapy require multiple appointments, even if using medicines and willpower over time. The goal of the treatment is to achieve fast, non-medicinal, painless, and complication-free recovery. Personality development, neurotic disease relief, psychosomatic symptoms and disorders, emotional obesity treatment, and smoking cessation Method: Following a joint analysis with the client and the definition of psychological and physical treatment goals, the healer, as a trained behavioral, cognitive, and logo psychotherapist, leads the client to a new corrected understanding of the case and the origins of childhood conflicts, which takes about 2 hours. Then, in less than an hour, he performs nonverbal interpersonal hypnosis with energy transfer and telepathy to the client until deep sleep, at which point he implants the appropriate personality, thoughts, emotions, motives, and attitudes into the subconscious, resulting in the desired state. In that three-hour session, the subconscious and conscious minds will have the same agreed-upon analysis and targets for instant results. The healer was granted a patent in Egypt in 2016 for his discovery of Immediate Healing for Personality Development and the other uses listed. More than 700 patients ranging in age from 12 to 80 years old have been treated so far, with more than 80% of them being completely or largely relieved.

Conclusion: Immediate non-medicinal revolutionary life-changing healing for a wide range of instances, obtaining better levels of maturity, insight, harmony, and efficiency while saving time, effort, and complications for the client. Also utilized to help community leaders mature into troubleshooter models who are efficient and have a strong team spirit.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Hadi Eltonsi
Cairo University Medical College, Egypt.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V1/article/view/1177

Associations of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Framingham Cardiovascular Risk in African Type 2 Diabetics with Diabetic Retinopathy | Chapter 8 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 The aim of this study was to see whether high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and Framingham cardiovascular disease (CVD) were linked to diabetic retinopathy (DR). The most common cause of visual impairment (VD) in the world is DR.

Methodologies: A cross-sectional analysis of 200 T2DM Central Africans was conducted. Using Tertiles of HDL-C (stratification = lowest 40 mg/dL, average or intermediate = 40 - 74.9 mg/dL, highest 75 mg/dL) and Framingham risk stratification (ten percent and ten percent ), logistic regression models were used to examine socio-biographical, laboratory, and eye examination key outcome measures.

Results: Of the 200 T2DM patients, 120 (35.5%) had DR, and of the DR patients, 116 (n = 96.7%) had VD. Between DR rates and HDL-C stratification, there was a significant U-shaped relationship. The significant independent determinants of DR in the usual HDL-C population were elevated 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and 10-year Framingham risk > 10%. Smoking status and a 10-year Framingham risk of 10% or less were substantially independent determinants of DR in the highest HDL-C category. Smoking status, insulin resistance, and rising levels of HDL-C were important independent determinants of DR in the 10-year Framingham risk 10% category.

Conclusion: In T2DM Central Africans, DR and VD remain a public health problem. HDL-C levels tend to be higher in T2DM Central Africans with DR and VD than in T2DM Central Africans without DR and VD. HDL-C may be more tightly regulated by genetic factors (black Bantu ethnicity) in T2DM patients with DR than the other lipoproteins, as recorded in Indians, African-Americans, and Japanese people. Smoking status, global cardiovascular disease risk, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress were the most preventable environmental risk factors for DR.

Author (s) Details

Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa.

Moise Mvitu Muaka
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.

Thierry Gombet
Emergency Service, University Hospital Centre, Brazzaville, Congo.

Igor Longo Phemba
School of International Studies, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China.

Steve Cook
he Eye Centre, East London, South Africa.

Emmanuel Mve Mengome
Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Libreville, Gabon.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V8/article/view/825

Effects of Season and Fish Smoking on Heavy Metal Contents of Selected Fish Species from Three Locations in Borno State of Nigeria, as Determined with AAS and ICP-OES | Chapter 2 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol.2

 

With the world’s growing population, the provision of a safe, nutritious, and wholesome food supply
has become a major challenge. Owing to both manmade and natural processes, an array of chemical
and toxic agents find their way into our food supplies, including fish, through multiple routes. When
consumed, such contaminated food can endanger or even destroy life. This study was designed to
determine the level of four toxic heavy metals: lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic, in edible muscles
of four fish species namely Tilapia nilotica (Tilapia), Synodontis guntheri (Kurungu), Heterotis niloticus
(Bargi), and Clarias anguillaris (Catfish), harvested from three locations namely: Alua Dam, Doron
Baga and Dabamasara within the Lake Chad Basin of Borno State, Nigeria. The main objective was
to investigate the possible effects of seasons (dry and rainy) and smoking of the fish on the
concentration of the toxic heavy metals in the fish using acid digestion. The toxic heavy metals,
expressed in parts per million (ppm), were detected in all the fish species sampled during the dry and
rainy seasons from the three (3) in land waters investigated. The overall mean concentrations of the
heavy metals were significantly higher (P£0.05) in fresh fish samples harvested during the rainy
season than that of the dry season. Significantly different variations were also observed within fish
types and between locations in the concentrations of the four heavy metals. Smoking of the fish also
resulted in significant increases (P£0.05) of the metals, especially in lead and mercury concentrations
in smoked samples during the two seasons. Cadmium and arsenic were the lowest recorded metals in both fresh and smoked fish during the two seasons and from all the locations. Washing the smoked
samples with double distilled water resulted in significant reduction of more than 50% of the metals in
the smoked fish, indicating that the metals were mainly present in the smoked fish as surface
contaminants. The sequence of the heavy metals concentrations in all the fish samples was
Pb>Hg>Cd>As. Comparisons between the heavy metal contents of fish obtained in this study and the
range of metal concentrations from other foods were presented. The concentrations of the metals in
both the fresh and smoked samples from all the locations during the two seasons were however lower
than the internationally recommended threshold levels. Although continued surveillance for toxic
heavy metal contents in fish was recommended, this study however, concluded that fish from Lake
Chad basin are still safe for human consumption as far as their heavy metal contents is concerned.

Author (s) Details

Amin O. Igwegbe
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Nigeria.

Afodia L. Kassum
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Paul Y. Idakwo
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Mamudu H. Badau
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Amina I. Maijalo
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/258